Management Studies Past Papers and Assignments

The provided document is a collection of past papers and solved assignments in the field of management studies. It covers various topics such as managing human resources, projects, non-profit organizations, acute heart failure, museums, equality, social justice, personal branding, diversity, risk management, organizational behavior, change management, safe mobility, disability sport, Indian economy, identity creation, Lean leadership, and entrepreneurship. The document is useful for students looking for past papers and assignments to prepare for their exams or assessments.

Managing People in
Organisation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
1) Process of recruitment and selection followed by Harrods with purpose of job
advertisement, descriptions and person specifications...........................................................1
2) Different motivational theory in context of Harrods. ........................................................6
3) Factors influencing an individual’s behavior as well as factors which enable effective
cooperation, supported by relevant examples from Harrods................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Human resource is considered as the most essential segment of firm, as the growth and
success of an organisation is based on the performance of employees. Managing people in
organisation is considered as the major responsibility of management as an appropriate
administration is beneficial for firm or its operations (Roomi and Harrison, 2011). The major
purpose of each small as well as large business enterprises is to attain high growth and success
through recruiting well educated and skilled people at work place. In an organisation, manager
plays major role in managing all activities of firm through assigning right people at right place.
The manager of human resource needs to carry various efforts as to implementing coordination
within organisation people in respect to completion of organisational operations. The current
report is based on Harrods, it can be considered as one of the prestigious luxury department store
recognised throughout the world. The company mainly deals in luxury products and services, it
has around 4000 employees who are directing their efforts as to reaching at final goals and
objectives of the firm. Harrods is one of the most popular organisation which deals in luxury
division stores in the global trade. The organisation employs around 4000 workers with an
additional 3500 agency and concession employees. This report contains the study about an
analysis of the recruitment and selection process which is followed by Harrods, the importance
of motivation theory that are relevant to Harrods and their application and identifying various
factors which impacted on the performance and behaviour of an individual at work place.
MAIN BODY
1) Process of recruitment and selection followed by Harrods with purpose of job advertisement,
descriptions and person specifications.
In a small as well as large business enterprise, manager and higher authorities such as
CEO, board of directors, managers and supervisors plays vast role in strengthen the capabilities
of human resources. The power and capabilities of human resource is beneficial for
organisational growth and development (Saundry, Jones and Wibberley, 2015). Recruitment is
considered as an effective process of finding or hiring the best qualified candidate among the
large number of applicants for a specific job profile in a timely and cost effective way. The
process of recruitment involves various aspects such as analysing the requirements of job,
attracting people towards the profile, screening, selecting the applicants, hiring and integrating
1

the new candidate to the firm. As a large business organisation Harrods has its operations at
global level and it is essential for firm to retain employees for long run of business activities in
respect to attaining significant growth and development. Employees are considered as the most
essential source on which the whole organisational activities and operations are based.
Recruitment and selection are consist to be the major process for any small and large business
enterprises as this contributes a lot in the success and growth of firm. Employees are considered
as the key resource of firm who plays vast role in the activities and operations of the firm
through implementing their significant efforts, this creates value in which is being delivered to
customers of this mega luxury retailer (Thackwray, 2014). Harrods applies the process of
recruitment and selection for hiring best and qualified workforces within the work place, this
consist various stages that support the final goals of firm. There are various tools and methods
which are used by management of firm as to fulfilling the vacant position of firm in which some
are associated as below:
Internal method of recruitment:
This is also considered as the most applied tool which plays effective role in promoting
the internal talent of firm. Under this method of recruitment, management and employer of the
firm analyse the performance and skills of people who are contributing their efforts within the
existing operations of firm. In this procedure employer examine the performance of existing
employees in respect to promote them on a higher position as per their skills and knowledge
base. The major benefit of this method is that it is effective in motivating employees within the
working environment as to moving forward towards their their own professional goals as well as
organisational objectives.
External method of Recruitment:
This is also an another essential tool of hiring fresh talent within the work place. This
consist to be the major applies method of recruitment. In this type of recruitment process
organisation or its higher authorities invite people through applying the tool of advertisement as
to fill the vacant position within the firm (Wehrmeyer, 2017). In this process, interested people
are apply for the profile and then follow a proper format to get selected for the job, in this
employer takes interview session as to analysing the capabilities of applicant for the specific role
or responsibility. The major benefit of this process is that it helps the firm in strengthening their
resources through recruiting fresh and skilled talent within the work place.
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Third-party recruitment:
This consist to be an important source of hiring people, in today's scenario small as well
as large business enterprises are focused on hiring people with the help of agencies and
organisations. In this employees are recruited for full time and part time opportunities as per the
need of firm. In this the hiring is done through analysing the performance and unique skills of
applicant.
Furthermore as a large and well reputed organisation, it is essential for Harrods to
maintain appropriate flow of resources in respect to attaining growth and success at market
place. The organisation applies all the three methods as to hire well skilled and talented people
within the work place in respect to enhancing the operations of firm. The manager of an
organisations plays wide role in analysing the factors that has direct influence on the process of
recruitment in respect to saving the extra time and cost of firm.
Different stages are associated with the recruitment and selection procedure of Harrods to
select the best applicant for a specified job profile. Initial step include in the procedure of
selection is recognize the abilities required for the job profile. This help in setting the appropriate
procedure as to making the selection process easy. In the second stage the director of Harrods
conduct an interview session through the use of telephonic and video conferencing as to
analysing the communication skills and knowledge area of candidates. For this employer
conducts a test and analyse applicants through different angles. After that all applicants are
invited for a group discussion by HR team (Zheng, 2013). In this lime manager takes effective
place in the final selection of applicants. Finally, in selection of Harrods, all applicants are
invited to examine their aptitudes and other particular abilities.
Job description, persons specification and job advertising are consist to be the major
factor of recruitment and selection process of Harrods. The these are necessary to analyse in
respect to develop the effectiveness of process of recruitment and selection. These all are
explained as below:
Job Description: This refers as a composed or written document that contain data about all parts,
obligations and fundamental elements of a particular occupation at working environment. This
feature the fundamental highlights and substance of a given employment (Greene and Kirton,
2015). Significantly this is figure to indicate real parts of a person for a specific position in a
3

large business and which develops transparency within the business operations. Sample of job of
job description of Harrods is given underneath:
Marketing manager
Job description: A candidate needs to have an appropriate knowledge and skills in regards to
the specified job profile as to performing all assigned roles and responsibilities. An individual is
required to create and maintain an effective image of firm as to attaining competitive edge.
Individual required to have powerful aptitudes of communication, assist he ought to have the
capacity to figure and execute a compelling promoting methodology. Thus manager is liable to
report to the higher authority of firm as to providing and getting appropriate information about
the business operations.
Requirements:
 High grades in marketing management from a established college or university.
 Powerful and effective skills of communication. Appropriate knowledge in use of all promotional and communication tools.
Skills in chosen member:
 Applicants needs to have a working experience of minimum 3 years in any reputed
organisation as a marketing manager.0
 Individual should have basic data and information in regards to the marketing concepts
and tools.
Job advertisement:
This is consist to the record that is imprinted on a paper or in an electronic form that
comprises data about the necessities of abilities and knowledge that ought to in a person for
being selected for a specified profile (Hillson, 2017). Harrods additionally utilize this for
influence the people to attract towards the vacant profile. Primarily this is utilized to draw in
talented contender to play out a particular candidate. Job advertisement for a particular position
of marketing manager at Harrods can be discussed as below:
JOB ADVERTISMENT FOR MARKETING MANAGER
Department: Marketing
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Job type: Full time
Location:
Harrods is considerably focused on serching for a marketing manager with creative ideas and
thoughts as to making effective strategies in order to making organisational operations more
attractive and innovative. It is very important to be considered that candidate should be able to
to build effective marketing strategies in respect to maintain firms activities within the area of
desired budget.
Applicant require to have the capacity to deal with the entire promoting group successfully.
Further, people ought to be visionary and ought to have inspirational state of mind and should
have creative thoughts and plans for the firm.
Competitor who have a potential state of mind to think from client perspective, Harrods needs
to get notification from them. Intrigued applicant can apply on our site and Facebook.
HR director
….....
Person specification: This is an another kind of report that contain data about the properties that
ought to be determined in a person. One of the principle advantage of this is it contain data about
the information, aptitudes, traits, capability and capacities that require to be in a person for
perform roles and duties of a particular job profile (Lawrence and Lee, 2013). Further,
individual's specification of marketing manager of Harrods is as per the following:
PERSON SPECIFICATION
EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS DEMANDING
Experience as a marketing
manager in an reputed firm
5-7 years Aground 3 years
Knowledge Necessary Demanding
skills and knowledge in areas
of sales and marketing.
Diploma in marketing. A Grade
Required qualification Necessary Demanding
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Graduation in the field of
marketing.
Minimum experience as
working in marketing.
B grade
Personal attributes Necessary Demanding
Appropriate communication
skills, which influence
personality and traits with the
use of potential tool of
marketing mix.
A Person needs to be involved
in different type of
communication and marketing
strategies.
English and Spanish.
2) Different motivational theory in context of Harrods.
Motivation is considered as an essential way to encourage employees within the work
place in respect to contribute their significant efforts in attaining higher growth and success at
market area. Motivation refers as the cause of action which is required for an individual to
encourage and perform their desired goals and objectives. In this modern era competition is so
high at market place and small as well as large business enterprises are focused on providing
high competition to their rivals through enhancing their business operations at global level. In an
organisation employees are considered as the key element of firm who are responsible for
attempting all activities of firm in an effective manner (Lewis, 2012). As a large business
enterprises it is essential for Harrods to encourage their employees in respect to developing their
business operations through enhancing the performance level of employees within the work
place. Harrods is the most popular organisation which is located in the United Kingdom and
deals in luxury products like bags, gifts items, fashionable products and manufacturing up of
menswear and women-wears for the potential demand of buyers. Furthermore as to improve the
brand esteem this organization basically offers significance to advancement and sensation
keeping in mind the end goal to every one of the difficulties or competition. Other than this,
principle centre is around development and improvement of workers for which methodical
system which is being planned for advancement from preparing and professional success for
them.
It is essential for manager or higher authority to encourage their employees at the time
while they are performing organisational task which are effective for the growth of firm. For
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example: Harrods gives the advantages under the plans and it can resemble offering auto benefits
for the staff which give assistance in maintenance and inspiration for workers alongside boosting
up of ability among people (Marin-Lamellet and Haustein, 2015). There are different sort of
changes inside the working environment which are coming up in fast way so it is required for an
organization to have the coordination and hence embrace the modifications inside the
organisational structure. Manager of Harrods basically gives the rules to having adaptability with
each sort of corporate culture. There are different sort of motivational theory for boosting up the
moral and strength level of workforce which are being described as below:
The theory of motivation is propounded by Abraham Maslow's and this theory is being
applied by the organisations as to evaluating the hierarchical needs and wants of people. This
kind of theories are applied as to motivating employees within the work place in respect to
enhancing their performance. Furthermore it is being referred that the motivation is needs to be
provided as to attaining the desired goals of firm. The theory of Abraham Maslow's is described
as below:
Physiological Requirement: Such components are considered as the fundamental need of person
that required to be overseen and managed as to satisfying the living of people. This comprise of
rest, water, shelter, food and cloths (Misener and Darcy, 2014). These needs are extremely basic
which are considered as the priority of humans life. For e.g. Harrods is a well reputed
organization and it is essential for the HR manager or management to provide significant benefits
to their employees as to taking long term benefits with their effective contribution.
Safety Needs: After the physiological necessity of an individual, a man is significantly worried
for their safety and security stability of oneself and their individuals from family. For e.g.,
Harrods incorporate expansive specialist base that expect security and safety of employment so
they rendered them focal points through supporting offices protection.
Social Belonging: The third need is related with the relational association and additionally
cohesiveness feeling (Misra and Puri, 2011). Under this companionship level, family and
closeness connection which are given the need and beginning spot. For e.g. Labourer of Harrods
oversee participation and coordination and if their higher authority communicate with them in
friendly manner as to resolving the issues and problems in more effective and efficient manner.
Regard Need: Such necessities are frequently connected with the acknowledgement, status,
regard and notoriety of a person. For e.g. Harrods has compensated their high administration and
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administrator Tusker luxury cars auto with advance technology their their effective performance
of firm.
Need of Self-Actualisation: After satisfy whole needs and wants of an individual, this is
expected to plan to achieve individual want that one want to accomplish in their lives.
Merits and Demerits of Maslow Hierarchy Need Theory:
Merits Demerits
 This can be considered as the verifiable
and intelligent theory as this set
individual work for achieving their
fundamental purpose.
 Needs fulfilling are not the inspirations
and in this illustration can be taken up
of Harrods directors which should
maintain their emphasis on unsatisfied
necessities of workers.
 Aptitudes and capacities can be
recognized by the pioneer for a worker.
 This isn't being considered as a precise
theory in the reality.
 Needs and needs progressive system
are not the same for all sort of
representatives which thus can bring
out demotivation factor.
McGregor Participation theory:-
This theory is significantly implemented by Douglas McGregor in year 1957. this theory
is subdivided into theory X and theory Y in which there are some assumption that has been
created through various kind of firm (Olins, 2017). Thus theory X of Harrods create certain
situation whether these illustration as leads the subordinates that is depend on some elements
which are described as under:
 The organisational work in not liked by employees due to avoidance.
 Receiving lethargy and disregarding the higher duties.
 Work isn't the same according to hierarchical objectives.
Subsequently, Harrods representatives must consider all the above variables and in this
way take the remedial apportion for maintaining a strategic distance from the issues emerges
from it.
Theory Y:
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 Employees are Self analysed which primarily centres around finishing the work with not
any sort of reasons.
 They are for the most part targetted for the day by day work keeping in mind the end goal
to have the gratefulness and prizes.
 Every one of the duties ought to be taken in smooth way.
Both Theory X and Theory Y are not comparative in nature shape each other so they can
make adjusts under the vital administration (Poksinska, Swartling and Drotz, 2013). There are
different sort of approaches and procedures which are being made by Harrods and in this way
they move the powerless representatives by the quality of specialists by arranging a few projects.
Advantages Disadvantages
 This is exceptionally viable method
keeping in mind the end goal to give the
inspiration to the workers who need
some place.
 Inspiration is being given for abnormal
state of execution.
 Unfriendly and uneasy situation by
the Theory X.
 It is hard to utilize both sort of
hypothesis with each other.
It has been examined that the from the over three inspiration is one of the fundamental
factor for elevating the level of resolve of workers. Besides, these sort of speculations which can
be used by the organization on the distinctive period of the circumstance for taking the most
extreme level of favourable circumstances (Reason, 2016). Thus, the vital level of Harrods
should be assessed keeping in mind the end goal to decide every one of the upsides and
downsides of the three hypotheses with a specific end goal to assess the positive and negative
elements from this. Other than this, Harrods is UK based organization who has a considerable lot
of the representatives working inside for achieving the shared objectives and goals. This will
thusly give the inspiration and therefore will enhance the sentiment of eagerness. There are the
prizes which must be received based on whole level of execution of workers. Powerful and better
preparing ought to be given for making the demonstrable skill and in this way give the direction
to receiving the creative deals strategies keeping in mind the end goal to speak with the
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customers. Significant goals behind this are giving the most extreme level of fulfilment to the
intended interest group.
3) Factors influencing an individual’s behavior as well as factors which enable effective
cooperation, supported by relevant examples from Harrods
In Harrods workers are working to know what improvement can be made through which
changes are applied in significant way. It is essential to know what can be done through which
activities are performed as per business environment. There must be use of techniques which are
effective for every employees (Bourne, 2011). This helps to know what has to be done through
which employees are aware of their roles and responsibilities and perform job roles significantly.
There are various activities which has to be performed by Harrods to achieve goals and targets,
hence there is important role of manager in framing teams.
Individual Behaviour at work
Motivation- This is one of the important task which as to be considered by managers of
Harrods through which appropriate actions can be taken and this is effective for making changes
which are significant for growth of business. There is requirement of motivation to workers in
which they can be fascinated by monetary as well as non monetary benefits. There is difference
in individual's and organization's goals, so it is essential to work by bridging gap between both.
Perception- There is difference in perception of workers. This can be known when HR
managers of Harrods creates some personal and familiar relations with employees. This helps to
know mindset of workers and actions can be taken to get positive results. As per change in
situation, perception gets changed, so this is effective for analyzing modifications which has to
taken. When employees is thinking wrong, then manager has to make them clear about actual
facts.
Personality- Personality of employees must be impressive. There are various approaches
which has to be considered by managers and this helps to know what can be done through which
changes are significant for making changes in roles and responsibilities of worker. Employees
which are working in Harrods belongs to various parts of country, so there is difference in heir
culture, thinking, etc. (Chow, 2014)
Ability and skills- Every employees has some knowledge which is useful in their working
place. In team work operations can be performed with the help of change in business operations.
There must be use of techniques which is effective for analyzing changes which are significant
10

for growth of business. When employee work as per skills, then there will be positive results out
of it.
Business environment- there is some issues which are operating in company due to which
business operations gets affected. There are some gossips which are running in association. This
has positive as well as negative effective on business.
Individual Behaviour at effective teamwork
Focusing of goal: While working in team, there must be main objective to focus on goals
for which they are working. It is important to know what has to be done through which actions
are effective and this helps to know what changes are effective and significant for business
growth (Clark, Silvester and Knowles, 2013).
Compensation: Workers are working in company to get some compensation. This helps
to motivate workers and hence they will give their best, managers of Harrods has to set
remuneration of employees as per their performance. This brings feeling of competition and
business operations are performed with more efficiency.
Effective communication: While working in team, there must be proper and effective
communication. As there are job responsibilities which are interlinked to each other, hence with
excommunication. There must be technique which is effective for creating efficiency of business
operations.
Deal with conflict: There are some personal issues which gets arise at work place. This ha
negative impact on performance of workers. Employees are not ready to work under team, so
there must be techniques which are effective for growth of business and scope of Harrods.
Compare management and leadership styles and their uses
MANAGEMENT STYLES: there are some approaches which are significant for growth of
business. as there are many changes which are many changes which are taking place, so
leadership styles helps to provide guidance and this helps to know what can be done through
which positive results can be known. Some of the management styles are discusses as under-
Directive- Main objective of this style is to work according to prescribed directions. It is
important because as there are changes taking place in business environment. This is effective
for dealing with changes in appropriate manner (Cowling and Mailer, 2013). Harrods use this
technique which is significant in following ways- regular check by managers and activities are
performed with proper guidance and motivation.
11

Application in Harrods- This style is beneficial for Harrods, as they have to work according to
change in business goals and objectives. Directive style is beneficial as there are many changes
which are taking place in business, so there is requirement of guidance to managers.
Authoritative- As per this style, there are some authority which is working t get positive
results. There are some key people which are working to attain targets. They deal with decision
making. Objectives of this style are- this helps to make decisions after analyzing market. And
feedback can be taken from employees (Cusworth and Franks, 2013).
Application in Harrods- As in case of Harrods workers are leaving organizations, so this
technique is not effective. But to make important and crucial decision this must be taken by top
level management.
Affiliative- This technique is effective to create good environment within association.
There must be use of policies which are significant for growth of business. There is harmony in
activities which is essential to know what can be done through which good relations can b
maintained among workers.
Application in Harrods- Employees are leaving organization, so it is essential to use this
technique as this helps to create harmony among workers and managers. This helps to know
what can be done through which targets can be attained on time.
Participative- This is one of the best technique which helps to know latest knowledge
through which business activities can be performed. There is involvement of employees through
which they are aware of business operations.
Application in Harrods- This technique helps to deliver knowledge which helps to deliver some
authority through which changes are effective to be made. When employees gets some rights,
they gets confidence and feels like they are important part of organization, this improves
performance and reduces employee's turnover rate.
Coaching: Coaching is effective for employees when they are placed to new job role. In
this case there is use of various techniques which are effective for improving performance.
Latest trends can be known to workers through coaching (Drucker, 2012).
Application in Harrods- In Harrods employees do not get to learn new things which help to
improve their knowledge. So through coaching workers can work with latest techniques and they
have knowledge related to market trends.
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LEADERSHIP STYLES: Leadership is of the effective technique which is essential to use
through which changes can be applied in business operations. As employees are not aware of
Laissez-Faire leadership: This is style in which involvement of workers is there up to
limited extend. This helps to know thoughts of workers and if suitable can be applied to job. But
at the same time things which are accepted by managers must be genuine and impact for business
operations. This helps to come with approach which is efficient for growth and development.
Application in Harrods- Employees of Harrods are leaving organization because they do not get
any motivation, so it is beneficial for making changes as there is division of power between
subordinates and supervisors (Dworzynski and et. al., 2014).
Autocratic leadership: In this style there is involvement of top level managers at all level.
This affects motivational level of worker and they are not aware of activities which are
happening in business.
Application in Harrods- This style must be used by managers of Harrods when there is
discussion about issues which are confidential. When decisions are taken quickly, then this
approach can be used.
Democratic leadership style: This is the style where duties and responsibilities are
performed by people and this is effective for making changes in working style. With job
responsibilities powers are also delegated.
Application in Harrods- This is best technique which is significant for growth of business.
Through this technique decisions are taken fastly and actions are performed as per set targets
(Fleming, 2013).
Comparison between management and leadership style
Management style Leadership style
These are basic techniques which are required
to perform basic management functions such
as planning, organising of resources.
These are required to get positive results.
When some changes are required then there is
need of policies when there is change in
business operations.
It is mainly classified into various parts such as
Directive, Authoritative, Affiliative, etc.
It is basically classified into three class such as
Democratic, Autocratic and Laissez-Faire.
Main motive of management style is to plan Main objective of leadership style is to provide
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how to use resources. straight direction through which positive
results can be generated.
Relationship between organizational structure and culture
Organisational structure: There are various structures which helps to perform business
operations in effective way. Organisational structure helps to divide various level of organisation
in parts. Some organisational structure are discussed below-
Functional: In this activities are divided on the basis of function. In this structure,
business activities are related to each other (Fopp, 2012). There is interrelation between activities
of Harrods. Planning, production, selling, etc. are part of this structure.
Divisional: In this structure there are various divisions which works on their own. There
are possibilities of repetition of activities which proofs wastage of time as well as cost. Southern
region, Northern region, Central region, etc.
Matrix: This is the structure which is combination of various structure. This structure is
beneficial as there is no set format of working and business operations are performed as per
various projects.
Organisational Culture: Organisational structure means environment happening within
organisation. It is essential to work according to set form,at but some other non business
elements affects business. Some organisational culture are as under-
Hierarchy: There are some level in organisation which helps to work as per their jobs
and responsibilities. In this there is proper hierarchy in Harrods.
Market: Not only internal elements which affects business but also external environment
affects business. There is competitors in market, so this affects business operations (Gander,
2014).
Androcracy: There must be some innovation and creativity in business operations, so this
helps to make changes in business operations. This can be done when manager is of adaptable
and flexible nature. They must welcome new ideas and techniques.
Recommendation
From the above discussion it is clear that company has to make changes in working
styles, so employee gets motivated. There are varieties of leadership approaches which has to be
use by managers of Harrods which help to get positive results. In Harrods democratic approaches
14

must be used o employees have knowledge about changes which are happening in business and
they are aware of knowledge which is significant for growth of business. Team work is effective
when manager deliver duties as per quality and skills of workers. There are possibilities that
workers do not get satisfied when there is change in working style, so it is essential to motivate
them. Monetary as well as non monetary benefits has to be delivered through which changes are
effective and positive results can be judged.
CONCLUSION
There are various approaches which has to be use in organisation which is effective for
making changing in their operations. There are possibilities that due to use of techniques positive
results can be get. It is important to come with various techniques which are significant for
growth of business, this also helps to make changes in working styles. From the above discussion
it is clear that there will reduction in labour turnover and it gives positive impact because of
using such techniques. This helps to make changes in operations and role responsibilities. There
is important role of human resource department through which they can work according to
making changes in operations of company. There are various structures which has to be followed
in company through which there will proper communication in company and ideas are delivered
properly. There is requirement of proper leadership and motivation which is effective for growth
of business organisation.
15

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