Citizenship Theory and Contemporary Relevance

This assignment explores the theory of citizenship, focusing on the work of T.H. Marshall and its relevance in today's world. Students are expected to critically analyze different perspectives on citizenship, including social, political, and economic dimensions. The assignment also encourages examining how concepts like immigration, inequality, and global citizenship influence the contemporary understanding of citizenship.

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MARSHALL’S THEORY OF CITIZENSHIP
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Introduction
The formulated theory of Marshall comprises of the relationship between the rights and
duties of the community. In the sociological aspect of the society, the greater equity has been
maintained by the people so that citizenship has a better direction and idea for the formation of
the society. Marshall has a thesis argument over the social parameters of citizenship in the Post
World War II in Britain (Marshall 1950). The essay has emphasised overview on the Citizenship
and the civil, political and social rights of civilization. All these points include along with the
impact of gender discrimination and social problems and significance of Marshall Theory in
social perspective. The essay also consists with contemporary citizenship and their issues to
evaluate the nature of Citizenship. In this proposed essay citizenship and Civil and social rights
have been discussed. All those rights are concerned with certain behaviours and legal aspect thus
gender inequality economic balancing are the important facet in this research process.
Importance of citizenship and their connecting activity is the concern mention in this essay.
Definition of Citizenship
Citizenship defined by the Marshall is the accumulation of social responsibilities that
people have to do for the sustainable implementation of their existing nature. There are some
economic welfare securities or the conservation of heritage sites or maybe the civilized
prevailing natures of the people are the important role for the citizens (Bulmer and Rees 2016).
Marshall has divided the citizenship intro three elements like Civil, Political, and Social. For the
liberty of a person and their existence in the society is the primary intention of peoples' living,
thus the rights of individual freedom are imposed in that situation for the development of the
stage of living. A clear growth and right have imposed in the seventeenth century in England for
the general equity of citizenship (Sartori 2016). As stated by Marshall’s “This demographic or

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universal, characters of the status arose naturally form the fact that it was essentially the status
of freedom, and in the seventeenth-century England all men were free” (Marshall and Bottomore
1992). Here Marshall has emphasized over the scenario and explaining the need for the people
so that they can sustain in this situation and can know about the parameters of their duties and
values for the society.
Civil Rights
Civil rights are important phase in the society and that encompasses three individual
deliverances for the people. Liberty of a person, Thought, and faiths and Freedom of speech
these three elements are the major civil rights that persons should have in the society for their
existence. There are certain laws and legislation also to protect their justice and values. Marshall
had taken evidence from the medieval period of 1832 when the political rights have imposed in
the society and stated that it was reformed in the different sections for the benefit of people
(Marshall 2013). Marshall has stated the evolution of rights and explained the way those were
implemented in England. The civil rights are mainly consisted of the Eighteenth century and
elaborate the perspectives of the people so that they can use their civil rights that government has
given to them (Marshall 1950).
Political Rights
All the political rights are implemented for the safety of people and provide them the
security that concerned with the rights to citizenship. Citizenship and their adjacent political
verses are inter connected as people has to support certain particular political rights and to belief
that rights for the development of the social and infrastructural system in nation. Such political
rights are connected with parliamentary legislation and these have represented 19th and 20th
centuries of political experiences. The political feature is one of the important features of the

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nineteenth century and that principle of has not been understood until 1918. From the political
perspective, Marshall had examined the nineteenth century of British politics where the rules and
regulation for the people are the most promising aspect of national development (Bagguley
2013). The potential problem in the political rights has somehow impacted over the civil rights as
the expected assistance is not always come from the government (Marshall 1950). The
foundation of the market economy is also depending on the political treaties and involvement of
the government to the society.
Social Rights
All those financial benefit and economic development in society are conducted by the
social rights. People are generally working for the development of the society thus their main
consideration is the sustainable balance maintains for the society. The major objective of
Marshall is to evaluate the social rights for the British people (Gómez-Benito and Lozano 2014).
There are some economic welfare cases where the security of the people and their civilized
establishment is the conductive issue for the development of society (Revi 2014). Citizenship
requires a common set of possession in the society as all these people are intended to achieve
that and they have the right to attain this. In the modern democracy, the levels of economic
stages are downing step by step and that ensure the differentiation of rich and poor in the society
(Clarke et al. 2017). In some cases, there are some tax implementations and the repressive
measure of patriotic nationalism expressed by Marshall in chapter of social justification
(Marshall 1950).
Gender Dimension
There are certain feminist scholars who have the different perspective about Marshall's
values and applications. The problem arose in that situation where the civil rights are only for the

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British men as they are the predominant aspect of the theory (Gómez-Benito and Lozano 2014).
The legal freedom has only imposed over the men and that creates problem situation for the
women. There are some cases which creates some argumentative nature in society as the
discrimination is imposed over the situation in Ireland where women has get more pension than
male and that creates debate in nation. Not all people are taking and acknowledging this rather
they are going to oppose this as policy has imposed over a particular gender. This thought is not
eventually justified as the fundamental flow of the work and theories does not have the proper
evidence to declare that, these political and civil rights are only imposed on the men and that
create the gender inequality for the British people (Socías et al. 2014). The social inequality over
the feminist is the highlighted factor of the concert situation. As commented by Ruth Lister “The
Voluntary or third sector is accorded a much more significant role than under democratic
socialism”. Female intervention is not persisted in this theory and all the civil and political rights
are imposed on the men (Moran and Vogel 2016). This may create the controversial situation for
the gender inequity and social rights and political issue strengthen the posting of the theory
implementation.
Social
In case of social support, an antagonist relationship with the class system and the market
is the important arena of citizenship and social implementation. At first the citizenship base on
the membership of the community. The process of social welfare illustrates for the respect of
gender equality and possesses all the people for the development of social cause (Gómez-Benito
and Lozano 2014). The growth of citizenship and the collusion of capitalism is the influencing
aspect of the community (Gómez-Benito and Lozano 2014). Thus, the development of social
community and the levelling in the classes are the integral elements of capitalist society.

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Marshall had added different societies that attached different rights and values for the
development of society. The idea of membership and its contribution to the study of citizenship
is the most logical facet that has been discussed by Marshall with proper justification (Marshall
1950).
Citizenship and Social class
The assimilation of culture is also making a mark over the theory of Marshall. The social
assimilation and command over constitutional citizenship have protected the social, political and
civil aspect of the cultural up gradation (Gómez-Benito and Lozano 2014). Citizenship relates to
the development of social bonding and that is the reason of cultural and social enhancement that
has produced a cultural influence over the encounter situation. The cultural aspect of the
development and the modern scenario of the establishment are depended on the citizenship and
capitalism of thoughts provided by the people (Dell'Olio 2017). Marshall has the reasonable
impact over the cultural issue and identifies the probable aspect of citizenship and socio-cultural
importance in society so that social balance is maintained (Marshall 1950). If the cultural
authority has not taken place then it was quite a conflict situation for the capitalist society.
Marshall has considered over the relationship between economic balances in the 20th
century an element of citizenship in Britain (Marshall 1950). As commented by Hartley Dean “In
the 1980s income inequality increased faster in the UK than in any other developed country
except New Zealand” or “Changes in the distribution of marketable wealth as opposed to income
appear to be less marked”. These statements are basically conveyed the social imbalance or the
social change in society has evolved. The role of the people is to take their part for the economic
sustainability of the society (Moosa-Mitha 2014). On the other hand, society has to determine the

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work for the people they have accumulated. Peoples’ job responsibilities are the prime vault of
concern situation that society has to provide for the economic enhancement of the society.
Contemporary citizenship and its issues
Migration and independent citizenship are the completely conflicting surface of the
society. Thus their involvement in the society has created the political community and the social
involvement. There are three kinds of communities' relation like Multinational, International, and
Transitional and all these stages have the larger policy of independent activity and citizenship.
Migration transversely state boundaries can be interpreted as connecting each of these three
relationships (Christodoulidis 2016). There are certain examples of People route back in Britain
or the Millions of African migrants are making their way for Libya and Europe. It is quite
difficult to analyze the Government problem as the government is not always capable to handle
this amount of people. More than 590 migrants are taking the route for central Mediterranean and
this is the reason that numbers of Libyan people are searching for land in Italy (Sartori 2016).
The International Organization for Immigration approximated 21,900 immigrants reached Italy
in the leading three months of this year, and that number has come up to the 14,500 in last year
(Theguardian.com 2017). A total of 181,000 immigrants reached Italy from Libya last year, and
with little sign of an effective unity government being formed in Libya to battle the militia-
organized transferring, conventional European political candidates are facing a massive
encounter as they are not supposed to handle the situation in the proper manner. From an
international viewpoint, migration does not influence the commencement of citizenship and
getting society in an ethical manner because migrants’ rights depend mainly on their citizenship
of derivation and on international human civil liberties. These liberties are important as there are
some foreign citizens are crossing their boundaries to enter the country and the migration is

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important for those people. The disconnected nationality is the concern factor for migrates
(Gómez-Benito and Lozano 2014). Hereby applying the social and cultural theory of Marshall
mental equity can be sustained in this society (Marshall 1950). The societies also getting rich in
cultural assimilation as the people from different countries with different background are there
for the development of that particular society.
Significance of Marshall Theory in contemporary time
Marshall's theory of citizenship is very effective in this current scenario to mitigate the
condition of the community imbalance in the society. From the first issue, the importance of
social independence is very relevant at this point in time. Most of the social problems are
happening due to the inequity in society. There are some rich people and some poor people and
the standards are determined by the wealth and money (Zhang and Lillie 2015). The
demonstration of the class is very much valid and notified in the modern times as equal
citizenship right is not imposed over the society.
Critique of Marshall
Marshall's theory of Social citizenship is the progressing developmental policy that
comes under the civil, political and social rights of the society. Furthermore, the theory has
created some welfare development issue and analyses the fact with the proper project analysis.
The equity in gender and the point of view from political and cultural issues are the respective
changes that theory has implemented (Marshall 1950). In case of gender discrimination, some of
the female sociologists have found that the theory is mainly focused on the men and that provide
an imbalance in the gender equality (Pashby and De Oliveira Andreotti 2015). The contemporary
formation of the theory also analyse the economic point of view of the study that encompasses

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the people and their income for the development of the society and that argues the real equality
for economic balancing in a society (Gómez-Benito and Lozano 2014).
Conclusion
Therefore it can be concluded that all the social rights in the 18th, 19th and 20th century
had a perceptual growth in social rights and values. Most of the cases social integration and the
profound progressiveness is the encouraging element to sustain the social diversification. There
are some political issues, cultural issues, and the civil issues that include laws and regulations,
assimilation of cultures and civic laws and discipline. Marshall has a good view on social
dimensions and society building in terms of accumulating people and their thoughts but the
discrimination cases of gender or the mismatch of political view will create imbalance situation
for people. Social justice is a form of innovation that creates the subordination over the social
justice and their declaration of the viewpoint. In this current situation the contemporary law
revising and the impact of civil disobedience in the society must highlight the necessity of the
theory.

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References
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UK. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 33(5/6), pp.265-279.
Bulmer, M. and Rees, A.M. eds., 2016. Citizenship today: The contemporary relevance of TH
Marshall. Routledge.
Christodoulidis, E.A. ed., 2016. Communitarianism and citizenship. Routledge.
Clarke, J., Coll, K., Dagnino, E. and Neveu, C., 2017. Disputing citizenship. Policy Press.
Dell'Olio, F., 2017. The Europeanization of citizenship: between the ideology of nationality,
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Gaventa, J., 2016. Can Participation ‘fix’Inequality? Unpacking the Relationship Between the
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Gómez-Benito, C. and Lozano, C., 2014. Constructing Food Citizenship: Theoretical Premises
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Melrose, M. and Dean, H., 1998. Poverty, riches and social citizenship. Springer.
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Moran, M. and Vogel, U. eds., 2016. The frontiers of citizenship. Springer.
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