Statistics and Data Analysis Assignment

This statistics assignment explores various data analysis concepts. It involves calculating standard deviations, identifying unusual values using Z-scores, determining percentages of data falling within specific ranges, and applying the empirical rule and Chebyshev's theorem. The assignment also delves into percentiles, visualizing data through box plots, and analyzing stock price volatility. It requires a strong understanding of statistical concepts and their application to real-world scenarios.

MATH 1P98 – PRACTICAL STATISTICS
Assignment: 1
STUDENT ID/ NAME
[Pick the date]

Question 1
(a) Frequency distribution table for length data
(b) Percentage of observation greater than 60.4 units ¿ ?
Total number of observation = 54
Observation greater than 60.4 units = 28
Percentage of observation greater than 60.4 units = 28/54 = 51.85%
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(c) Frequency histogram based on above table.
43.5 52 60.5 69 77.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Histogram : length
Lentgh (unit)
Frequency
(d) Based on the above histogram, it is apparent that the given variable length is not
distributed normally as there is presence of negative skew owing to a tail on the left. For
a normal distribution, the skew is expected to be zero. Yes, there are some outliers
present especially at the lower end due to left skew. These can be approximated to two
values which are at the lowest end of the data.
(e) As the number of intervals tends to increase, the histogram tends to become flatter as the
distribution becomes too stretched and also outliers tend to increase. Further, as the
number of intervals tends to decrease, the histogram would seem too tightly squeezed and
hence would not be reflective of the given data. Hence, it is essential that the class
number should be accurate and must not be too less or too more as a representative
histogram would not be obtained in other cases.
Question 2
(a) Fire-fighter Fatalities data
20
18
23
30
20
2

12
24
9
25
15
8
11
15
34
 Computation of mean
∑ xi= ( 20+18+23+30+20+ 12+ 24+9+ 25+15+8+11+15+34 )
∑ xi=264
Number of observation n=14
Mean ¿ ∑ xi
n = ( 264
14 )=18.85
 Computation of median
The data can be r-arranged from lower to upper order as
8
9
11
12
15
15
18
20
20
23
24
25
30
3

34
It is apparent that number of observation is even and hence the median would be average of two
middle terms (7th term and 8th term).
Median = (18+20)/2 = 19
 Computation of mode
Highest frequency value is 20 with frequency of 2 and hence, the mode would be 20.
As the measures of the central tendency (mean, median and mode) do not converge to a single
value, hence the given distribution would not be normal.
(b) Variance and standard deviation of the data
Mean of data x=18.85
x (x−x ) (x−x )2
20 1.14 1.31
18 -0.86 0.73
23 4.14 17.16
30 11.14 124.16
20 1.14 1.31
12 -6.86 47.02
24 5.14 26.45
9 -9.86 97.16
25 6.14 37.73
15 -3.86 14.88
8 -10.86 117.88
11 -7.86 61.73
15 -3.86 14.88
34 15.14 229.31
Total 0.00 791.71
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Standard deviation s2= √ ∑ ( x−x)2
n−1 =¿ √ 791.71
14−1 =¿ 7.8039 ¿ ¿
Variance s=(7.8039)2=60.9011
∑ (x−x )=0.00
The above is equal to zero as it highlights the sum of deviations from the mean which for all data
set is always zero.
(c) The standard deviation would increase since there would be additional deviation from the
mean which would increase the overall numerator and hence lead to a higher value of
standard deviation despite the increase in values.
Question 3
(a) Percentage of car lengths falls between 144 and 234 ¿ ?
x=189
s=15
P ( 144< X <234 ) =P ( 144−189< X−x <234−189 )
5

P(Z1< Z <Z2 )=P ( 144−189
15 < X −x
s < 234−189
15 )
P ( 144< X <234 ) =P (−3< Z <3 ) =0.9974 ( ¿ z table )
Hence, the percentage of car lengths falls between 144 and 234 is 99.74%.
(b) Z score (for 191) = 191−189
15 =0.133
Z score (for 166) = 166−189
15 =−1.533
Z score (for 245) = 245−189
15 =3.733
The unusual value would be 245 considering the corresponding z score in excess of 3 which for a
bell shaped distribution is quite rare.
Question 4
(a) Mean = 98.20 0F
Standard deviation =0.62 0F
6

Body temperatures that are 2.5 of standard deviation =?
Percentage of body temperature fall in this range =?
Body temperature
98.6 96.6 98 98 99 97.4 98.4 98.4 98.4 98.6
Lower limit ¿ 98.20− ( 2.5∗0.62 )=96.65
Upper limit =98.20+ (2.5∗0.62 ) =99.75
Body temperatures which fall between these two limits are shown below:
97.4 98 98 98.4 98.4 98.4 98.6 98.6 99
Percentage of body temperature fall in this range = (9/10)*100 = 90%
b) It would not be reasonable to use the empirical rule for the Length data as it is not normally
distributed as has been earlier highlighted. The empirical rule can only be applied for those
distributions which are near normal and have a bell shaped curve. However, it would be
reasonable to apply the Chebyshev theorem for the Length data as this theorem is valid for non-
normal distributions as well.
Question 5
(a) The data value 69.9 would lie in the 80th percentile of the given data considering the fact
that only 10 values in the length data would be greater than this value. The interpretation
of this length with regards to bear length is that 80% of the bears would have a length
lesser than 69.9
(b) Computation of percentile
L= ( K
100 )N
Where,
k = percentile
7

n=number of values
Arrange the data into ascending order
8

9

 P20
L= ( 20
100 )∗54=10.8 11
Hence, P20 would be 11th term of the data set i. e 48.0
 P72
L= ( 72
100 )∗54=38.88 39
Hence, P20 would be 39th term of the dataset i. e 65.0
(c) 5 –number summary for the data
Box Plot
10

11

Question 6
(a) Mean, median and standard deviation is shown below:
(b) First step is to arrange the dataset into ascending order
12

13

14