Medicalisation of the Self

This document discusses the relationship between neo-liberalism and the demise of the welfare state, as well as the impact of neo-liberalism on the healthcare industry and genetic engineering processes. It explores the ideologies of neo-liberalism and the discourses surrounding development. The document also examines the current emphasis on health and potential outcomes of genetic engineering processes.

MEDICALISATION
OF THE SELF

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY .................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Relation between neo-liberalism and demise of the welfare state.........................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
Understanding Neo-liberal discourses development..............................................................5
Words of Caution...............................................................................................................5
Understanding discourse along with its analysis...............................................................6
Neo-liberal ideologies........................................................................................................6
Further examinations regarding the development discourses............................................6
Current emphasis upon health along with potential outcomes of genetic engineering processes
................................................................................................................................................6
Surveillance changes and Impact of neo-liberalism...............................................................7
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Neo-liberalism is defined as an contemporary issue which stated that to market about
their orientation form number of policies such as eliminating price supports and control,
deregulating capitals of market, lowering trade barrier and this decrease through privatization
and making state deforms. Which lower prices and create free price offer and opportunity.
Decline of the welfare and its state which is use political economy framework to observe effect
and factor which is based on ageing population, migration and global tread of making the capital
or organisations just deteriorating system of financing welfare state benefits, this topic is
discussed about neo-liberalism and relation with decline of the welfare state. In this the analysis
of neo-liberalism with aspect with health and new challenged of biotech is discussed, moreover
the impact of neo-liberalism in various sector include college student, social worker, civil people,
and on globalization. New health agenda and protocol are discussed and analyse and due to this
what type of factor is arises in state which may form or deform the society and their living
standard.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
Relation between neo-liberalism and demise of the welfare state
Neo-liberalism is an ideology and policy model that help to considered the value of free
market competition in which the price is an controlled chain. Moreover, there are major debate
as which they defined feature of neo-liberal practice and admires. Neo-liberalism linked with
laissez-faire economic. In overall, neo-liberalism is most often characterised in terms of many
saturated belief with economic growth which means to achieve homo sapiens progress. It shows
the real confidence in free market as the most effective allocation of human resources. Its
emphasis on minimal for which state intervention in economics and social affairs and it
commitment to challenge face of freedom of trade and their cost capitals (Agathangelou 2017).
There are various terms which is similar regrading the neo-liberal which is distinct from modern
liberalism. Both have their own thought root in ancient liberalism of 19th century. Which win
economic laissez-faire and freedom of particular people against the excess power of
governments. There are various version of liberalism which is associated with the economist
Adam Smith, they usually argue with government on the wealth of nation. The market are
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govern by some specialized hand which is invisible and this state be subject to minimize
government interface (Baeten 2017). In all context some factor which affect liberalism is that it
evolved over time in various traditions. Modern liberalism originated from the social-liberal
traditions. In which they focused on many complication which may be arises in human body or
society which are poverty and inequality, disease, discrimination which is based on caste and
gender, ignorance which created by capitalism and could be reduced only through direct state
interventions.
So, as per the above the relationship between neo-liberal and state welfare is analyse the
free cost controlling and other term which is relatable and help to seek the reverse judgement of
government. Neo-liberal turn in economic policy involved an attack on the welfare state of
various countries. As per the comparative analysis and study it is defines as there are variation in
many of number like transformation of British and French economic policy form the end of
second world war in 1980s (Conole and Brown 2018). The both nation faced the economic crises
that looks place in 1970s. Moro ever, the difference are stated in two countries which came to
diagnose the environment of their respected country and analyse economic crises. The
implementation of policy on neo-liberalism not constant for each. In England, the crises was
observe as one of Keynesian, neo-liberalism originated as anti-Keynesian movement that being
solve issue of major Keynesian institution and policy. As per the context with welfare state, a
fundamentalism is observed regarding the Keynesian institution. Which is identified as a part of
problem and became subject to neo-liberal solutions. Moreover, in France where the crises is
going to reside in demising competitiveness of dirigiste policies, the non-liberal reorganisation of
economy concentrate on new industrial policy.
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Capitalism is an political scenario with social-liberal and idealogical system which is
based on value commodities exchanges need political arrangement of state. The state serve
number of interest of capitals to seek and ensure and promote it enlargement and the
reproduction of laissez-faire economy mode of production itself. Classical liberal theory of
politics which is being shared with old approaches of economic theory with a sharp alteration
between state and their economy (Fekete 2017). Which help to constituted fundamental
assumptions of capitalist society's firm until the year of 1930s. When the number of theory are
going to take new shape and factor which show strong mediation of role and responsibilities of
state in the economic regions. The state turns out to be proper by particular social class in order
to manage its economic power, so as per this state is revealed as a essential equipment to market
economy production, assure the transaction of good and the appropriate development of labour
power under the payroll or salaried system.
Neo-liberal ideology and policies became enhancing influential which is illustrated by the
British labour party,s official withdrawal of its commitment those who have common ownership
of the means of manufacture in 1995s. The pragmatic policies of labours party and U.S
democratic party from the 1990s (Ferrari 2017). As per this the national economic show the
relation with neo-liberalism. From overall context, various factor and their effect show that how
neo-liberalism affect the commodities and their appearance and show a interrelationship between
intermediate neo-liberalism and welfare which is demise by this on phase of regulation by state.
Beginning in 2007, the economic crises are faced by united state and Europe, as per the past
analysis this is not only financial crises but also a great recession in the era of that. In which
some economist and political leader reject the concept of neo-liberalism. As per this maximally
free marketplace and to call for the greater authorities regulation of financial and banking
business enterprise (Pedro 2018). The neo-liberalism also play role in change of entire health
system.
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The Keynesian welfare defined as during time of great compression provided social
protection which is for those who is deserve the public support to that family where number of
unemployment are take placed. In that unemployment is not an major issue which is faced by
those people there are various challenges like disability, retirement, death of a wage-earning
spouse and other conditions. This system enhance alternative concept in market. The welfare
state is exist under neo-liberalism it is continuously focused on discipline which is reported from
market and various complaints (Temkinaand Rivkin-Fish 2019). By reducing the time receiving
public assistance and enhancing their motivation and capability to do their job in market and
provide the structure to neo-liberal society. The welfare state buttresses than immediate counter
in market. This is reorganizing its own process to run with market and get some profit with the
market logics.
TASK 2
Genetic engineering (GE) which refers to the donation of the organisms which have been
manipulated or experimented in laboratory by using the modern biotechnology methods like
editing in gene, recombinant DNA technology and many more. There is need to be assure which
is that the drug or vaccines which are used for them should be effective and safe. Neo-liberalism
is the one which have proven itself which is regarding the innovation, patenting, bioethics, risk
management and biodiversity. With the political and ethical void where the strategy which
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observations is there which shows the effective ideology along with aesthetic of technology. So
this it the reason behind the neo-liberalism is employed in the biotechnologies (Dutta 2019).
Understanding Neo-liberal discourses development
When one tries to understand about the development issues then the language and the
discourses are the one which is viewed with conventional wisdom. The word which are given by
it should must be full filled by the actions. It is being said that the actions speaks more lauder
than the words. The fist step of developing any plan or the policymaking which begins with the
discussions, which is generally done is around the table. Through this the idea the concerns are
there which is expressed by the intellectuals, policy makers, academics, activists and so on.
Then such debates must be followed along with actions. This should be implemented by the real
actors which is after the discussions. The real actors are the one which are the person who are
there in the field and are dealing with the real and practical issues. There are mainly actions and
the plan made distracted which is by the politician to influencing and misrepresent about the
objectives for cover their inactions, and more to lie (Dorondel 2019). There should be artificial
divide which is between the discourse and the actions. There is chance of misunderstanding the
social problems which is generally in the developing world there is the social action along with
collective mobilization. There are number of way through which the language and the discourse
which goes beyond idea. Neo-liberal governance along with policymakers are the one who uses
languages, discourse and social representation for their goal achievement. There are some of the
ethical consideration which is for the analysis of development discourses which are going to be
discussed further.
Words of Caution
The aim is there to get the attention which is done by creating the criticism of uses of the
word development which is there by the use of language. When there is no any criticism in the
language then it can be think that there is normative statement which is related with the past
trajectory along with expected future of the society (Block 2016). There are hierarchy societies
which are based on the economic achievement which is to form political governance of cultural
products. There is discourse about the development which is there in terms of the actors which
are there making their role in such development which are the one who are working on the
ground level.
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Understanding discourse along with its analysis
Discourse analysis is generally viewed by the criticism or the reservations which is in the
context to study of development along with underdevelopment. In this, the criticism came
through what actually disclosed. According to the social scientist, disclosure is examine the
institutional and social constraints of languages. Language is the one which is bale to influence
anyone which is by using the better communication which is able to manipulate the ideas for
describing themselves, interaction and related with sharing ideas. Language is more than the
specific grammes and vocabularies. This is the one which is responsible for the change in the
ideologies. The discourse analysis refers to the political understanding which is there for
accessing for decision making, social recognition which is by the use of the languages.
Neo-liberal ideologies
There was a press release where the world trade organisation is the one which says
regarding with to protect the free global trade where there is the allowance of the trade which is
by the developing countries which is due to opening of the global new markets which gives
opportunity to such countries where there is integration of the world market at the lower cost.
There is need to have some of the relaxations or flexibility which is due to implementing the
obligation, developing countries are not able to hamper their ability. WTO is using the language
for their political act for transforming the society which is to reinforce the ideology and due to
having the powerful organisation they can be successful. Here, they are able to make their own
terms by having the policymaker actions along with legality (Noula 2018).
Further examinations regarding the development discourses
There should be examined as the cultural biases, elements of story telling, specific
stylistic production, how any organisations socialize, production of concerted actions, fluxes of
ideas, containers of ideas, creation along with justification of social hierarchy, strategies of
reinforcing domination, figures and statistics and carried by artefacts along with objects.
Current emphasis upon health along with potential outcomes of genetic engineering processes
There is the first implementation of the Neo-liberal policies, which is one of the biggest
sectors which is there the public healthcare and the public health. In this, the healthcare industry
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were highly privatized under the policy which was the Reagan-era policies and this remains till
now (Nandy and et. al., 2016). This is one which gives the patient an option for selecting their
own health professionals which can help in to suffer less with shorter period of time along with
better facilities. One of the main problem or issue with the privatization which is about the
companies where there is no incentives for taking the responsibility of the damage which may
cause which is having the dangerous impact on the public health. When there is the absence of
intervention of the government, them the private companies are able to do whatever is beneficial
for them. There may be chance of high cost for the healthcare treatment which is not able to pay
by the each and average people which can lead to have the huge effect on the society health or
the community health. There should be any of the reason given to the private companies to give
their best for the community and should be beneficial to them too. There is no any interest for
caring of the people which is by the private company which need to have some of the advices
which should make them worry about the public health. They need to be careful during the
implementation of the neo-liberal policies which is like the government deregulations and the
privatization. There is not only the negative impact of regulation such policy but there are also
many of the positive impact which is going to give the benefits to the country but there should be
worry about the extent about what they are going to be implemented. Removal of government
interventions form which is from the life can make real harms in which the only benefiting body
could be the big corporations. Implementation of such policies for any of the important reason
should never be on cost of society or at any cost of healthy public (Bland and et. al., 2020).
Surveillance changes and Impact of neo-liberalism
Neo-liberalism highly impact the different organisation in different ways along with
public. It posses both positive and negative impact on public in terms of getting services. In
healthcare system it leads the huge changes, its a economical practices supported mostly by the
politicians and their political agenda. As it encourage the privatization of the organisation
functions and services, which is highly effecting public health (Della Porta 2017). Such as the
agronomics, this is the economical recovery program, and this kind of economical policies
government reduce their spending and regulations along with the organisation taxes cut. It makes
the big gap between the rich and poor peoples. One of the sector which highly get impacted by
neo-liberalism is public healthcare sector. In UK the sates healthcare organisation got privatized
highly by the implementation of Reagan-era policies. For the rich people this kind of polices aid
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to get the healthcare services without waiting, it provide the freedom to select their own place
and doctor along with chosen facilities. But for the poor people and middle class peoples it
posses bad impact because due to privatization the organisation set their own price and cost for
health care services (Bhagat 2019). Which rage of cost can not be afford by poor peoples and this
also posses the inequality in terms of care and services quality. Although neo-liberalism has
positive impact but its negative impacts are dominate to it as it highly effect the security and
safety system of peoples. Due to the bad effect of health care waste materials which can be a
very harmful pollutant. Hospital and medical waste improper intervention can causes the further
more spreading harmful disease along with pollution in the environment. Because of the
privatization healthcare organisation have their own responsibilities to dispose the wast and
maintain the hygiene, but without the aid of government intervention it can not be done in the
right way. So it needs the involvement of government services at some places. New Public
Health Agenda and the re-articulating of citizenship rights.
Commercialization- Due to the privatization of the healthcare organisation they provide
the medication-al and intervention services with different commercial strategy's in comparison to
the government. Before the development of the neo-liberalism, their was in the healthcare
organisation pricing and cost of the services was divided according to the government standards,
and which was very reasonable for the public. So that all the medical services is can be
affordable for poor peoples too. But due to the neo-liberalism healthcare commercialization is
the biggest agenda from the side of poor peoples. Although NGOs are different from both type of
the polices of government and privatization, NGOs are trying to provide the services at lower
and free cost with the aid charity.
Health inequality- After the commercialization of health care services the other public
health agenda is health services inequality. Where the higher and poor peoples are treated
according to their financial stability. Organisation compromise with the quality of healthcare
services according to their status.
Job stratification of public healthcare workers- Government pay strategy's for heath
care workers is can be more batter then the private pay producer (Peters 2019). Some time
healthcare workers faces the irrelevant pay for their duties due to privatization of healthcare
organisation.
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Citizenship rights is re-articulating according to the neo-liberalism criteria and human
rights. Where they change the citizenship rights for medical services clam, salary clam, services
facility rights, and so on. Public is gating both helpful rights and some changes is the free
services rights which can be a problematic.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Agathangelou, A. M., 2017. Humanitarian innovations and material returns: valuation, bio-
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Baeten, G., 2017. Neoliberal planning. M. Gunder, A. Madanipour, & V. Watson, Routledge
Handbook of Planning Theory, pp.105-117.
Bland and et. al., 2020. Maslow’s unacknowledged contributions to developmental psychology.
Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(6), pp.934-958.
Block 2016. ‘Just go away and do it and you get marks’: the degradation of language teaching in
neoliberal times. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(5), pp.481-
494.
Conole, G. and Brown, M., 2018. Reflecting on the impact of the Open Education
Movement. Journal of Learning for Development-JL4D. 5(3).
Dorondel 2019. Dissuading the state: food security, peasant resistance and environmental
concerns in rural Bulgaria. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue
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Dutta 2019. ‘Communication sovereignty’as resistance: strategies adopted by women farmers
amid the agrarian crisis in India. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 47(1),
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Fekete, L., 2017. Flying the flag for neoliberalism. Race & Class, 58(3). pp.3-22.
Ferrari, A., 2017. Nonhuman animals as food in biocapitalism. Animal Oppression in
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Nandy and et. al., 2016. A brief review of computer-assisted approaches to rational design of
peptide vaccines. International journal of molecular sciences, 17(5), p.666.
Noula 2018. Neoliberalism and Pedagogical Practices of Alienation: a case study research on
the integrated curriculum in Greek primary education. British Journal of Educational
Studies, 66(2), pp.203-224.
Pedro, S., 2018. Family Farming, the Environment and the Global Food Chain', Environmental
Impacts of Transnational Corporations in the Global South (Research in Political
Economy, Volume 33).
Temkina, A. and Rivkin-Fish, M., 2019. Creating health care consumers: The negotiation of
un/official payments, power and trust in Russian maternity care. Social Theory &
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Della Porta, D., 2017. Late neoliberalism and its discontents: An introduction. In Late
Neoliberalism and its discontents in the economic crisis (pp. 1-38). Palgrave Macmillan,
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Bhagat, A., 2019. Displacement in “actually existing” racial neoliberalism: refugee governance
in Paris. Urban Geography, pp.1-20.
Peters, S.M., 2019. Medical Neoliberalism in Rape Crisis Center Counseling: An Interpretative
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of Social Issues, 75(1), pp.238-266.
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