Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus
Added on 2021-04-17
7 Pages1621 Words69 Views
Disease and DisordersBiology
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Running Head: MERS-CoVMERS-CoVName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor note
1MERS-CoVAgent- MERS-Cov1. Background-:1.1. MERS-CoV stands for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronaviruseswas isolated and identified from the man’s lungs from previous unknown coronavirus. It wasidentified by WHO as a potential to cause an epidemic. It is the novel positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It belongs to genus Betacoronavirus. In 2012 it was also isolated from thesputum samples of the patients who fell in a flu outbreak, and genome was sequenced. The viruswas found to be originated in bats and have spread to camels and humans. The reservoir fromwhere the humans get infected is still unknown, but the main source is considered to contactwith camel or its raw milk and contacting the respiratory secretions of the infected person (1). 1.2. The virus has two clades A and B. Clade B clusters are genetically distinct from A. Itis RNA genome is encapsulated in the coat protein. It is mainly present in Saudi Arabia. The spike protein of the virus binds to the cellular receptor of the host dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4) with the residue (the 231-residue region in the spike (S) protein) of virus.The RNA genome is then introduced into the host receptor through fusion with the plasmaendosomal membrane. The virus then uses host replication machinery and transcribes toproteins and RNA. The products are then packaged and released again in extracellularenvironment. In this process, it causes respiratory disease. The contagious period for the virus is not known. It may persist as long as the virus isbeing shed (2). 2. Exposure sources to humans
2MERS-CoV2.1. Human beings are exposed to this agent through direct contact with the Mersinfected person and from camel’s milk (the main route of infection). The virus can be absorbedthrough cut/wound on the skin or inhalation of the contaminated air (aerosol of dentaltreatment). Adenoviral vectors expressing the DPP4 can help in transduction of virus (3). 2.2. Majority of the human exposure is caused by contacting the respiratory secretions ofthe MERS CoV infection that is through coughing, sneezing without covering the mouth (4). 3. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics3.1. The MERS Cov has S protein has S1 and S2 subunits. At the junction of the S1 and S2,the cleavage occurs and the virus fuses with the host cell membrane and enters for syncytiumformation. The functional receptor used in the process is DPPA that is found to get expressed onregions in the lungs, and other organs that are composed of endothelial and epithelial cells.MERS-CoV disassembles to release the viral RNA, nucleocapsid in to the cell cytoplasm.Inside the host cell the virus transcribes and translates to form full-lengthnegative-strandtemplate for synthesis of new genomic RNAs. After the accumulation of the genomic RNA andstructural proteins, helical nucleocapsid is formed in the cytoplasm. During host cell lyses thevirus undergoes the process of budding to acquire an envelope. This process is mediated by theintracellular membranes, present between the golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.Thelife cycle of the virus is now completed. The assembled virion gets released by the process ofexocytosis, to extracellular compartments of the cell.The infection persists for 2-14 days, and the infection is initially asymptomatic. The viruspenetrates deep into the lower respiratory organ (4).
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