Microbiology Infection Control

This study explores the significance of MRSA and influenza in hospital settings, microbiological sampling and testing methods for diagnosis, prevention of endogenous infection after surgery, state health authority recommendations for AMR and AMS, roles where epidemiology is used, and the reporting of notifiable infectious diseases in Australia.

Microbiology Infection
Control
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Properties that influence significance of MRSA in hospital setting............................................3
Properties that influence significance of influenza in hospital setting........................................3
Microbiological sampling and testing method required for MRSA diagnosis............................4
Microbiological sampling and testing method required for Influenza diagnosis........................4
Endogenous or exogenous infection after hysterectomy............................................................4
Prevention of endogenous infection occur after surgery.............................................................5
State health authority recommendations and policies for AMR and AMS.................................5
People have roles where epidemiology is used...........................................................................5
Under which act the reporting of notifiable infectious diseases is located in Australia..............6
Notifiable diseases that are likely to present problems for infection control in Australian health
care facilities................................................................................................................................7
Gastrointestinal diseases...........................................................................................................7
Some of the aspects of current role that require to use an epidemiological approach.................7
Antimicrobial resistant organism that has cause a significant or multiple outbreaks..................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
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INTRODUCTION
Microbiology laboratory is one of the best practice which is being used in prevention of
nonsocomial infections and improving overall health of community (Morency-Potvin, Schwartz
and Weinstein, 2017). This present study is going to show some treatments and testing methods
for both MRSA and influenza diseases in order to allow healthcare providers in taking better
decision and interventions for improving health of people and controlling spread of infectious
disease. Further, it will also show roles played by people where epidemiology occurs by using
such data related to disease, severity, type of disease, people who are the most prominent and
others for using better interventions and removing all diseases from spreading.
MAIN BODY
Properties that influence significance of MRSA in hospital setting
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a type of infection which is being caused
by a type of staph bacteria which becomes resistant in the body to antibiotics which are being
used to treat this infection. Those people are the most prominent to this infection who have been
in hospital setting like nurses, dialysis centre staff and others. Another type of MRSA infection
occurs in community mainly in healthy people and it spreads skin to skin contact and painful as
well. In hospital setting it may cause pneumonia, sepsis and death (Kourtis and et.al., 2019).
In the context of significance which is being affected by properties it can be said that it is
associated with the mortality, cost burden as well as length of stay. After identifying significance
this infection is being categorized under 2 types such as community associated and hospital
associated infection in order to treat them in an effective manner. Cost associated with MRSA is
high and minimum hospital stay is 10 days as it is a life threatening disease.
Properties that influence significance of influenza in hospital setting
Influenza is the main common virus which causes infections in respiratory tract, nose, throat and
lungs. Such viruses are transmitted via nose, mouth, fingers so it is important to keep distancing
and take extra care of patients. Nursing home residents are the most prominent to this virus
because of their close quarter arrangement¸ frailty as well as movement of staff as well as
patients.
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Exposure to influenza in hospital setting and nurses is increasing risk of hospitalization
related to respiratory origin and also becoming reason of increasing rate of death as compared to
unexposed residents (Castro-Sánchez and et.al., 2018).
There are some antiviral influenza medications and isolation precautions have been
developed as only the treatment of preventing people against spread or outbreak of influenza
infection. Droplet transmission is one of the effective and primary mode of influenza
transmission and it is its stay habits. This virus survive around 48 hours in 1/3rd of cases.
Microbiological sampling and testing method required for MRSA diagnosis
There is a sampling and testing method and in a sampling method doctors test a tissue sample or
nasal secretion in order to identify drugs resistance bacteria of MRSA. After taking sample it is
being sent to lab where it is being kept in dishes of nutrients for bacterial growth and after taking
swabs from nose, throat results is being given within a few days (Dudareva and et.al., 2019).
After finding positive sometimes it is being treated with antibiotics and also by draining
superficial abscess which is the main reason caused by MRSA.
Microbiological sampling and testing method required for Influenza diagnosis
In sampling and diagnosis testing for influenza doctors uses several methods such as: serology,
reverse transcription, rapid antigen testing and others. Nasal swab is being collected for using
the best and appropriate testing method. Rapid influenza testing methods by taking nose swab
give results in only in 15 minutes and results in 3-10 days. respiratory specimens should be
collected as close to illness onset which helps in identifying influenza viral RNA and also
getting positive results. Commercial rapid influenza diagnostic tests also provides all information
related to influenza which helps in selecting appropriate diagnosis method (Lewandowski and
et.al., 2019).
Endogenous or exogenous infection after hysterectomy
In the context of infection it can be said that it is normal of getting infected after hysterectomy.
But it is important to know whether the type of infection is normal or abnormal. There are 2
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types of infection such as Endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous infections occur due to our
own bacteria and exogenous infection occur due to pathogen surrounded and present in
environment and enter in the body (Petca and et.al., 2020). Drainage of pus after surgery means
bacteria are present in the body already and due to that pus people get infected then it is called
Endogenous infection.
Prevention of endogenous infection occur after surgery
For preventing endogenous types of infection people require focusing on careful protocols at the
time of invasive process.. Antibiotic stewardship and improving immune system. Taking
hygienic measures, applying pressure to wound and cleaning that wound for stopping drainage
and controlling flow of drainage is other main methods of preventing such kinds of infections.
vacuum-assisted options and some therapies under observations are also some preventive
methods (Anderson and et.al., 2017).
State health authority recommendations and policies for AMR and AMS
.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a type of infection or disease caused by bacteria’s and it
becomes resistant to effects of medicines. In this context it can be said that national policies and
strategies in antimicrobial vary in scope but the main strategy focuses on intersectorality,
surveillance and monitoring, prevention which are some antimicrobial resistance.
In Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), awareness programmes are being developed whose main
aim is to foster awareness on country situations and establishing multidisciplinary leadership to
make sure that interventions are sustainable (Beovic and Cosgrove, 2017).
People have roles where epidemiology is used
Epidemiology refers a study of knowing degree and reasons as how often disease occur in
different group of people and importance of using such information’s. People who work where
epidemiology occur, use all these data in order to identify the most prominent disease and which
hazards are most important for disease surveillance. By knowing severity, impacts of symptoms,
people research and use appropriate interventions and improve health of people (Ogino and et.al.,
2016).
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Principles of epidemiology help healthcare workers of taking public health actions by using
such data and make use all principles during planning of ways of controlling disease in the
community.
Under which act the reporting of notifiable infectious diseases is located in Australia
For making people aware and giving all information related to disease it is important to make a
list and act under which all notifiable infectious disease related information’s are covered. The
Communicable Diseases Network Australia has agreed that all infectious disease will be notified
nationally. There are different types of notifiable infectious disease which are being notified like
hepatitis A, B, Influenza, Malaria and others. It also includes Vaccine preventable diseases,
sexually transmitted infections and others (Polley, 2019).
All these notifiable infectious disease are being notified nationally under the act of Public health
act 2016 as well as public health regulation 2017. It is being developed or designed to improve
and protect health of people.
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Notifiable diseases that are likely to present problems for infection control in Australian health
care facilities
There are some notifiable infectious diseases which require control measurements in Australia n
health care facilities such as:
Viral hepatitis, listed human disease like:
1. Plague
2. Smallpox
3. Human influenza
Tuberculosis, meningococcal disease (Schutz and et.al., 2019).
Sexually transmitted diseases:
1. Donovanosis
2. Syphilis-congenital
3. Gonococcal infection
Vaccine preventable diseases
1. Mumps
2. Measles
3. Influenza
4. Diphtheria
Gastrointestinal diseases
1. Typhoid fever
2. Hepatitis A and E
3. Cholera
Some of the aspects of current role that require to use an epidemiological approach
Incidence, prevalence and mortality are some aspects of epidemiology and preventing
people against diseases. It is a scientific review or study of risk factors of health related states in
which as the current role healthcare providers require using case control and cross sectional
studies for using this approach and detailed data as well.
Distribution is one of the main principle which help individuals working in this approach get
frequency as well as health pattern events. Another element is determinants which also allow
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people to search for factors which influence occurrence of health related event (Zhong, Agha and
Baccarelli, 2016).
Antimicrobial resistant organism that has cause a significant or multiple outbreaks.
In this context it can be said that overuse of antibiotics by people and in fish farming as well
as poor controlling health care setting are some main causes of antimicrobial resistant organism.
In addition, it is also identified that lack of ability to monitor patient intake, not to take
antibiotics in a prescribed manner are some other reasons of this resistance an multiple outbreaks
(Brown and et.al., 2017).
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CONCLUSION
From the above study, it has been summarized that prevention of bacterial disease and
infections is important as it improves overall health of people and also decrease mortality and
hospitalization rate. Infections related disease require people of staying in hospital for the long
run in which infections spread by skin to skin touch and it increases cost and also decrease health
of people. Further, it has also shown importance of developing national and social policies
regarding notifiable infectious disease and providing all detailed information to people and
healthcare providers in taking better decision.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Anderson, P.A. and et.al., 2017. Prevention of surgical site infection in spine
surgery. Neurosurgery, 80(3S), pp.S114-S123.
Beovic, B. and Cosgrove, S.E., 2017. AMS Initiatives and Policies: The International
Picture. Antimicrobial Stewardship, p.235.
Brown, A.C. and et.al., 2017. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella that caused foodborne
disease outbreaks: United States, 2003–2012. Epidemiology & Infection, 145(4),
pp.766-774.
Castro-Sánchez, E. and et.al., 2018. Influence of health literacy on acceptance of influenza and
pertussis vaccinations: A cross-sectional study among Spanish pregnant women. BMJ
open, 8(7), p.e022132.
Dudareva, M. and et.al., 2019. The microbiology of chronic osteomyelitis: Changes over ten
years. Journal of Infection, 79(3), pp.189-198.
Kourtis, A.P. and et.al., 2019. Vital signs: epidemiology and recent trends in methicillin-resistant
and in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections—United
States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(9), p.214.
Lewandowski, K. and et.al., 2019. Metagenomic nanopore sequencing of influenza virus direct
from clinical respiratory samples. Journal of clinical microbiology, 58(1).
Morency-Potvin, P., Schwartz, D.N. and Weinstein, R.A., 2017. Antimicrobial stewardship: how
the microbiology laboratory can right the ship. Clinical microbiology reviews, 30(1),
pp.381-407.
Ogino, S. and et.al., 2016. The role of molecular pathological epidemiology in the study of
neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases in the era of precision medicine. Epidemiology
(Cambridge, Mass.), 27(4), p.602.
Petca, A. and et.al., 2020. Postoperative Ileus Complicated with Incomplete Evisceration after
Hysterectomy for Benign Pathology. Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania: 1990), 115(1),
pp.112-119.
Polley, A., 2019. An exploration of the critical success factors associated with implementing a
Public Health Plan in Local Governments within Western Australia.
Schutz, C. and et.al., 2019. Clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic determinants of mortality
in hospitalized patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis: a prospective cohort
study. PLoS medicine, 16(7), p.e1002840.
Zhong, J., Agha, G. and Baccarelli, A.A., 2016. The role of DNA methylation in cardiovascular
risk and disease: methodological aspects, study design, and data analysis for
epidemiological studies. Circulation research, 118(1), pp.119-131.
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