Mindfulness

APA referencing and report style for masters dissertation of 10000 words I have the data already in SPSS version 24 excel version attached Have a lot of references research papers saved if they are of use at all

MINDFULNESS

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Research overview..................................................................................................................1
Background of the research....................................................................................................1
Aim of the research................................................................................................................2
Research objectives................................................................................................................2
Research questions.................................................................................................................2
Rationale of the research........................................................................................................2
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................3
The basic understanding about mindfulness...........................................................................3
The need of mindfulness course among people for improving their health...........................4
The benefits of 6 week mindfulness course among people....................................................5
The ways to evaluate the psychological factors that can be managed by mindfulness..........7
The range of exercises used in course of mindfulness for improving health condition among
people.....................................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3: Research Methodology...................................................................................................8
Types of investigation............................................................................................................8
Research design......................................................................................................................9
Research approach..................................................................................................................9
Research philosophy...............................................................................................................9
Methods of data collection...................................................................................................10
Data analysis.........................................................................................................................10
Sampling method..................................................................................................................10
Ethical considerations...........................................................................................................11
Chapter 4: Data analysis................................................................................................................11
Chapter 5: Discussion....................................................................................................................11
Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendations...............................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................12

Chapter 1: Introduction
Research overview
Mindfulness refers to basic human capability to remain completely present and conduct
different activities confidently. It includes effective mental condition of an individual in order to
make decisions for their regular lives. Basically, it is necessary for people to focus on
mindfulness among people for improving their psychological condition. It consist the criterion of
individuals to remain reactive and remain actively present wherever present physically in
effective manner. It has been analysed that mindfulness can be considered as a quality of human
being which they already have naturally (Segal and Teasdale, 2018). However, it is observed that
mindfulness is innate and it can be developed with the help of using proven techniques specially
seated, walking, standing as well as moving meditation. It involves the criterion of using practice
of meditation along with others activities including yoga as well as sports respectively. It is
known as an effective practice which can be used to improve condition of mentally ill person
who were suffering from anxiety, stress, depression etc. Moreover, the use of meditation is
mainly considered in terms of mindfulness course among people for improving their health
condition.
Background of the research
In context of this study, it is based on the topic of mindfulness which is helpful to improve
mental health condition of an individual. It is an important practice that can utilised for
maintaining psychological state of a person. Meanwhile, it is necessary for clinical professionals
to use mindfulness in order to make an individual wellbeing. It is required for care practitioners
to consider the practice of mindfulness which is favourable for betterment of mental health
condition. However, the appropriate care plan should include mindfulness for mental patients
that are suitable to facilitate fast recovery of them. It is important for using various mental health
practices for making patients feel relieved (Stahl and Goldstein, 2019). Moreover, the
mindfulness can be considered as an effective method for improving the condition of people with
psychological problems. This project will focus on basic knowledge related to mindfulness and
requirements of the same among individual for betterment of health condition. It will also
include the benefits of mindfulness course of 6 weeks among people and various psychological
factors which can be managed with the help of mindfulness. The different kinds of exercises that
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are utilised in course of mindfulness in order to boost up health condition among people are
given below.
Aim of the research
“To analyse the impact of 6 weeks course of mindfulness among people.”
Research objectives
 To identify the basic understanding about mindfulness.
 To examine the need of mindfulness course among people for improving their health.
 To analyse the benefits of 6 week mindfulness course among people.
 To evaluate the psychological factors that can be managed by mindfulness.
 To determine the range of exercises used in course of mindfulness for improving health
condition among people.
Research questions
 How to identify the basic understanding about mindfulness?
 What is the need of mindfulness course among people for improving their health?
 How to analyse the benefits of 6 week mindfulness course among people?
 What are the ways to evaluate the psychological factors that can be managed by
mindfulness?
 How to determine the range of exercises used in course of mindfulness for improving
health condition among people?
Rationale of the research
This investigation has rationale to gather sufficient information about the course of
mindfulness which is favourable to improve the condition of people with psychological
problems. It includes reviewing all the facts and figures related to the course of mindfulness for
betterment of mental health condition, the study about mindfulness is important to gain
evidences for having proven to use the same for wellbeing of patients (Hanh, 2016). However,
this study is helpful to make sure boat efficiency of mindfulness practices so that psychological
patients can be treatment in effective manner. It will provide support to enhance rate of recovery
among individuals with mental health condition.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
The basic understanding about mindfulness
As per views given by Garland and et. al. (2019), mindfulness can be explained as an
ability of person to remain actively involved and present in specific moment whatever going on
at particular time. It is all about the skill of remaining free from any kind of distraction along
with being focussed in specific activity carrying out actively. Basically, it has been analysed that
mindfulness is known as an effective clinical practice that is favourable to improve the condition
of people suffering from mental health problems. It is beneficial for improving the psychological
condition in respect of enhancing their recovery rate. It is required to formulate an effective as
well as efficient program of providing mindfulness which is favourable to increasing the mental
health condition. Meanwhile, it is observed that mindfulness can be considered as a basic skill of
a person to remain active and perform reactive in specific situation accordingly. It is essential to
use the course of mindfulness in treatment plan of mental health problems because it has positive
impact on patient’s outcomes. The mindfulness can be known as an effective quality of every
human being which is already present in them to learn something new along with gaining access
to specific desired aspect. It is a potential process including several activities such as seated,
walking, standing and moving. However, it has been evaluated that mindfulness has an effective
practice of meditation which impact positively mental state of an individual by achieving
calmness and peace that is favourable for maintaining overall betterment of them.
On the other hand, it has been identified that mindfulness is helpful to adopt the use of
meditation in order to make patient stable from severe psychological condition. According to the
opinion of Purser, Forbes and Burke (2016), it is helpful to make an effective as well as efficient
care plan by including mindfulness course in terms of improving mental health condition.
However, it includes the benefits of mindfulness like reducing stress, enhance performance, gain
insight and awareness through observing own mind and improve attention for wellness of other
people. It is favourable for improving the process of mindfulness which impact positively on
psychological condition of people. It is observed that mindfulness is not an obscure or exotic as
it is responsible to remain familiar along with acquiring many shapes according the situation and
names as well. Meanwhile, it includes the fact that mindfulness is not considered as a special
added thing that has done by individual because people has capability to change the same as per
circumstances to gain desired benefits. It consist that it is not necessary to make changes as the
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practice of mindful is able to recognised as well as cultivates the best options which is suitable
for welfare of human beings. Moreover, it has been examined that the process of mindfulness is
much effective due to having potential to become transformative social phenomenon. It is so
because this practice is responsible for cultivating the universal human qualities as well as does
not require anyone for modifying their beliefs to the better one that facilities to improve the
condition respectively.
In addition to this, it is observed that mindfulness can be considered as a kind of method
that is a way of living because it is more than just a practice. As mentioned by Rau and Williams,
(2016), it is favourable to increase awareness and encourage skill to do everything very carefully
which can reduce stress level as well as make a little thing improve to make lives better.
Meanwhile, the mindfulness is known as an evidence based practice because science and
experience has demonstrates the positive benefits of mindfulness on happiness, work, health as
well as relationships. It involves the quality of mindfulness related to sparks innovation which is
helpful to deal with complex aspects of specific situation that leads to effective, resilient, low
cost responses for seemingly intransigent issues accordingly. Overall, the mindfulness is known
as potential clinical practice which will provide support to improve the condition of patients with
psychological problems in proper manner.
The need of mindfulness course among people for improving their health
Mindfulness course is known as much effective for people suffering of psychological issues like
stress, depression, anxiety and so on. Treleaven (2018) states that it includes the criterion that
practice of mindfulness is helpful for increasing capability of an individual in order to regulate
their emotions, reduce stress level, anxiety and depression. Basically, it is observed that some of
people have acquired severe depression due to which long term consequences may occur with
them. It is essential to use mindfulness which facilitates to enhance focus of an individual along
with observing respective thoughts as well as feelings without any kind of judgement. However,
it is observed that mindfulness is needed for improving several psychological conditions such as
depression, stress, trauma and many more for avoiding severe conditions. This clinical practice
required due to its three components like intention, attention and attitude which helps to improve
the mental health condition. Initially, the intention is that aspect which a person hope to get from
practising mindfulness and attention that consist the way of concentrating to inner as well as
outer experience. It involves the criterion to pay attention regarding few of attitudes including
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curiosity, acceptance and kindness. It is required for care professionals to gain reason for using
mindfulness in terms of providing appropriate care and treatment for attaining better health
condition. However, it is important to enhance the effectiveness of care plan for delivering
better quality of care to people. This is favourable to increase the recovery rate for maintaining
stable physical as well as mental health condition of an individual
According to Van Dam and et. al. (2018), the mindfulness is needed in number of conditions
which are mentioned here. Initially, it is needed when a person feel distracted from their regular
work and routine tasks accordingly. Secondly, it is required when a person have situation to
remain confused or forgetfulness about what they are doing right now. It is required to remain
confident and aware about what an individual feeling right now. Thirdly, mindfulness is
necessary for improving various kinds of situations like to achieve focus, reduce stress, enhance
physical health, improve mental health, strengthen relationships, practicing mindfulness etc.
However, it has been analysed that mindfulness practices is suitable for increasing positive
emotion along with reducing the negative emotions & stress. It consist the practice of
mindfulness meditation enhances capability of immune systems for fighting off illness. It
includes the fact of fighting with obesity by encouraging healthier eating habits, support the
people for losing body weight along with helping individuals savour the food they do eat.
Meanwhile, it is needed to for boosting up memory skills as well as attention abilities
along with recalling the data. As per opinion provided by Lindsay and et. al. (2018), it involves
the criterion of regulating emotions with the help of reducing the emotional reactivity as well as
increasing the cognitive focus on an individual. Moreover, mindfulness practices is needed for
improving relationships among people by providing respective satisfaction to them. It is also
required in terms of fostering compassion and altruism which encourage a person to being
helpful to others by increasing neural networks activity engaged to understand specific situation
of others for solving it. Additionally, Mindfulness is required for managing condition of students
occurred due to pressure of studies like stress, anxiety and depression. Further, the mindfulness
practices plays an important role to fulfil needs developed due to presence of post-traumatic
stress disorder among people for betterment of their health.
The benefits of 6 week mindfulness course among people
The mindfulness is beneficial in terms of relieving stress, treating heart disease, lower blood
pressure, reduce chronic pain, and improve sleep along with alleviating gastrointestinal
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difficulties. It includes the criterion of enhancing attention ability and focus on an individual in
terms of maintains better psychological condition. Basically, it consist the utilisation of various
kinds of suitable mindfulness techniques such as basic mindfulness meditation, body sensations,
sensory, emotions and urge surfing in order to make an individual wellbeing. It is observed that
there are several problems which can be managed for improving health condition in which some
of them are given here.
Mindfulness improves wellbeing: This involves the criterion of improving overall wellbeing of
an individual. As mentioned by Jensen and et. al. (2017), it includes the fact that mindfulness is
an important aspect which provides support to several attitudes accountable for putting
contribution in order to satisfy the life. However, it consist that developing quality of
mindfulness is much effective as well as efficient to make easier for savour the pleasures
happened in lives. It is also facilitate to enhance complete involvement of an individual in
activities along with generating ability to manage with several adverse events that may occur in
life. Meanwhile, it is helpful to reduce the chance of caught by various kinds of worries related
to future or regrets about past if a person focus on practising mindfulness. Moreover, it will
facilitate to remain less preoccupied regarding success, self-esteem and better able for formulate
deep links with other people.
Mindfulness improves physical health: This can be defined as an effective method which is
favourable in maintaining appropriate physical health state. Brockman and et. al. (2017) states
that it includes the quality of mindfulness of having greater ability for improving the physical
health with the help of several ways. However, it is observed that mindfulness is helpful to
enhance the energy level and maintaining activeness in human body that facilitate to maintain
health condition. However, it has been analysed that mindfulness has potential to make person
feel relived in context of various health problems like relieving from stress, treat heart disease,
lower blood pressure, and decreasing chronic pain, improve sleep and alleviate the issues related
to stomach. Moreover, it is necessary for people to focus on practising mindfulness which will
provide support to gain relief from several health problems as well as maintaining better physical
health condition respectively.
Mindfulness improves mental health: Considering the benefits of mindfulness, it has been
analysed that mindfulness practice has an important practice which is used by care professionals
for making mental patient stable. It includes that psychotherapist are in favour to utilised
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mindfulness which is known as an important activity to be considered to make entire treatment
plan more effective. However, it is beneficial to support in recovery from number of
psychological problems such as substance abuse, eating disorders, and conflicts between couples,
anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders and depression. It will facilitate to maintain
stable mental state of patient which is favourable to conduct basic treatment effectively in terms
of gaining better patient outcomes accordingly.
The ways to evaluate the psychological factors that can be managed by mindfulness
The psychological factors are the aspects related to mental state of an individual that can be
managed with the help of using practice of mindfulness. According to the Pascoe and et. al.
(2017), it includes the various kinds of psychological factors which can be easily managed by
using mindfulness practices in clinical settings. Basically, it includes number of mental health
problems that are treated by making their mindfulness ability strong. It is necessary for care
professionals to diagnose actual psychological issues happened with an individual in terms of
improving their health condition. Some of these psychological factors are given below.
Reduced rumination: The rumination can be defined as a deep thought about something which is
responsible for developing an abnormal health condition. It includes the use of mindfulness in
order to reduce the condition of rumination which facilitates to enhance the health state of an
individual respectively. However, it is favourable for people facing rumination to improve their
psychological state by using mindfulness as it is helpful reduce its negative impact on mental
health state of an individual. Moreover, the meditation technique can be used in mindfulness for
overcoming with psychological factors for maintaining better health status.
Reduction of stress: This includes the condition that several life issues are responsible to develop
stressed condition and it can be said that every third person has a problem of stress. As
mentioned by Baker, Krieger and LeRoy (2016), it is necessary for people to improve health
condition of people by overcoming with stress and that is possible with the help of mindfulness
practice. Meanwhile, it involves the utilisation of mindfulness based cognitive therapy which
will provide support to make an individual disease free. It includes the fact that limited stress
may acquire complicated situation which is required to avoided for better health by using
mindfulness practice.
Boost up working memory: The minor memory problems can occur while a person working in
work pressure regularly and remain busy every time which is required to be improved with the
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help using appropriate therapy or clinical practices. It is possible that these minor memory
problems may acquire major complicated problem then it can be cope up with the help of using
mindfulness practice. However, it is necessary for an individual to prefer mindfulness in order to
improve the health condition of an individual. It is beneficial to improve memory skill of a
people in proper manner.
The range of exercises used in course of mindfulness for improving health condition among
people
The range of exercise related to mindfulness is decided by diagnosing actual psychological
condition of an individual. Bamber and Schneider (2016) states that it includes number of
activities like basic mindful meditation, body sensations, sensory, emotions and urge sufferings.
Initially, the basic mindfulness meditation includes the way of quietly focus on own natural
breathing or on specific word by repeating the same in silent manner. It includes the criterion of
allowing thoughts to come and go without any kind of judgement by letting them pass along with
return the focus on breathing or word. Secondly, the activity of body sensations includes to
notice the subtle sensations including itching or tingling but let them pass without any
judgement. It includes the notice that whole body is at succession from head to toe. Thirdly, it
involves the another method of sensory in which it is required for an individual to put efforts for
noticing the sounds, smells, tastes, touches and sign but let them go with any concern from them.
However, the other activity is about emotions in which a person should permit overall emotions
to let go which is helpful to remain relaxed as well as steady. It includes the way of accepting the
emotions without any judgment and let them go. It consists the final activity of urge suffering
which is much effective as well as efficient to make person overcome with cravings and permit
them to pass easily. Moreover, this process is favourable to cope with cravings and urge by
controlling on urges which helps to maintain appropriate health condition of an individual.
In addition to this, there are various kinds of exercises which facilitate to gain better outcomes. It
includes the criterion of practicing mindfulness with settle down with cross legged on the
cushion or floor with straight back position in comfortable manner. Basically, it involves the way
of listening to own breathe and concentrate properly. It consists to know the thoughts come and
let them come and go without any concerns to them for remaining calm effectively. Meanwhile,
it is observed that observation is a kind of exercise of mindfulness in which it is required to
select an object with the help of focussing the gaze through describing the object accordingly. It
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involves the way of carrying out body inventory that can start with a comfortable position which
is begin from the bottom up by visualising a warm with white glow along with exploring the
sensations. However, it includes the mindfulness exercise of deep breathing to find out stillness
and rest the lips together by inhaling fully & slowly through the nostrils. It consists the criterion
of exhaling the completely and slowly by nostrils. Moreover, it involves the method of self-
awareness through others and deliberates the posture which is helpful to gain psychological
peace which improves health condition of an individual. It includes the very important and easy
mindfulness practice of self-care which has a significant role to maintain comfortable and
healthy state of people. It consists the practices of gratitude and meditation which is favourable
to improve mental as well as physical health condition. The meditation includes the criterion of
finding a comfortable seat, set a timer, begin breathing deeply along with utilising the specific
word or religious phrase of worship to concentrate on the same.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Types of investigation
The kinds of investigation methods can be divided into two categories such as qualitative and
quantitative method of research from which suitable one can be used for conducting
investigation in proper manner (McConville, McAleer and Hahne, 2017). In respect of this
project, it will focus on qualitative method of research to carrying out study on mindfulness
which will provide support to attain accurate outcomes. It is beneficial in order to gain detailed
information related to the course of mindfulness including its benefits for people. However, it
includes the effective method for gathering data of mindfulness and its impact on health
condition of people.
Research design
The research design can be defined as an effective strategy selected for carrying out investigation
by integrating various components. It can be divided into number of sections such as descriptive,
exploratory and experimental research design from which suitable one technique should be used
in specific study (Klingbeil and et. al., 2017). This project will go to consider use of descriptive
research design to conduct research on benefits of mindfulness to gain accurate outcomes. It is an
effective as well efficient method in order to more detailed information about the research topic
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which facilitates to gain accurate findings. Moreover, it is beneficial to analyse deep information
about mindfulness course and their respect effect son psychological patients for their wellness.
Research approach
Research approach can be defined as plan and process including desired steps formulated from
the broad assumptions for detailed methods. It can be divided into two categories like inductive
and deductive approach from which suitable one can be selected to sue according to specific
investigation (Jamieson and Tuckey, 2017). This project will go to use inductive research
approach which is a method begins with the help of observations and theories in order to propose
towards the end of research procedures. It is favourable to develop the flexibility for attending
the close context subjects which facilitate to create new and appropriate theory related to the
specific research problem.
Research philosophy
Research philosophy refers to a kind of belief regarding the appropriate way through which
specific phenomenon can be collected, analysed and used in the study. It includes the criterion of
formulating specified philosophy about particular research project. However, it has been
analysed the effective research philosophy method should be selected according to topic of study
on effects of mindfulness course among people (Berry and et. al., 2018). The research
philosophy can be divided in two sections such as positivism and interpretivism from which
appropriate method can be used for carrying out investigation in proper manner. This project will
focus on interpretivism which has criterion of integration interests of humans along with
integrating the same for the conducting study effectively. It will provide support to analyse the
collected information appropriately which will facilitate to attain accurate outcomes of research
that can be used for future perspectives for welfare of people.
Methods of data collection
The data collection method includes primary and secondary method in which suitable one can be
selected to use for gathering relevant data to gain appropriate findings. It includes the primary
sources like interview, questionnaire, survey and focus group that can be used to gather data
which is known as first hand which was never used previously. However, the secondary sources
of data collection including books, journals, magazines, websites, newspapers and many more
(Petchsawang and McLean, 2017). It is known as second hand data which can be used previously
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by other investigators to carry out research on respective topic to achieve accurate outcomes. In
context of this investigation, it will focus on the use of secondary data collect method to use
articles for gathering relevant information in order to gain findings about impact of mindfulness
course among people. It includes the use of specific research articles to collect accurate data
which facilitate to gain effective research outcomes. Secondary sources are used to conduct
literature review by analysing views of different authors to gain accurate data.
Data analysis
Data analysis can be described as an important process of investigation to analyse, clean and
understand the relevant information in order to gain appropriate findings. It includes the criterion
of studying the gathered information related to specific research topic in terms of interpreting
accurate findings. It is necessary to use appropriate method of data analysis which is helpful to
interpret the findings of investigation which can be implemented in future for welfare of human
beings. In context of this investigation, the thematic analysis will be followed with the help of
formulating appropriate themes which facilitate the interpretation of the data.
Sampling method
Sampling method can be defined as technique through sample size can be formulated according
to research problems by establishing groups of subjects to be included in the study. It includes
the use of specific sampling method to formulate sample size in appropriate manner. The
sampling method can be categorised into two categories like probabilistic and non-probabilistic
method which has their sub parts (Baron, 2016). However, the probabilistic sampling includes
simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling and
multi-stage sampling. In addition to this, non-probabilistic consist purposive sampling,
convenience sampling, snow-ball sampling and quota sampling. In context of this investigation,
it will focus on random sampling to select relevant research articles to gather the information to
conduct analysis for gaining accurate findings.
Ethical considerations
Ethical considerations can be defined as the criterion of following all the ethical principles at the
time of carrying out investigation. It includes the consideration of various ethical factors such as
informed consent, beneficence, trustworthiness, honesty, justice and many more. Meanwhile, it
is required to maintain confidentiality of participants and respondents in terms of make them free
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to share accurate information which will provide support to enhance the accuracy of respective
findings. In context of this investigation, all the ethical factors are followed for increasing
authenticity and accuracy of findings so that results can be used for further perspectives.
Chapter 4: Data analysis
Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis 1
H1: There will be an improvement in mindfulness awareness during a six-week
introductory course, compared with the control group
Within-Subjects Factors
Measure: MAAS_Diff
mindfulness_score Dependent Variable
1 MAASStart
2 MAASEnd
Between-Subjects Factors
Value Label N
Group 1 Experiment group 60
2 control group 25
Descriptive Statistics
Group Mean Std. Deviation N
MAAS Start
Experiment group 46.78 9.491 60
control group 61.52 14.116 25
Total 51.12 12.877 85
MAAS End
Experiment group 59.60 9.014 60
control group 55.84 15.876 25
Total 58.49 11.492 85
Box's Test of Equality of Covariance Matricesa
Box's M 14.160
F 4.561
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df1 3
df2 41312.941
Sig. .003
Tests the null hypothesis that the observed covariance matrices of the dependent variables are equal across
groups.
a. Design: Intercept + Group
Within Subjects Design: mindfulness_score
Multivariate Testsa
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig.
mindfulness_score
Pillai's Trace .103 9.539b 1.000 83.000 .003
Wilks' Lambda .897 9.539b 1.000 83.000 .003
Hotelling's Trace .115 9.539b 1.000 83.000 .003
Roy's Largest Root .115 9.539b 1.000 83.000 .003
mindfulness_score * Group
Pillai's Trace .436 64.078b 1.000 83.000 .000
Wilks' Lambda .564 64.078b 1.000 83.000 .000
Hotelling's Trace .772 64.078b 1.000 83.000 .000
Roy's Largest Root .772 64.078b 1.000 83.000 .000
a. Design: Intercept + Group
Within Subjects Design: mindfulness_score
b. Exact statistic
Mauchly's Test of Sphericitya
Measure: MAAS_Diff
Within Subjects Effect Mauchly's W Approx. Chi-
Square
df Sig. Epsilonb
Greenhouse-Geisser Huynh-Feldt Lower-
bound
mindfulness_score 1.000 .000 0 . 1.000 1.000 1.000
Tests the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is
proportional to an identity matrix.
a. Design: Intercept + Group
Within Subjects Design: mindfulness_score
b. May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of significance. Corrected tests are displayed in the Tests
of Within-Subjects Effects table.
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects
Measure: MAAS_Diff
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Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
mindfulness_score
Sphericity Assumed 449.400 1 449.400 9.539 .003
Greenhouse-Geisser 449.400 1.000 449.400 9.539 .003
Huynh-Feldt 449.400 1.000 449.400 9.539 .003
Lower-bound 449.400 1.000 449.400 9.539 .003
mindfulness_score * Group
Sphericity Assumed 3018.765 1 3018.765 64.078 .000
Greenhouse-Geisser 3018.765 1.000 3018.765 64.078 .000
Huynh-Feldt 3018.765 1.000 3018.765 64.078 .000
Lower-bound 3018.765 1.000 3018.765 64.078 .000
Error(mindfulness_score)
Sphericity Assumed 3910.212 83 47.111
Greenhouse-Geisser 3910.212 83.000 47.111
Huynh-Feldt 3910.212 83.000 47.111
Lower-bound 3910.212 83.000 47.111
Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts
Measure: MAAS_Diff
Source mindfulness_score Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
mindfulness_score Linear 449.400 1 449.400 9.539 .003
mindfulness_score * Group Linear 3018.765 1 3018.765 64.078 .000
Error(mindfulness_score) Linear 3910.212 83 47.111
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa
F df1 df2 Sig.
MAAS Start 9.597 1 83 .003
MAAS End 13.731 1 83 .000
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is
equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + Group
Within Subjects Design: mindfulness_score
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Measure: MAAS_Diff
Transformed Variable: Average
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Source Type III Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
Intercept 441715.405 1 441715.405 2152.815 .000
Group 1063.122 1 1063.122 5.181 .025
Error 17029.972 83 205.180
1. Group
Measure: MAAS_Diff
Group Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Experiment group 53.192 1.308 50.591 55.792
control group 58.680 2.026 54.651 62.709
2. mindfulness_score
Measure: MAAS_Diff
mindfulness_score Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1 54.152 1.313 51.541 56.763
2 57.720 1.360 55.014 60.426
Hypothesis 2
H2: Participants with lower SESs status would benefit from the training course more
than those with higher SESs.
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
House,
Savings,
Incomeb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: MAAS Diff
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
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1 .287a .082 .048 12.554
a. Predictors: (Constant), House, Savings, Income
ANOVAa
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 1146.323 3 382.108 2.424 .072b
Residual 12766.077 81 157.606
Total 13912.400 84
a. Dependent Variable: MAAS Diff
b. Predictors: (Constant), House, Savings, Income
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .338 3.368 .100 .920
Income 2.035 1.170 .220 1.739 .086
Savings -.444 1.003 -.050 -.443 .659
House 1.377 1.543 .116 .893 .375
a. Dependent Variable: MAAS Diff
Hypothesis 3
H3: There are associations between the effectiveness of training and the five
personality traits.
Variables Entered / Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Neuroticism ,
Openness ,
Conscientiousn
ess ,
Agreeableness
, Extraversionb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: MAAS Diff
b. All requested variables entered.
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Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .390a .152 .098 12.221
a. Predictors: (Constant), Neuroticism , Openness ,
Conscientiousness , Agreeableness , Extraversion
ANOVAa
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 2114.228 5 422.846 2.831 .021b
Residual 11798.172 79 149.344
Total 13912.400 84
a. Dependent Variable: MAAS Diff
b. Predictors: (Constant), Neuroticism , Openness , Conscientiousness , Agreeableness ,
Extraversion
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) -25.884 14.350 -1.804 .075
Openness -3.820 2.507 -.176 -1.524 .132
Conscientiousness 4.638 2.242 .234 2.068 .042
Extraversion .181 1.692 .013 .107 .915
Agreeableness 3.498 2.353 .168 1.486 .141
Neuroticism 4.506 1.654 .310 2.724 .008
a. Dependent Variable: MAAS Diff
Supplemental analyses
Group Statistics
Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Mean
Income Experiment group 60 2.58 1.357 .175
control group 25 1.72 1.308 .262
House Experiment group 60 2.40 .995 .128
control group 25 1.92 1.222 .244
Savings Experiment group 60 1.77 1.489 .192
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control group 25 1.80 1.384 .277
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test
for Equality
of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.
(2-
tailed
)
Mean
Differenc
e
Std. Error
Differenc
e
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Incom
e
Equal
variances
assumed
1.196 .277 2.70
1 83 .008 .863 .320 .228 1.499
Equal
variances
not
assumed
2.74
3
46.54
4 .009 .863 .315 .230 1.497
House
Equal
variances
assumed
.023 .880 1.89
2 83 .062 .480 .254 -.025 .985
Equal
variances
not
assumed
1.73
9
37.91
1 .090 .480 .276 -.079 1.039
Savin
gs
Equal
variances
assumed
.526 .470 -.09
6 83 .924 -.033 .347 -.724 .658
Equal
variances
not
assumed
-.09
9
48.14
6 .922 -.033 .337 -.711 .644
Chapter 5: Discussion
Hypothesis 2
H2: Participants with lower SESs status would benefit from the training course more than
those with higher SESs.
18

Interpretation:
Regression analysis is really a basic analysis extension which is used if participant want to
anticipate a value of the dependent variable predicated on value of another variable. The function
that user want to forecast in the case of one explanatory variable (often, the conditional outcome,
goal or guideline). The factors they use to forecast the significance of the predictor variables are
named the outcome variable (or often the parameters of predictors, interpretations or
regressions). Multiple regressions often let users evaluate the ultimate fit (stated variance) of the
values of the dependent each of the determinants to the stated relatively large sample. For
instance, users might like to understand much of the variability in standardized test performance
could be predicted by revision time, test depression, presentation participation and "within the
whole" nationality, but also with the "positive proportion" within each explanatory variables to
understand the variability.
A linear correlation must be formed here between the explanatory variables and each of
predictor variables and collectively the outcome variable as well as the independent variables.
Although we have a variety of methods to test this linear association, we propose that scatter and
estimated regression plotted is generated utilizing SPSS statistics. All such scatter plots as well
as regression analysis plots are to further to see whether linearity is achieved. If certain
scatterplot interaction and multiple regression graphs really aren't linear, they either need to
perform a non-linear study of analysis or to "construct" the results, which can be done with SPSS
statistics. In the improved multiple regression tutorial that help to teach the following
points construct scatterplots as well as estimated regression plotted to test linearity using some
SPSS statistical software to conduct regression analysis, analyse various scatterplot as well as
regression analysis plot outcomes and turn the information using SPSS program if user don't
have linear connection between variables.
Data points, heavy weight and impactful assists portray predictions in the data package
which are unexpected in some ways when users intend to operate a multiple regression. No
major outliers, highly leveraged factors or highly important points. These multiple classifications
of irregular objects illustrate the specific effect on the correlation trajectory. A finding may be
defined as a set of exceptional points. Conversely, the regression model used during estimating
the value of the outcome variable on the predictor variables could have a very detrimental effect
on each of these positions.
19

This will affect the production provided by SPSS program but rather decrease the predictive
precision and statistical importance of the tests. Interestingly, users can help detect extreme
values, highly leveraged figures and extremely influential points by using SPSS Statistics to
execute regression analysis on their data. In improved regression analysis guidance, they results
of above test show that how to identify anomalies using "correct language diagnostic tests" and
"standardized residuals removed residuals, that test can do using SPSS Statistics. They discuss a
few of the possibilities that they have to come to terms with extreme values confirm for
performance indicators using SPSS program and start debating what they should do if these
results have on the hypothesis. Before displaying a few practical tools in SPSS facts and figures
to come to terms with every influencing points that they might have, confirm for influencing
points in SPSS Statistics by applying an influence method named Cook's Distance.
These are the principles for the regression model also for explanatory variables prediction.
These equations are named un-normal even though their rational components are measured.
Therefore, the variables are not comparable to the one in the formula, since they can be
calculated on various scales. These forecasts inform users of the association between the
independent variables as well as the variable completely reliant. Such projections say the sum of
change in scientific scoring that even a unit improvement in the prediction would expect.
Therefore, it has been stated that yes the Hypostasis tested above is justified with facts that
participants with lower SESs status would benefit from the training course more than those with
higher SESs. This table contains the numbers R and R2. The R meaning reflects the direct
association and is 0.873 (the "R" column), suggesting a strong coefficient of similarity. The R2
value (the column "R Square") shows just how much of variance explained by the independent
variable, extraversion. In this scenario, 84 %, which is quite high, can be clarified. The table of
coefficients offers one with the details required to forecast income levels and to assess if income
developments substantially to the equation (by looking at the column "Sig."). In fact, we will use
the amounts in column "B" under section "Unstandardized correlation coefficient".
Hypothesis 3
H3: There are associations between the effectiveness of training and the five personality traits.
Interpretation:
Regression analysis is a collection of mathematical processes in predictive modelling to
approximate the association among a dependent factor (often referred to with the 'outcome
20

variable') from one or several independent factors (often referred to either 'predictors' 'covariates'
or 'features'). The much more popular method of logistic regression is normal distribution, during
which a firm wants the path (or a more complicated linear confluence) that matches the
information most appropriately as per a precise mathematical parameter. This assisted the user to
identify the relationship between dependent variable's conditional probability and demographic
mean value for particular statistical purposes of linear Regression results because as control
variables settle on a collection of values. The somewhat specific regression approaches are used
to predict alternate position parameters (e.g. quantize regression, or Required Predictive
Assessment) or to predict situation assumptions over a wider set of non-linear models.
Regression analysis has been used mainly for two concepts and analysis is commonly
utilized in modelling and simulation, where its application overlaps considerably with the fields
of machine learning. Additionally, regression analyses may be used in certain cases to establish
causal connections seen between dependent and independent variables. Pertinently, regression
analysis in them only uncovers connections between such an outcome variable as well as the
acquisition in a corrected set of data of predictor variables. A study will specifically explain
whether activities involve have prediction accuracy for a different world and why a correlation
between two variables does have a causal meaning, in order to use regression analysis for
forecasting or assume causal relations, accordingly. This latter is extremely significant when
research teams are hoping to use participant observation information to determine causal
relations.
From the table above it have been established a number of approaches to retain any or more
of these advantageous effects in real-world conditions, as it is impossible that such theoretical
principles would remain precisely. The economics sub field is primarily interested in developing
features that allow investigators to make sensible real-world judgments in settings in which
traditional presumptions don't really essentially retain. New methodologies have been proposed
in recent years for robust regression, involving associated results like data series and
development graphs, correlation wherein the indicator (independent variable) or answer
parameters were curves, pictures, graphs and other multiple data items, logistic regression that
handle different types of incomplete information, non-parametric regression.
Linear regression is among the advanced statistical analytical tools. Through this sequence
they are going to move across step-by-step ways to do several critical analyses utilizing SPSS.
21

Although user will understand the fundamentals of what these numbers are, they will skip
complex statistical theories and move straight to what they doing in order to carry out such
evaluations. Linear regression is essentially a technique that enables to simultaneously check
interactions among several variables examine the impact of variables and construct simple
mathematical solutions that help users to draw conclusions. The statistical importance for the
participant component suggests that they should only be 94 % confident that becoming a
participant would partly equate with a good Percentage if they were to analyse a whole
community instead of a subset from this same group. They sample is small; they may decide that
being certain is good enough, but this is a summons to judgment that statistics cannot answer.
With something like a larger study, humans would also like to be want to be least 95 % certain
that our outcome wasn't really down to chance and may well make the decision to never
recognize any outcome that they were not 99 % certain about the impact of the test related to the
participant. This table show that perhaps the standard deviation is predicted considerably very
well by multivariate regression. The researcher looks only at row Regression and move to the
column "Sig." It shows the statistically significant of the conducted multivariate regression.
Here, p<0.0005, that is less than 0.05, means that, generally, the regression analysis forecasts the
result variable statistically substantially. The trimmed median is the overall smaller classes
they receive if removed our study from either the top or bottom 5 %. Whether this value differs
very much from the normal distribution people will also expect extreme values. In this scenario,
because the reduced mean is larger than the maximum mean, it will seem that the lowest results
bring down the correct average value. The median (19.00) is really the 50th percentile; this is the
boxplot's midline. The Variability will be how much variation we have in compounded units
while the Standard Deviation is really the difference we find in typical class size measures for
better understanding. The near the average variation is to nil the less the volatility.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendations
 There is an improvement in mindfulness awareness during a six-week introductory
course, compared with the control group
 Participants with lower SESs status benefit from the training course more than those with
higher SESs
 There are associations between the effectiveness of training and the five personality
traits.
22

23

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