E-waste Recycling and Environmental Impact

This assignment examines the complex issue of e-waste recycling and its significant environmental repercussions. It delves into the presence of hazardous materials like mercury, lead, brominated flame retardants, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs) in electronic waste. The assignment highlights the health risks associated with these substances, particularly for communities near e-waste processing sites. Furthermore, it explores various aspects of e-waste recycling, including its global scale, regulatory frameworks, and potential solutions to minimize environmental damage.

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 1
ASSESSMENT OF MOBILE E-WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY
A Report Paper on Mobile E-Waste By
Student’s Name
Name of the Professor
Institutional Affiliation
City/State
Year/Month/Day

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Page
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………….…….……3
Recovering metals from e-wastes………………………………………………6
EVALUATION…………………………………………………………………...……6
Preliminary design for the recycling process……………………………………..……8
Extractive metallurgy…………………………………………………………………..8
Sorting and dismantling………………………………………………………………..10
End processing…………………………………………………………………………11
Hydrometallurgical processing…………………………….………………………..…12
Detailed designs for the integrated mobile recycling plants………………………......16
Container 1 Design……………………………………………………………….…...17
Container 2 Design………………………………………….………………….….…18
Container 3 Design………………………………………….………………….….…19
Container 4 Design………………………………………….……………….………20
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS………………………………………………………..21
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………24
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………28

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METHODOLOGY
E-waste contain valuable metals like gold, platinum, silver and palladium also toxic substance
such as mercury, lead, and beryllium. The management of responsible end life of electronic
waste management is to get constituents that are valuable and manage toxic and hazardous
components properly. The end life management of electronic waste comprises of reprocess of
useful electronics, repair and refurbishment and recovery of electronic components, disposal and
recycling electronic wastes. Recycling of electronics enable the recovery of valuable metals and
also reduces the impact of environmental related with the manufacturing of electronics from raw
materials and ensures appropriate handling of hazardous and toxic components.
The processing of electronic wastes can be explained in three processes: mechanical process
dismantling and collection and include magnetic separation, sorting and end processing.
Figure 1 above illustrate the process of e-waste processing (Mukherjee, 2012)

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Collection: assortment usually occur at the national or regional level and is attained through the
programs supported by the manufacturers and retailers of electronics, collection drop off centre
of municipal and collection program of nonprofit and for profit. There are many dissimilar
objects which gather electronic scrap for recycling, alternating from municipal government to
local government to big corporations of managing wastes (Bhasin, 2014).
Dismantling sorting and mechanical processing: dismantling, sorting and pre-processing occur
at the national or local level, and its end objective is to separate streams devices into materials
steam, primarily glass, plastics and metals for end processing. The objective of this stage is to
advance the content of treasured materials and safely eradicate and dispose of hazardous. It
should be known that optimal level of pre-processing is dictated by the quality of requirements
of freed for the end processing. Excessive preprocessing adds cost and may lead to important
losses of the precious metals. Therefore the optimal level of preprocessing needs to be reached.
Figure 2 shows the process of dismantling and sorting e wastes (Milligan, 2011)
Once the constituents are separated, the elements of ferrous are transferred to plants for
repossession of iron, a fraction of aluminium are led to smelters of aluminium and copper alloys

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are directed to an smelter that is integrated where the retrieval of precious metals, non-ferrous
metals and copper takes place.
End processing: end processing occurs at the global level and is determined by the steam
materials. The aim of this end processing is to recover the constituents that are valuable and
remove the impurities. Assaying and sampling are important to determine the content of valuable
metals and the composition of the electronic waste stream and ensure that the process that is
optimum is employed to recover the precious metals. Pyrometallurgical is the process employed
to recover the valuable metals but hydrometallurgical and bio metallurgical can also be used
(Bergman, 2017).
The collection, preprocessing, dismantling and repossession from less compound of electronic
wastes such as copper, ferrous, and aluminium normally occurs at national or local level. The
end processing is a more complex component of electronic wastes like batteries, circuit board,
and cell phones mostly take place in global context and occur in integrated smelters of copper.
These smelters are non-ferrous metallurgy extractive to separate segments that are complex into
their basic metals and these companies are very expensive to construct hence it is not economical
to build them in all counties (Santillo, 2010).
It is significant to know that steps 2 and 1 have been established with the emphasis on stream of
electronic devices like C& F appliances, ICT equipment, TVs and monitors and uses mechanical
processes, whereas the technologies of final processing have been established with the emphasis
of the material stream and uses chemical processes
Table 1 below show methods processing e wastes
Stage of recycling Process level Stream
(1) collection Manual National or regional device

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(2)Dismantling, mechanical
processing and sorting
Mechanical and manual National or regional device
(3)End processing Chemical global material
The order of processing is determined by the device type, grade of constituents, geographical
location, and toxicity. For example, devices like MP3 layouts and mobile phones don’t need
dismantling and shredding methods, and can directly be led to the end processing to separate and
sorts the fractions. It is significant to optimize all the stages of recycling because of the greater
the steps number in the process of recycling the bigger the risk of losing valuable and precious
metals. The procedures used in dismantling and sorting affect how the treatment of e-waste will
take place in end proceeding step. Responsiveness is required to the interference between more
steps of recycling electronic wastes to ensure the recovery of high-quality metals (Santillo,
2013).
Recovering metals from e-waste
Electronics contain more than sixty elements and many of them are valuable though some are
hazardous. The elements includes:
 Metals that are precious: Gold (Au), Palladium (Pd) and Silver (Ag)
 Special and base metals: Nickel, Copper Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al)
 Hazardous and toxic metals: Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) and Beryllium (Be)
 Organic like plastics
 Ceramics and glass
 Halogens: Chlorine (Cl) and Bromine (Br) (Santillo, 2013)
The main economic determinant for the recycling electronic waste is the recovery of valuable
metals because of their value in electronics; they make up 70 percent of the calculators, printed
scraps of the circuit board, cell phones and 40per cent of TV boards, and the DVD players. The
precious metals are used widely in electronics because of their conducting properties and
chemical stability, making them precious contact materials. Group members of palladium are

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used in switches, relays and sensors also other materials like zinc and copper drive the recycling.
The following materials can be grouped based on their relative value:
 High value: capacitors, mobile phones and circuit boards from the mainframes
 Medium value: boards of PC, handheld and laptop computer circuit boards
 Low value: boards of TV, printed board, monitor boards, calculators, cordless phones,
and bulk shredded material after separation of aluminium or iron (Allsopp, 2014).
The volumes of valuable metals in the PWBs fluctuates from computers to televisions,
calculators and DVD players, but it has been noted that PWBs from mobile phones and personal
computers have the maximum capacity of precious metals. It is well-known that printed wiring
boards may have toxic components such as switches, batteries and relays that must be removed
manually before any processing and the values of printed wiring boards’ doubles annually
(Allsopp, 2014).
Urban mining
Urban mining describes the process of recycling components that are valuable from the building,
wastes, and existing products. It is a growth that has resulted in economic and environmental
benefits and creation of opportunities for jobs through recycling. Primary metal production like
smelting, mining, refining and concentration has the important impact especially for the special
and precious metals because the metals are lowly concentrated in the ores. Getting materials
from the electronic scrap is profitable than processing concentration because of the energy
savings associated with the recycling of electronic scraps. It needs only 10 to 15 percent of the
energy in the refining and smelting concentrates (Andrewes, 2012).
Funds are made to treat the electronic scrap and regain the precious materials, mostly as the raw
materials are becoming expensive and scarce. Production of copper from methods of primary
production involves many processes like grinding, roasting, crushing, refining and smelting to

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produce one ton of copper form two hundred tons of copper ore. the energy of approximately
80/5 will be needed to yield copper from sources of mining is related to milling and mining
process because of the stem of intensive energy like grinding, crushing and hauling. This is
because the copper that is recycled avoids the stages that need intensive energy and has much
copper content than copper ores, it is beneficial to reprocess copper. Copper that is recycled
contains 13 to 19 percent annual consumption of copper globally (Stanmore, 2012).
Pre-processing
The mechanical processing’s level of ore influence directly how the electronic wastes in the end
processing and also the metals’ concentration can be regained. It is usually advantageous to
remove the components with valuable metals value before the pre-processing. Devices that are
complex and components like circuit boards and small devices of high grade and cell phones
should be removed from the electronic wastes stream before the mechanical process. When
circuit board are not shredded and dismantled manually precious metals mix with other
components like aluminium or glass. Grinding and shredding of electronic wastes of high grades
can result in the loss of 40 percent of precious metals and formation of dioxins and dangerous
dust (Wilber, 2015).
EVALUATION
Preliminary design for the recycling process
Extractive metallurgy
The most widely used metal is copper in the electronics because of its electrical conductivity is
high. Metals are added frequently to copper to adjust the hardness, resistance to corrosion and
strength. The alloys of copper are metals that have copper as the main components like bronzes

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that is Cu alloyed with aluminium, silicon and tin; brass that is zinc alloyed with copper and
precious metals alloys that are copper alloyed with gold, silver and palladium.
Numerous metal elements melt in copper like silver, palladium, platinum, gold, tellurium and
selenium; hence getting metals from the electronic wastes focus on the smelting to have
contaminated Cu and them electrorefining the copper into uncontaminated Cu and other
materials. There are three major procedures of recycling e wastes, hydrometallurgy, bio
metallurgy and pyrometallurgy serving as the primary method. Hydrometallurgy is the method of
low temperature and uses aqueous chemistry to recover metals and pyrometallurgy uses high
temperatures for melting electronic wastes into impure copper that have other materials (Canada,
2015).
Pyrometallurgical processing
This process consists of melting the electronic wastes in the furnace of high temperature and the
most process that is commonly used in the recovery of metals from WEEE. This process is
known as smelting recover the copper content in the electronic wastes and any other noble
metals that in the process of smelting dissolve copper like silver, platinum, palladium and gold.
Aluminum and iron are not got in the process of smelting copper instead they are iodized to slag.
Electronic wastes can be processed in the small furnace, but the most industrious process is to
compress them with concentrates of copper sulphide in the large furnace of smelting copper like
anode copper furnace, copper converter and copper converting and converting furnace like
Naronda process (Chancerel, 2012).
Global electronic wastes are sent 4 integrated plants or smelters worldwide that process
electronic wastes and get valuable metals, located in Germany, Belgium, and Europe, Sweden

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and one in Canada. Modernized sized electronic wastes smelters are located in South Korea and
Japan. The need of electronic wastes processing and recycling capacity is recognized widely by
some of the global leaders in smelting. Xstrata announced the plans for doubling the capacity of
the electronic wastes recycling giving the smelter with the capacity to process and receive one
hundred thousand metric yearly. Boliden announced that it will be investing two hundred and
two million dollars to triple the capacity of electronic wastes recycling from forty-five thousand
to one hundred and twenty thousand metric ton yearly. This expansion will enable for the 2.7
million metric ton of electronic wastes to be recycled (Chancerel, 2011).
The general process at the global smelters is described below
Sorting and dismantling
Removal of toxic components: toxic components like cathode ray tube, batteries, and bulbs of
mercury are removed at the selected stations for sorting. Horne smelter of Xstrata, Cathode ray
tubes are completely recycled; tubes of plastics are sent to the smelters; the glass is reused at the
facility as the agent of fluxing and lead is recovered (Sakai, 2015).
Reduction of the particles size: after the electronics have been removed from the toxic
components, they are shredder into the fine and scrap metals. The material shredded is separated
further by the magnets of cross belts, shaker tables, sand flow units and eddy currents and other
methods of magnetic and density separations. Dust is produced during proses of pretreatment and
is collected in the system of bag-house and filters. Dust generated can have content of high
precious metals and a significant amount of components of high burn loss like paper, plastic and
wood and also may have pollutants (Zennegg, 2014).

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The dust can be sent to the process of smelting to recover the valuable metals. It is usual for the
high-grade electronic wastes not to pass through the process of mechanical shredding instead
they go directly to the integrated smelter. The shredding of electronic wastes of high grade is not
done due to:
 Manufacture of valuable metals with dust
 Significant loss of the components and metals in the steams that cannot be recovered such
as iron, plastics and aluminium.
 The financial value of the valuable metal is higher than base metals' value, such as
aluminium and iron. It is not worth losing precious metals to get base metals.
 Saving money and time spent in the pretreatment (Wijnen, 2012).
Sample essay: electronic scrap is experimented to evaluate the content of precious metals and
copper and separated materials sent to the smelter.
End processing
Stage of smelting: the electronic scraps that have already been shredded are directed to the
incorporated smelter. The resolution of iron sulphide and copper is produced known as ‘matte’
while ironing and other oxides from the solution of silicates known as ‘slag’. The valuable
metals are held in ‘matte’ which proceed to the transforming stage. The ‘slag’ is separately
treated through by the lead blast furnace, special plants of metals and refinery of lead. It is
significant to note that electronic wastes of high grades can directly be sent to the converter stage
without passing to the smelting stage (WHO, 2010).
Converting stage: the converting stage follows the smelting stage where the ‘matte’ is converted
to polluted copper known as ‘blister’ Cu.
Furnace of anode: the blister of liquid Cu is developed in the furnace anode. The bubble Cu is
cast to anodes that are electrified to the copper that is pure.

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Electrorefining stage: in this process, anode copper undergo refining to have cathodes of pure
copper and precious metals like gold, silver, tellurium and selenium settle down as the
precipitates at the bottom of the cell for electrorefining (Viberg, 2010).
Refinery of precious metals: the residue of the precious metals is melted, cast and refined to have
bullion of precious metals.
Plastic constituents of the electronic wastes cannot be reprocessed easily because of the mix of
retardants flames. Smelting process is able to use the content of plastics' energy. The usage of
energy is decreased because of burning of plastics and combustible constituents in the electronic
wastes feed, that substitute the coke needed as the energy source and reducing agent (Luo, 2013).
Although the pyrometallurgical is the best method for valuable metals recovery from the
electronic wastes, it has some limitations:
 Certain product component lie bare fibreglass boards and chips cannot be recovered by
smelting
 Aluminum and iron cannot be recovered by smelting because they iodized and transferred
in the slag
 Smelting retardants flame and polyvinyl chlorides in the electronic wastes lead to dioxins
formation and need special control of the emissions
 The process of pyrometallurgy cannot separate all metals fully, therefore
hydrometallurgical method must be subsequently used (Yanagisawa, 2013)

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Hydrometallurgical processing
This method of processing electronic wastes has become common because methods it is more
exact, more easily controlled and predictable than pyrometallurgical methods. This process can
be broken into 3 processes; leaching, solution purification and concentrations, and recovery of
metals. They are discussed as follows:
Mechanical treatment: before the process of chemical treatment, the process of mechanical
processing is usually important to convert waste materials to the granular forms (Horowitz,
2015).
Leaching: electronic wastes goes to a sequence of corrosive leaches and acids, which is a
procedure where a constituent solution is removed by means of solvent from the solid. The most
effective agents of leaching are acid because of their ability to leach precious metals and base.

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Halides, cyanide, thiosulfate, and thiourea are the popular agents of leaching and are used to
leach specific metals
Metals Agents of leaching
Copper Aqua Regia and sulphuric acid
Palladium Sodium chlorate and hydrochloric acid
Silver and gold Cyanide and thiourea
Base metals Nitric acid
Purification and separation: the solution of leachate goes through the process of separation and
purification to concentrate the valuable metals and separate impurities.
Recovery of precious metals: precious metals are recovered from the leachate through the
process of electrorefining, crystallization and chemical reduction.
Aqua regia, cyanide, thiosulfate, and thiourea leaching agents are toxic and corrosive and hence
need special equipment to resist the conditions that are highly caustic. Cyanide is the most
feasible economically common method of leaching, it is most toxic. After the leaching procedure
is finished, the by-products which are toxic such as leaching spent solution must be disposed of
treated properly (Townsend, 2011).
The studies focused on the parameters of leaching for metals recovery have found that efficiency
of the processing of hydrometallurgical is reliant on the aspects such as density of pouring, the
percentage of magnetic fraction, distribution of particle size, rate of leaching, time, temperature,
ratio of solid to liquid and velocity of mixing. The project of the innovative process of
hydrometallurgy to recover metals from WEEE comprising the batteries and lamps looked at the
possibility of the economical financing in mobile and small hydrometallurgical processing pilot
plant. The study had the following thiourea and sulfuric acid process of leaching to be beneficial
for the amount of gold exceeding five hundred ppm (Telmer, 2016).

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 Copper is removed from the waste of granulated material using the agent of leaching
which is sulfuric acid
 Copper is preserved through electro winning to extract copper from the solution of
leaching
 The residue of solid from the leaching of copper is treated by thiourea and the ferric ion
is used as an oxidant in the solution of sulfuric acid to extract gold. New expansions in
this field have focused on the leaching solutions that don't have acids or cyanides to
recover precious metals. This is discussed below:
Currently, the refining and smelting industries dominate recycling of electronic wastes and
hydrometallurgical processing of electronic wastes is emerging as the potential solution for
treating electronic wastes. Advanced technology material incorporated has innovated the
selective chemical process which obtains valuable materials from the populated obsolete circuit
boards and printed wiring board using green engineering and green chemistry. The mission of
advanced technology material incorporated is to give economically practical, safe process and
environmental process for recovering high value from boards of printed wire and integrated
circuits (Thuresson, 2010).
The ATM presented the system of a chemical known as eVOLVTM as a revolutionary solution to
the public for recycling of electronic wastes at the summit of electronic waste management. the
closed loop was established as the solution of domestic for the precious metals' recovery and
components from PWBs, that safe to the environment, cheap, scalable and automated fully and
according to it the result of the process in a 99%metal recovery and 99%purity.When the circuit
board are not dismantled physically and shredded, the valuable metals combine with other
fractions like aluminium and glass. Grinding and shredding can result in loss of 40% of precious
metal. The process of ATMI's don't include shredding of PWBs hence reducing the loss of
valuable metal from shredding, and smelting is not involved (Swan, 2013).
The technology of ATMI recovers all the valuable and precious metals from the PWBs using the
method and processes described below:

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Component Method of processing
Gold Reclaimed in the process of leaching gold and
melted in the gold bar
Solder Reclaimed during the process of desoldering
Chips Reclaimed in the process of desoldering. the chips
of operation can be sold for reuse or the precious
metal like silver, gold, and palladium are extracted
from the chip
Bare fibreglass board Remained after the process. can be smelted to
reclaim copper or sold, or chopped and used as the
filler in many applications
Table 3 above shows processing methods for the reclamation of the valuable products (Telmer,
2016)
The process steps can be discussed briefly as follows:
Presorting: complete PWBs are sent to the pilot plant of ATMI. There is no grinding, shredding
and burning the PWBs.
Disolder: PWBs cycle through the process of desoldering which takes around five to twenty
minutes at thirty-five to forty degrees Celsius. The chemistry of disordering’s selectivity enables
copper, base materials and gold to be left on the board, while the chip which is disoldered
uncouple from the PWB and collected in the bin.
Gold leaching: PWBs that are disoldered then proceed through the process of gold leaching and
takes around 10 minutes and lea than thirty degrees Celsius. After the chemistry is flooded with
gold, it is driven to the tool of electroplating to extract gold from the chemistry. Gold is them
plated on the cathode of the carbon, and then removed from the cathode carbon and melted into
bars. The gold bars and fiberglass board are the output of the process (Söderström, 2012).
ATMI is presently using the system of eVOLVTM to process PWBs at the pilot plant. The pilot
plant processes around two hundred pounds of PWBs in every hour, with the capability of four

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 17
hundred pounds in every hour. The procedure is automated completely and comprises the system
of the conveyor to move the board through its chemical process. The solitary waste that is
produced in the process is around two hundred gallons of wastewater that are treated every week
and no solid is produced as an outcome of the procedure of e VOLV. The process of leaching
gold is done roughly five hours every day (Swan, 2013).
The license of ATMI model is structured such that the chemistries’’ specifics are not disclosed.
The ATMI supplies the chemistries with the licenses and ATMI personnel to run the process. By
providing the personnel of ATMI, ATMI is able to pledge the effectiveness of the systems and
make sure that technologies are not disclosed and received a royalty based on the percentage of
the recovered component. There are roughly thirty to fifty pounds of chip in one hundred pounds
of RAMs and hence chips recovery is the important component of the process of electronic waste
recycling (Sadiki, 2012)
Detailed designs for the integrated mobile recycling plants
A movable plant for demonstration has been constructed in the container truck and engaged for
the treating of residue of electronic wastes using the process of hydrometallurgy. The
implementation and practices from the field plants to portable plants help in solving the problems
of electronic wastes by recovering resources and improving the environmental ecology. Field
plants normally take a large space available in small cities and countries, to solve the issues, the
integrated mobile plant will be designed (Schüler, 2010).
To meet the functions of treatment and collection, the preceding accomplishments are adapted to
the process of recycling electronic waste and designed an integrated mobile plant of recycling
suitable in mall cities and countries. In the requirement of compactness and mobility, huge

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 18
standard transport containers may be utilized in loading the apparatus that can do the role of
recycling wastes and treatments. Bearing in mind the properties of electronic wastes, the
mechanical procedure of treatment is mostly used in pretreating wastes (Söderström, 2012).
A total of eight hundred and forty six units of waste main frame, two hundred units of waste
cathode ray tube, 2000 units of the fluorescent lamp and three hundred and ten units of waste
liquid crystal display monitors were treated in the plant. Performance of environment in terms of
indoor air, air releases, wastewater and noise was determined. Wastewater was determined by
inductive coupling spectroscopic analysis of plasma-atomic emission and solid samples were
digested with the solution of aqua regia and measured (Solomon, 2016).
Two standard and 45-foot steel container were designated and molded to fit the portable plant of
recycling.
Container 1 Design
It is to be fitted with the fiber filter, electrostatic separator, air separator, grinder, and crusher
devoting for the monitor waste recycling and whole unit dismantling.it uses two special
dismantling table with for processing wastes LCDs. Many holes connected to the tube of the
collection. It is estimated the time of dismantling for every PC, CRT mainframe, LCD and PCB
were approximately 12min, 8 min, 10min, and 12min correspondingly. The dismantling of CRT
entailed the following stages: glass scrap with lead was elevated in the cleaning section in a
mixer of drum and rinsed for 25 minutes with water, then as the mixer reversed, the cleaning
water and glass in screened and poured out for cleaning glass (Otake, 2011).
To handle the huge gas volumes which may be emitted during the dismantling of electronic
wastes and reusing in the movable plant that is integrated, numerous tubes and collectors of gas

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 19
were positioned in every container. Two collectors of gas emission were made for two
multifunctional dismantling table and another collector served for glass funnel crushing. Gaseous
produced from these points are collected by the vacuum pump and fabric filters.
Figure 1: Design of Container 1
Container 2 Design
It was installed with dismantling table, cleaning machines, equipment for separating for panel
and funnel, fiber filters, focusing on waste recycling PWBs gotten from PCB dismantling, cold
cathode lamps of fluorescence and FLs got from LCD dismantling. Wastes were reused in this
container with the process joined with magnetic separation, grinding, air separation, crushing,
and electrostatic separation and filtering through the screens. The equipment like conveyors and
crusher were shared between the wastes FL and PWB processes of recycling. Metals and glasses
are extracted through crushing, transportation and sieving (Slack, 2016).

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Air waste in this container was produced via crushing and collected in the tubes and disposed of
by fabric filters, sulphur packing carbon that is active was used in these moveable recycling
plants that is integrated to eliminate the vapour of mercury through the fabric filter before the
release.
Figure 2: Design of Container 2
Container 3 Design
The following are some of the design specifications for container 3 made by use of
hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. The process of pyrometallurgy is known as smelting and is
used to recover the content of copper in the electronic wastes and any other noble metals that in
the process of smelting dissolve copper like silver, platinum, gold and palladium. Aluminum and
iron are not got in the process of smelting copper instead they are iodized to slag (Ralph, 2012).
Electronic wastes can be processed in the small furnace, but the most industrious process into co

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 21
press them with concentrates of copper sulphide in the large furnace of smelting copper like
anode copper furnace.it has two major process that takes place:
 Sorting and dismantling: removal of hazardous components and reduction of particles size to
by the shredder.
 End processing: it comprises of smelting stage, converting stage, anode furnace,
electrorefining and refinery of precious metals.
 The electronic scraps that have already been shredded are sent to the integrated smelter. The
solution of iron sulphide and copper is produced known as ‘matte' while iron and other
oxides from the solution of silicates known as ‘slag'. The precious metals are held in ‘matte'
which proceed to the converting stage. The ‘slag' is separately treated through the use of lead
blast furnace, special plants of metals and refinery of lead. It is significant to note that
electronic wastes of high grades can directly be sent to the convertor stage without passing to
the smelting stage (Nokia, 2016).
 Converting stage: the converting stage follows the smelting stage where the ‘matte’ is
converted to impure copper known as ‘blister’ Cu
 Furnace of anode: the blister of liquid copper undergoes refining in the furnace anode. The
blister Cu is cast to anodes that are electrified to the uncontaminated copper.
 Electrorefining process: in this process, anode Cu is refined to have cathodes of pure cathode
and precious metals like gold, silver, tellurium and selenium relax as the precipitates at the
bottom of the cell for electrorefining.
 The refinery of precious metals: the residue of the precious metals is melted, cast and refined
to have bullion of precious metals (Nokia, 2016).
The process of hydrometallurgy consists of three major processes of electronic wastes recycling:
Mechanical action: before the process of chemical handling, the mechanical processing is

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 22
usually important to convert waste materials to the granular forms. Leaching: electronic wastes
goes to a sequence of caustic acids and leaches, which is a procedure where a component
solution is removed through a solvent from the solid. The most effective agents of leaching are
acid because of their ability to leach precious metals and base. Halides, cyanide, thiosulfate, and
thiourea are the popular agents of leaching and are used to leach specific metals (Townsend,
2016)
Purification and separation: the solution of leachate goes through the process of separation and
purification to concentrate the valuable metals and separate impurities. Recovery of precious
metals: precious metals are recovered from the leachate through the process of electrorefining,
crystallization and chemical reduction.
Container 4
This is the container where the specious metals are recovered. Precious metals are recovered
from the leachate through the process of electrorefining, crystallization and chemical reduction.
The following are some of the processes that will take place in container 4. Presorting: complete
PWBs are sent to the pilot plant of ATMI (Schlummer, 2017). There is no grinding, shredding
and burning the PWBs. Disolder: PWBs cycle through the procedure of desoldering which takes
around five to twenty minutes at thirty five to forty degrees Celsius. The chemistry of

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 23
disordering’s selectivity enables copper, base materials and gold to be left on the board, while
the chip which is disoldered disengage from the PWB and collected in the bin (Kahhat, 2017)
Gold leaching: PWBs that are disoldered then proceed through the process of gold leaching and
takes around 10 minutes and lea than thirty degrees Celsius. After the chemistry is flooded with
gold, it is driven to the tool of electroplating to extract gold from the chemistry. Gold is them
plated on the cathode of the carbon, and then removed from the anode carbon and melted into
bars. The gold bars and fiberglass boards are the output of this process
Figure 4 above shows processing methods for the reclamation of the valuable products in
container 4 (Zhang, 2012)
Analysis and results
With the operation of there months, the mass balance of electronic wastes could be determined.
The gotten properties of non-metallic and, metallic powered produced from the wastes PWBs
recycling reveal that metals of high grades might be gotten by the movable recycling plant that is
integrated. The plant could source yearly with roughly 5 tons of cards that are integrated, 130
tons of copper, 150 tons of plastics, 190 tons of iron, 50 tons of power supplies, and 95 tons of
aluminium (Mädler, 2013). The reputable ultimate destination for the ultimate products'

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 24
recycling is indispensable to solve the problems of electronic wastes. Important amounts of
metals like coppers, gold, silver, iron and aluminium and plastics would be valuable and pure
enough to get in the market for sale. Products that are recovered and are less valuable like
flyback transformers and panel glass could be transported to other cities. Any product which is
hazardous like funnel glass, capacitors, FL glass, and non-metallic powder could be incinerated
securely in a native facility (Ladou, 2016)
Improving the environment is the main goal of using movable plants that is integrated for reusing
electronic wastes in small, cities and countries to solve the problems of and meeting the standard
for wastewater discharge, noise and air emissions, is the core performance of environment. The
mobile plant produces little waste water owing to clean water reuse, the concentration of lead in
the water for cleaning was approximately 0.3mg/L enhanced than the ordinary expulsion for the
wastes. The mobile integrated recycling plant can reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide
annually, by approximately 260 tones through safe incineration (Musson, 2015).
The air quality of indoor was measured and container 1 was found to be enhanced than the
standard set by the safeguards of the environment and labour environment presentation that the
quality of indoor air is appropriate for the employees in the process of electronic wastes monitor
recycling and dismantling (ICMM, 2014). And the air in container 2 was found to be worse than
standards set, the operations of RF and PWB was controlled closely. Container 3 and container 4
was found to have good standards to fit the workers in the plants of recycling the electronic
wastes (Schoenung, 2015).
Mechanical treatment of electronic wastes using the grinder, crusher, cleaning machine and a
sieve resonance was the main source of the noise. Using the equipment of observing noise and
applying the noise transmission law, distribution of noise was determined, more noise was

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 25
produced during the wastes RF and PWB recycling than electronic wastes monitor recycling and
dismantling. As the distance of plant that recycles increases, noise declined gradually: at the
distance of 15meters, it went up to around 73 dB and then drop with great space and the lesser
stages cannot impact severe effects. In the 2nd container, level of noise was above 90dBthat just
remained as the previous work. Despite the close operational monitoring through the closed TV
circuit in container 1 and the workers’ diligence in the container. Container 3 had around 55dB
and container 4 has around 57dB and constantly drop with great space (Oberdörster, 2015).
In addition to the performance of environment, consideration of economics is essential for
determining the efficiency of the mobile plant of recycling electronic wastes that will experience
the costs for raw materials, labour, equipment, and maintenance and equipment. To determine
the performance of the mobile recycling plants, 2 immobile companies in developed and
developing countries were selected for comparisons. The companies in unindustrialized republic
possessed the capacity of management of 48 thousands units yearly to complete the machine
such as PC and TV set disassembling, 500 tons of PCBs, 14.4 thousand recycling components of
CRT and ten thousand units of FLs (Müller, 2014).
The gross profit cost can be evaluated by the use of some basic computing methods and
assumptions. The potential of profit generation in the types of electronic wastes is from high to
low, FLs wastes, CRTs waste, and PWBs. The reasons for grading PWBs wastes high is because
they have valuable materials than FLs and CRTs. Almost all the electronic recycling shows
nonprofit and compensation of additional funds from non-government is essential to the
existence of the reutilizing plants (Solomon, 2016).
Amongst the categories of electronic wastes, eco-efficiency is greater for the recycling wastes
CRT compared to the recycling wastes of FLs plus PWBs. Amongst the plants’ categories, the

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 26
eco-efficiency of the movable plant that is integrated was same or equal to that of the field
immobile plants, especially for wastes of FL as well as PWB. These outcomes prove that the
mobile plants that is integrated for recycling electronic wastes are the best option for electronic
wastes reusing in cities and minor countries. Apart for recycling the electronic wastes, the
integrated mobile plants for recycling wastes can function to collect wastes by hauling it in the
containers for shipping than a truck hence gives more benefits (Müller, 2014)
Environmental improvements and recycling of resources are the main factors to plea in the
reusing of electronic wastes and management. Even some serious occurrences happened in minor
states or places owing to limit the area of the land and compulsory ban of dangerous wastes
movement of Transboundry. The integrated mobile plant for recycling established in this work
has shown an important environmental improvement. 260 tons decrease in the carbon dioxide
emissions annually and copious valuable resources like metals and plastics recovered from the
electronic wastes (Sadiq, 2015).
The engineering and operation of the integrated mobile plant for recycling can get recycling of
economically practical resource and environmentally sounds and confirmed that such plants can
resolve the issue of electronic wastes in small regions and countries. There are small towns and
cities through the globe that experience same predicament of the inadequate area of land or the
intricate terrain and cannot get the space for the customary plants of reutilizing electronic wastes.
The assimilated mobile plants for reusing electronic wastes can give the best approach to solve
the problem of electronic wastes and contribute importantly to the improvement of global
environment and utilization of resources (Ricky, 2014).
Conclusion

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 27
The proliferation of the toxic electronic and electrical wastes have become problematic mostly in
the small cities and countries with high densities of population. Environmental population and
discarding resources have been recognized widely in the case of provisional stock, transboundary
transportation, simple dismantling of the wastes and landfills. To address this problem of
electronic wastes, projected to resource recycling and environmental conservation, the integrated
mobile recycling plant was designed that operated with the mixed crushing processes,
dismantling, and multilevel separation. 4 large standardized containers were prepared with the
complete unit of dismantling, PWBs recycling and monitors. The demonstration shows that
important metals and resources, glass and plastics could be separated completely for additional
recycling.
The performance of the environment was evaluated and was found that emission could attain the
necessities of human health and protection of the environment, also the ecological efficiency
assessments indicated that integrated mobile plants for recycling electronic wastes can solve the
problem of electronic wastes in small cities and countries. Environmental improvements and
recycling of resources are the main factors to appeal in the recycling of electronic wastes and
management. Even some serious occurrences happened in minor states or places owing to limit
the area of the land and compulsory ban of dangerous wastes movement of Transboundary. The
mobile plant that is integrated for recycling established in this work has shown an important
environmental improvement. 260 tons decrease in the carbon dioxide emissions annually and
copious valuable resources like metals and plastics recovered from the electronic wastes.
The engineering and operation of the integrated mobile plant for recycling can get recycling of
economically feasible resource and environmentally sounds and confirmed that such plants can
resolve the issue of electronic wastes in small regions and countries. There are small towns and

Mobile E-Waste Processing Facility 28
cities in the whole globe that experience same dilemma of the inadequate area of land or the
terrain that is complex and cannot get the space for the traditional plants of reprocessing
electronic wastes. The mobile plants that is integrated for reprocessing electronic wastes can give
the best approach to solve the problem of electronic wastes and contribute importantly to the
improvement of global environment and from the developed countries which utilization of
resources.
In the today's world's enormous amount of electronic wastes is generated from the countries that
are developed which have resulted in the pollution around the world. According to the research,
the process of technological advancement and globalization have conquered the world, policies,
regulation and technologies for recycling have been made by the producers so as protect and
save the environment. The major point of technological advancement and electronic wastes
increase is that capabilities and features of the devices of technologies are changing rapidly and
as a result of changes a way of managing electronic wastes should be considered.
Based on the empirical observation, recommendations will be directed to the government who
should perform and implement the standard for processing and treat the electronic wastes,
implement the plans for electronic wastes collection from households, encourage the
improvements of electronic wastes through the inspection by national agencies.
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