Models Theories and Principles in Education and Training

This document discusses the research into theories, principles, and models of learning in education and training. It explores the wide range of resources used in individual research and applied in learning and teaching. It also analyzes the effectiveness of formal and informal assessment methods.

Models Theories and Principles in Education
and Training
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Table of Contents
PART B...........................................................................................................................................3
Task 5 Discuss about the research into theories, principles and model of learning that can
relate to the area of practice, learners and subject.......................................................................3
Task 6 Draw an examples taken from different teaching practices that help to describe way in
which principles, theories and models of learning......................................................................4
PART C...........................................................................................................................................7
Discuss about the wide range of resources which mainly used on the individual research and
applied within learning and teaching...........................................................................................7
PART D.........................................................................................................................................10
Analysed the effectiveness of formal as well as informal assessment method with the help of
theories, principles, identifying the strengths and areas for improvement................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
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PART B
Task 5 Discuss about the research into theories, principles and model of learning that can relate
to the area of practice, learners and subject.
According to research, it has been examined that different theories enhance learning and
effective application of knowledge to be practical ways. There are various kind of theories,
principles and models applicable in learning which attempt to describe the concept of effective
learning of teaching among which are already in constructive manner. Learner may have used
different model to understand the concept of learning (Asadollahi Kheirabadi and Mirzaei,
2019). This will help for building a knowledge on prior knowledge and experiences that are
getting actively engaged with learning processes. In this way, it also opposed to obtain various
kind of information or data from lecturers and memorization.
On the basis of Anderson model as constructive approach, this type of theory is based on
the principles that student learn by building own knowledge and gain more experience and
getting identify specific need or requirement. Leaner may have considered the important
assumption of this approach such as currently believe of student which may go right or wrong
way. Personal ability can also define as constructive individual learning as unique way to
understand student which despite gain similar kind of learning experience. Initially, many
student have a lack of confidence when they have been constructed as new meaning even though
such as accepted or rejected by them. Constructive based theory is acknowledged that gain more
skills, knowledge dependent of leaner where how they will gain more knowledge and create for
one self from information or data. It is important for student to identify proper guidance and
participate within discussion on thoughts, ideas and activities. These are enabled student to learn
something innovative effectively and efficiently.
Procedural and declarative are considered two different type of approach which mainly
used for obtaining more knowledge in order to improve own ability. These are considered as two
important frameworks. Declarative knowledge is knowing actual concept of learning while
procedural knowledge is knowing how. Procedural knowledge is based on the naturally occurs
within reflexes and involves the applicable of declarative knowledge. in order to facilitate the
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mastery in long term memory. Eventually, it helps to support for resolving problem through skill
or knowledge, actively participation by using different sense. The declarative knowledge is
considered as static condition which may acquire a lot of information or data by passive
memorization such as formulas, semantic, symbols and numbering. These are considered as
theories, models and principle that are practical application to procedural knowledge.
Model of learning preferences refer to the individual’s unique patterns of weakness,
strengths and preferences in term of processing, retrieving the information or data. There are
different kinds of model which are being used to explore learning preference and better way to
understand the approaches, strategies. This will help to ensure an effectiveness of learning.
Learning preferences model is always influencing the current learning style of student so that
they have been documented or evaluated in proper manner.
As per considered the “Honey and Mumford Learning styles”, it is based on the Kolb’s
model which is mainly identifies the four different type of learning styles, preferences such as
activist, theorist and pragmatist. These are identified as different groups which may represent as
natural learning approaches and preferred by individual learners (Acosta and et.al., 2019). Honey
and Mumford learning style is encouraging the learner to learn about the importance in their own
lives. It is not only developing own learning style through questionnaires but it also makes
learner smarter at fitting better between learning opportunities. Activist learn by doing through
experience and open minded to learn through involving in the participation of different activities.
This will help for student to enjoy their own innovative ideas and prepared to experiment with
anything by acting prior to consider all type of consequences.
Task 6 Draw an examples taken from different teaching practices that help to describe way in
which principles, theories and models of learning.
Several ideas and priorities, then affect on teaching practices that help to describe way in which
consideration of suitable theories, principle and model of learning. As it turns out, many theories,
idea gained from educational psychology do make a proper education for student. In this way,
they are consistent with professional priorities of teacher and helpful in solving the problem or
issue of student within classroom. For Example- An educational psychologist have been
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concerned about the different concepts and theories that are basically relevant to classrooms.
Thus, it is describing the current situation or condition so that teacher offers guidance for
assisting a better learning abilities (Powell and McGrath, 2019). This will help to group of
theories according to whether they have focused on the changes in their thinking and behaviour.
Usually, it is mainly considered two important perspective learning such as constructivism and
behaviourism. These are considered two different category that help to identify change of student
on the basis of experience, thinking.
Behaviourism is a perspective on learning that focuses on the changes in individual’s
observable behaviours- changes in what individual people say or do some task. Initially, I have
been shared the own experience. For Example- When I reached point of life where I began
cooking meals for myself. But I always focused on the whether could produce better quality of
foods. In this way, I have shown my own recipes and procedures which help them to others. In
this way, it can be identified that focus on the behaviour of individual person instead of on
“thoughts” may have been desirable at that time. Even initially, there are similar way to examine
the important aspects to describe the procedures of cooking. As definitely when reflecting on and
thinking about the concept of teaching and improved by learner itself.
Application of theories and models
The development of teacher’s personal theories of learning which mainly include
instructors, teachers, counselors and other lecturers. These are considered as well-known to have
undergone some different training occurs on the basis of models, principles and theories.
Basically, it should consider all essential resources and materials so that it helps for building a
strong relationship between teacher and student. Some kind of principles are adopted by teacher
with doing some additional modifications within educational procedures. They are accrued as
result on the basis of experience in the process of teaching their potential students. By using
learning approaches, teachers initiative towards success of proven theories which will be created
by enlighten their learner to increase own learning abilities. As I have shown own experience of
student on regular basis. in order to encourage or motivate towards particular subject or topic.
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The development of competency based programmers- different kind of programs
conducting for student so that teacher will provide training session for student to learn and
increase their own efficiency. it helps for understanding the better way to examine knowledge of
different practices. Coming up with well-designed program on the basis of competency which is
better way to help leaner and improve own ability (Jabarullah and Hussain, 2019). This type of
competency program is setup on each learner’s competence to incorporate with suitable learning
tool or platform. For Example- In classroom, learner is improving own understanding trough
visualized learning tool to engage with pictures, charts.
The individual learning plan (ILPS) learner are given the specific duty of introducing
their own learning style and plan. In my personal experience, this will encourage my own
students to come up with learning plan that are consider as appropriate, convenient.
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PART C
Task 7
Discuss about the wide range of resources which mainly used on the individual research and
applied within learning and teaching.
Communication is based on the process of transferring information from sender to receiver
side. It is mainly considered as interrelationship with learner, professionals, stakeholders and
parents. These are imperative to eliminate all kind of barriers within effective communication
process (Stevenson, 2020). As per improving own understanding towards skill and knowledge
that needs to be used key principles and relevant communication theories.
Case study - 1:1 Communication
Barry is 10 years old children, who have a lack of poor communication so that they are
unable to interact within many friends. During classroom session, he was not interested with the
different learning activities. He just only completes their homework but does not ask any single
question with teacher.
Theory and principles
Piaget- it is a type of communication theory which is mainly focused on the cognitive
development which entails certain changes take place within human being. Different changes are
those that mainly occurred systematically, exist for long time. By using theory, consider different
aspects of development such as personal, social, physical and cognitive while principle of
development includes at different rates (Reigeluth, and et.al., 2016). Piaget theory is concerned
about the universal stage of development and establish a better communication between different
people. Student enable to interact with teacher to understand the topic or subject. In this way,
student may have developed own learning ability to learn new logical concepts in proper manner.
On the other hand, Vygotsky is contemporary of Piaget who have believed that social interaction
considers as important aspects of cognitive development. In this it includes cultural tools,
language and thought. He argued that no single principle of Piaget can be used for development.
Besides that, development can not be understood without analysing it from cultural and social
context. Hence, person mental process origin from social process.
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Principle of communication – There are several principles of effective communication that is
applied. Similarly, in present case study principle of communication that is applied was be
curious. It can be said that Barry was not curious at all in learning. Thus, he did not communicate
with others in class. Even no questions were asked by him regarding his homework.
How effective – I found that communication was not so effective, this is because it does not use
any kind of theory in it. Besides, no feedback was taken from Barry. In addition, I found that
there was no impact on body or non verbal language in it. so, due to that communication was not
effective (Wharrad,, Windle, and Taylor, 2020).
How can improve – here I can improve my communication by learning about various non verbal
and body language ways of communication. It will help me in analysing how to interact with
students in effective way. besides, it will enhance my verbal communication.
Case study- Group Communication
John, smith and Cole was 3 children that was of almost same age. They went to pre
school to learn. The teacher conducted activity of solving puzzle in group by showing them
demo. In that it was found that all 3 did not effectively communicated with teacher. Also, tutor
did not listen to them properly and gave answers to questions which was not proper. The 3
children were able to solve puzzle in effective way.
Theory and principles
Vygotsky – the theory state that that social interaction is considered as important aspect in
cognitive development. In this it includes cultural tools, language and thought. He argued that no
single principle of Piaget can be used for development.
Principle of communication- the principle of communication followed was listen. It states that
good communication occurs when there is proper listening. It helps in understanding what
another person is saying. So, on basis of that communication is done.
How effective it is- from case study I analysed that my communication was moderate. At initial
stage it was effective but when in group it was poor. I was not able to communicate with all in
effective way. I did not responded properly to them (Lam, and Hassan,, 2018).
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How can you improve – I can enhance my communication by using digital tools. It will help me
to prepare handouts so that it is easily accessible to all. Also, I can develop learner
communication skills and expression and responsive. This will help me in understanding
emotions of people. Moreover, I can use chatrooms to improve my skills. It will give insight to
me on how to communicate in group. Thus, I need to use verbal and non verbal methods that
will help me in developing my skills.
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PART D
Analysed the effectiveness of formal as well as informal assessment method with the help of
theories, principles, identifying the strengths and areas for improvement.
1. Theory and model of assessment tool
The assessment tool is technique through which ability, skills, etc. can be measured in an
academic subject area. There are different tools available in it which can be used. Here, kolb
model is a learning theory that highlight importance of reflection in learning. In this there are 4
stages by which learner progress. Thus, reflection enable in analysing that what happened and
sharing experience. The model 4 stages are concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract
conceptualisation and active experimentation. As all these 4 steps are linked together so it helps
in reflecting experience and learning from it (Teräs, 2017).
2. How effective each tool was
I evaluated that this tool was highly effective as it enabled in describing experience in 4
stages. In first it was feeling and watching, in second it was thinking and watching the third was
doing and listening and last is doing and feeling. With that it was easy to share experience. With
that it was analysed that in which area improvement is needed, what was done, how, etc.
3. How each tool can be improved
I think that Kolb model can be improved by making it easy to describe experience. The
stage can be segregated into sub stages such as doing, feeling, watching, and so on. Therefore,
with that, it will allow in explaining experience in detail.
1. Theory and model of assessment tool
QCA- In this there are 10 principles of learning which can be applied. These principles are used
on basis of learning needs. Thus, they are planning of teaching and learning, how student learn,
classroom practice, professional skills for teachers, etc. Hence, it plays vital role in making
things easy and assessing ability of teaching. It allows in developing skills for self improvement.
There is change in way of making things easy and getting
2. How effective each tool was
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I analysed the tool was not effective as it only focused on principles rather than self
assessment. Besides that, it did not contain any framework by experience is analysed. in addition,
there is no criteria which is set and used in it. besides, it enabled in maintain progress as well of
learner in overall process (Kourgiantakis, and et.al., 2020). It showed importance of motivation,
emotions, etc. on learner experience. Furthermore, it involved both teacher and learner in
reflection and decision making.
3. How each tool can be improved
In my view this tool can be improved by including framework in it. With that it will be
easy to describe experience and evaluating what are ways of improving self assessment. Also,
there need to mention some criteria by which learner can easily discuss and understand his or her
experience. Along with it, various practices can be mentioned in it for self assessment. This will
guide learner on how to describe their experience by using this model.
1. Theory and model of assessment tool
Initial and diagnostic is assessment theory that can be used in it. Thus, initial assessment
is used at starting of each course or work shop. This helps learner to find out any unnoticed and
problems faced by both student as well as teacher. So, it is useful in finding out current skills and
knowledge.
On other hand, diagnostic assessment allow learner to find out strength, current
knowledge and improvement areas. Thus, learner use this tool to find whether criteria is met or
not of particular course.
2. How effective each tool was
I believe that this tool is highly effective as it allowed teacher to analyse current strength
and knowledge. Beside that, it showed that what issues were made at initial stage and then by
using diagnostic assessment areas of improvement is determined. The teacher can find out
learning requirement. Moreover, gap within skills and training is find out.
3. How each tool can be improved
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The tool can be enhanced by providing a plan by setting some criteria by which self
assessment is done. for instance- description, evaluation, analysis, etc can be included in it. this
will highly benefit in gathering of info by learner (Kourgiantakis, and et.al., 2020).
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REFERENCES
Book and journals
Acosta, J.L.B. and et.al., 2019. Framework for designing motivational augmented reality
applications in vocational education and training. Australasian Journal of Educational
Technology. 35(3).
Asadollahi Kheirabadi, M. and Mirzaei, Z., 2019. Descriptive valuation pattern in education and
training system: a mixed study. Journal of Humanities Insights. 3(01). pp.7-12.
Jabarullah, N.H. and Hussain, H.I., 2019. The effectiveness of problem-based learning in
technical and vocational education in Malaysia. Education+ Training.
Kourgiantakis, T., and et.al., 2020. Social work education and training in mental health,
addictions, and suicide: A scoping review. Journal of Social Work Education, pp.1-26.
Lam, K.W. and Hassan, A., 2018. Instructional Technology Competencies Perceived by
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Students in
Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social
Sciences, 8(5), pp.343-366.
Powell, L.J. and McGrath, S., 2019. Skills for human development: transforming vocational
education and training. Routledge.
Reigeluth, C.M. and et.al., 2016. Instructional-design theories and models, Volume IV: The
learner-centered paradigm of education. Routledge.
Stevenson, J. ed., 2020. Developing vocational expertise: principles and issues in vocational
education. Routledge.
Teräs, M., 2017. Transforming vocational education and training in Finland: Uses of
developmental work research approach. Nordic Journal of Vocational Education and
Training, 7(2), pp.22-38.
Wharrad, H., Windle, R. and Taylor, M., 2020. Designing digital education and training for
health. In Digital Innovations in Healthcare Education and Training (pp. 31-45).
Academic Press.
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