Modular Construction: Sustainable Delivery System for High-Rise Buildings

This research paper explores the benefits of modular construction for high-rise buildings. It includes case studies from China, New York, and London, and discusses how modular construction is eco-friendly, safe, and cost-efficient. The paper evaluates the results of modern high-rise construction, including economic, technological, engineering, and architectural factors. It also identifies the major impacts of modern high-rise constructions and the economic issues resulting from their construction. The paper concludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of modular construction.

Modular Construction 1
SUSTAINABLE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
A Research Paper on Modular Construction By
Student’s Name
Name of the Professor
Institutional Affiliation
City/State
Year/Month/Day

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 4...................................................................................................................................................3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................3
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................3
RESULTS...................................................................................................................................................3
T30 Hotel – China (prefab).......................................................................................................................4
Paragon – Bretford, London....................................................................................................................5
The 32 storeys - New York (prefab).........................................................................................................7
DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................8
Evaluation of T30 Hotel – China...............................................................................................................9
Evaluation of The 32 storeys - New York (prefab).................................................................................11
Evaluation of Paragon – Bretford...........................................................................................................13
SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................17

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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
Prefabrication has been considered broadly as a method of sustainable construction
regarding its effects on the protection of the environment. One significant feature of this
perception is the effect of prefabrication on the subsequent waste handling activities and
construction waste reduction, including waste disposal, recycle, sorting, and reuse. The
installation of the modular structures is known to be eco-friendly, safe, and cost-efficient. The
analysis of the development of modular building construction in China (T30 Hotel), New York
(32) Storeys, and London (Paragon) prove that these countries have great familiarity in the
establishment of the modules of 3D reinforced concrete (Furuto, 2012).
This section reviews the outcome of the trends in modern high-rise construction by
evaluating image, economic, technological, engineering, and architectural factors that have been
noted during the construction or after the construction process of these modular structures in
China (T30 Hotel), New York (32) Storeys, and London (Paragon). The major impacts of
modern high-rise constructions are also identified as well as the economic issues resulting from
the construction of these high-rise structures especially on the residential function (Generalov,
2015).
RESULTS
Structures of prefabricated steel have certain noticeable benefits such as the
environmental protection, industrial production, and rapid construction. It has been noted that the
prefabricated structures are more appropriate for low-rise structures and their application in the
high-rise structures are very rear despite these modular structures having been applied in
numerous states globally. The section reviews the results based on the case studies of China (T30

Modular Construction 4
Hotel), New York (32) Storeys, and London (Paragon) T30 by majorly focusing on a particular
building method and have considerable amount of information regarding waste factor of these
prefabricated modular high-rise steel frame building with diagonal braces which is new category
of steel building prefabricated (Generalova, 2013).
T30 Hotel – China (prefab)
The T30 Hotel modular structure in China was implemented by the Chinese construction
industry so as to save the country from the dilemma of poor efficiency, high energy
consumption, and high pollution. The modules are made from numerous 2D panels starting from
the floor cassette to which the ceiling panels and four-panel walls are attached. The structural
components were manufactured in factories so as to minimize the welding processes and
installation process carried out on the site (Crawford, 2012). The T30 Hotel structure constructed
by the BROAD Group is a prefabricated assembled steel building which was erected by
manufacturing the windows, doors, cassettes, roofs, and walls in the factories and then sent to the
construction site to be assembled (Zhigulina, 2014).
Some of the advantages attained by this modular construction in China include
sustainability, good quality, affordable, efficient manufacturing, fast construction, and low-
carbon energy (Fetters, 2012). The prefabrication of T30 Hotel was considered as the major
strategy of effective wat of minimization of the construction waste. This is because of lower
dependence on the conventional technologies of construction such as plastering, tiling,
reinforcement, timber form-work, bamboo scaffolding, and cast-in-place concrete (Zhdanova,
2015). The figure below shows the material flow of the T30 Hotel:

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Figure 1: the Material flow of T30 Hotel (Yuan, 2013)
There was numerous prefabrication performed in this structure during laying of foundation and
the prefabricated structure shows numerous benefits such as low generation of construction
waste, low maintenance costs, low construction cost, and magnitude 9-earthquake resistance.
Paragon – Bretford, London
This housing project is made of culminating 18 stories, range of 4 stories, 1060
accommodation units, and 5 housing blocks. The entire construction at the site took 22 months
which is 12 months less compared to the traditional construction. The construction waste
management performance refers to the general performance comprising four attributes such as
illegal dumping, public landfilling waste, landfilling waste, and reuse and recycles waste. These
features cover all the perceptions of the final construction waste disposal management activities.
The balconies can be joined at the terminal posts of the modules or the loads can be transferred
directly to the ground surface. Integrated balconies within the modules can be issued by
conveying the end wall of the balcony within the module configuration (Ramaji, 2013).
The time and cost benefits of the modular structure may eliminate completely the option
to use the modular technology or erode with more complicated architecture. The optimum

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application of modular structure can be attained through designing the MEP intensive residential
units and hence more expensive sections of the structure in the modular form and the more open
space of plan as a portion of a consistent structural frame in concrete or steel (Xiaodun, 2013).
The prefabricated steel members exist in numerous sections and sizes and it is the duty of the
project engineer to determine the sections and sizes of the steel members which are majorly
standard sizes from the manufactures of steel so as to accommodate any architectural design. The
process of steel construction is simple and the prefabricated structures of steel can be supplied to
the construction site by the manufacturer before being assembled by the use of welding methods
or bolts. Majority of the steel structures use the steel as the primary structure known as the
building skeleton and the other sections can normally be constructed using other materials such
as concrete, panel, and glass (Yuan, 2013). The figure below shows the effects of prefabrication
on the construction reduction of Paragon – Bretford:
Figure 2: Effects of prefabrication on the construction reduction of Paragon – Bretford (Shen,
2009)

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The 32 storeys - New York (prefab)
The constriction, engineering, and architectural selections are the decisions that comprise
how the 32 Storeys in New York was constructed and designed. The space condition, plumbing
and electrical systems, control and installation, building materials selection, construction
techniques, and material selection are all analyzed in the waste management of this prefabricated
structure. The 32 storey provides an important opportunity for market penetration, LEED
certification, economic opportunity, and environmental stewardship in this state. The
environmental control, optimal construction condition, and material handling during the process
of construction of this structure also contributed to attaining LEED credits (Smith, 2010).
It is difficult to identify specific criteria of LEED which favours the modular construction
since all the prefabricated project are different and the extent of modular construction and other
decisions may alter the level of certification. The 32 storeys in New York provides numerous
opportunities to improve the sustainability of the structure during the process of construction and
maintaining superior performance within the structure completed (Tatum, 2009). The table
below shows the differences in the waste usage, materials and the processes between the 32
storeys in New York and a typical traditional building:
Traditional Structure 32 storeys-New York
Waste Construction waste is reduced
from 10 to 15% in a factory
environment
Construction waste is substantially reduced to less
than 5% in a factory environment
Materials Easy assembly and
disassembly process since
mortar is used
 Easy assembly and disassembly process since the
components are joined by rivets, bolts, and
fasteners.
 No mortar is used
 The components of steel can easily be recycled
and also metal façades such as slates timber,
brick slips, zinc, and aluminium.
Energy
conservation
 Low energy conservation
 Low thermal performance
of these structures
 Insulation and acoustics benefits the structure by
conserving the energy
 High thermal performance and air-tightness due
to fabrics

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DISCUSSION
The decision to use modular construction should be made from the onset of the design
but there are few instances when traditionally designed projects are later changed to modular
building. The prefabrication process of the whole structure depends on the heart of the modular
structure so as structures with open spaces is not the best structure to use. Apart from the
customization of the finishing as demanded in the majority of house projects, maybe probable
and will produce very similar costs as traditional site constructed customization. The structural
systems of a high-rise structure is a mixture of its horizontal and vertical bearing structure which
provides stability, strength, and rigidity of the structure together (Okudan, 2010).
The major precedence in the construction and design of the high-rise structures is to make
sure that their rigidity, stability and strength by taking into considerations the impact of
important forces in the wind overpowering the uneven shortening of vertical constructions from
columns and walls concrete reinforcement under the impact of the load. In high-rise structures,
the materials such as concrete and steel are majorly used. The rigidity of the construction
skeleton assist in flexibility and sustaining the wind loads so as resist fluctuations is the seismic
activities. In the facades of the current skyscrapers, majorly polymers, aluminium, light curtain
panels of darkened and transparent glass, and steel profiles (Parker, 2013). The concrete system
is one of the most common construction materials to assist in increasing the strength of the
formwork at the site of construction.
Concrete is normally used as the major materials for the construction of structures such as
floor slab, columns, and beams. The precast construction is one of the most common methods of
prefabricated concrete construction. Precast construction is the process of casting the
components of concrete offsite in a plant and then transporting them to the construction site for

Modular Construction 9
the purposes of assembly. Concrete has good compression strength and there are numerous
instances when the concrete is reinforced so as to increase the tensile strength (Zhdanova, 2015).
The major shortcoming of the modular constructions is that these structures have limited
prefabricated houses since it may be difficult to for the combined modules to form bigger or
higher rooms especially when such design cannot be made by the current shapes and heights of
the modules. It is only cost-effective to make only the prefabricated walls. The ceiling and walls
of the modular structures have the fire resistance of only one hour compared to the brick houses
which have the fire resistance of 2 hours since both the brick and concrete are non-flammable
(Blengini, 2009).
The prefabrication of the whole room depends on the heart of the modular structure hence
a structure with open expanses is not the best structure to consider. The nature of the high-rise
structures is such that the modules are clustered around stabilizing or core system. The specific
features of the selected modular system have to be understood well by the design team during
early phases so that there is conformity of the detailed design to the limits of the specific system,
specifically the design’s structural integrity. The design of the high-rise structures is greatly
determined by the services, fire, and structural requirements (Vavilova, 2014).
Evaluation of T30 Hotel – China
The modular system is the most complete system of prefabrication in the construction
which has been built at a factory and then transported to the site of construction for assembly.
The modular system non only gives the entire exterior cover such as the roofs, floors, doors,
windows, and walls, but also is accompanied by fixtures such as toilets, interior finishes, and
mechanical systems. It is popular to see the whole finished modules for the residential structures
that have all the rooms like toilets, kitchen, living room, and bedroom joined to it, but the

Modular Construction 10
specific sections of the structure such as kitchen and toilet are available as modular. Normally,
the units are manufactured in a factory and then conveyed to the construction site where the
workers use huge cranes to lift up the units and then stag them in the required position (Pullen,
2011).
The modular construction is introduced to be a resource efficient and materials efficient
construction with fast construction, less material waste, re-usability, and less site disturbance.
The establishment of the modular structures can not only improve traditional construction
industry into industrialized and standardized manufacturing company, but also drive new
building materials in construction, new methods of construction, and new systems of building the
architecture which is important for the sustainable, escalation, and transformation development
of national economy. Since the bulk of the work is carried out in the factory, it is easier to
control the safety of the construction site. There will be a reduction in the working on the
outdoor overhead since the majority of the constructions end in the manufacturing companies
(Zhigulina, 2014).
The process includes the doors and windows installation which are also prefabricated
units. Modular contractors manufacture structures at the off-site location or in a factory. They
may also work as projects contractors, finishing the structure, site work, installation, and delivery
coordination, or modular contractor whose responsibilities are to installation, delivery, and
construction of specifically the modules and the general contractor whose is responsible for the
whole project (Shen, 2009). The fabrication of this structure, the concrete waste was reduced by
approximately 51% to 60% and the construction wastes from the use of timber framework were
reduced by approximately 74% to 87% by the use of steel formworks (Thurakit, 2014).

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Majority of the wastes in the projects of traditional construction are produced by the
process of concreting and the wet trades related, which constitute more than 80% of the wastes in
the construction site. The reworking of the concrete which needs work extension, removals, and
replacement of work previously completed may also result in wastage in the construction
wastage. Other techniques such as the design structure matrix technique and environmental
management system, have been put in place in this structure to assist designers in analyzing the
impact of precast techniques on the reduction of construction waste and the visualization of this
complex construction design process. The prefabrication of T30 Hotel has resulted in a structure
with reduced construction waste, numerous activities of waste handling such as disposal, recycle,
reuse, and waste sorting which are much more effective compared to the traditional structures
(Vavilova, 2014).
The modular structures also have a tendency of accumulation of heat compared to the
timber houses which are much lighter hence cool down quickly. There is a need for heating the
house during the day and then switching the heating installation at the night. The brick houses
have a higher lifespan compared to the modular structures. When constructing the modular
structures, there is a need for including the cost of land in the investment since it is difficult to
divide the land into slots during the construction. The modular structures are also characterized
by smaller rooms despite the homes being large since a piece of modular homes cannot be long
or big due to transportation problem (Yuan, 2013).
Evaluation of The 32 storeys - New York (prefab)
The construction process generally occurs indoors away from the advanced weather
conditions which may destroy the construction materials and enabling the workers to work in
comfortable conditions. In the modular construction, while the site work is occurring at the

Modular Construction 12
construction site, the modules are also being assembled in the factory at the same time or at some
instances the modules are assembled before the on-site construction process begins. This
promotes earlier occupancy of the structure and also a much shorter period of construction hence
minimizing the supervision cost, financing, and reducing the labour. In the traditional onsite
construction, there is engineering of modules and more coordination before the completing of
modules construction. There have also been some noticeable changes in the modular
manufacturing factories such as their evolution to accommodate the technique of fast-track
construction and modern methods of construction delivery (Smith, 2010).
The wastes of construction reduced substantially from approximately 10% to 10% in the
traditional structure sites to less than 5% in the environment of the factory. It has been
approximated that this type of structure can attain the highest level of reduction of waste
compared to both any other technique of modern construction such as pre-fabricated pods or
panelized structures and the traditional construction. Majority of the wastes in the projects of
traditional construction are produced by the process of concreting and the wet trades related,
which constitute more than 80% of the wastes in the construction site. The wastes from the
concreting process are generally from both spilt and surplus concrete, steel from cutting of
reinforced bars, and direct work. The reworking of the concrete which needs work extension,
removals, and replacement of work previously completed may also result in wastage in the
construction wastage (Vavilova, 2014).
With units of modular steel, the roof and wall frames were constructed by the use of track
and stud method of connection, whereby sections are combined together by the use of rivets,
bolts, and fasteners. Subsequently, at the termination of the lifecycle of the structure, the
components can easily be disassembled. The ceiling and floor joists have service conduits in the

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form of holes which permit the running of pipework and cables that can be removed easily. The
components of steel can be recycled and the metal façade materials such as slates, timber, brick
slips, zinc, and aluminium are also recyclable. Insulation and acoustic benefits of a modular
structure are huge as a result of the additional materials used in the erection (William, 2009).
Numerous manufacturers approximately that 10% to 25% extra structural materials are
utilized in a typical process of modular construction. The net construction materials used in the
modular structural is only slightly less compared to the total building materials in a conventional
onsite structure. The thermal performance and the air-tightness of the fabric of the structure are
much higher because of the tither tolerances of the joints that can be attained in the environment
of the factory which minimizes the requirement for the higher expenditure of utility. The
efficient application of materials with lightweight and the minimized waste denotes that the
embodied energy of the materials of construction is reduced significantly. The factory and site
safety is improved greatly and it is approximated that the accidents reported are minimized by
over 80% with respect to site intensive construction (Xiaodun, 2013).
Evaluation of Paragon – Bretford
After the architect has finalized the design of the modules, the plans of the construction
should be conveyed to the modules manufacturing factories where the greater percentage of the
structure is erected. Any other thing from mechanical systems and walls to carpet and painting
can be finished on the line of assembly. After the completion of modular structure
manufacturing, it is normally not feasible to ship modules extremely far as a result of road load
or size restrictions. Once the modules are ready, they are transported to the site of construction
and then assembled together. The installation of the modules involves interior finishes, exterior
finishes, and connections for MEP (Tatum, 2009).

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The steel bars can be used to reinforce the concrete so as to improve its tensile strength
by pouring the cement on the top of the tied bars at the site of construction. There have been
concerns regarding the transportation and weight when using precast concrete since it is heavier
compared to the steel and wood. The panel system is also one of the most popularly used
methods of prefabrication of construction in the country since about 43% of the structures in the
country use the light panel system. Panels are planer components used to construct structural
interior partition, enclosures, non-load bearing, load bearing, roofs, floors, and walls. Steel
panelization and wood panelization are the two names used in describing the light gauge metal
frames walls or framing of light woo produced in a factory (Zhdanova, 2015).
The final stage of construction involves the completion of exterior systems such as
roofing and cladding components as well as the internal surfaces such as elevator shafts,
stairwells, and lobbies. There are cases where the modules are sealed with waterproof materials
temporarily to sustain weather conditions during the process of transportation. The most
expensive section of the installation process involves the use of cranes accounts for daily cost as
well as the road closure details. Therefore, there is a need for planning carefully to prevent idling
of the crane. The decision to use the modular structures should be made from the onset of design.
There are some cases when the conventional site constructed designed plans are later being
changed to modular structures (Thurakit, 2014).
One of the noticeable signs of the modular construction is the sustainability compared to
the methods of traditional construction. The process of constructing modular structures can
prevent negative impacts to the environment on the sites of construction. After the structure has
served its purpose, the modular structure can be disassembled and then the modules be relocated
for new applications with less wastage of the materials since the majority of the materials will be

Modular Construction 15
recycled and protected from contaminating the environment. Another benefit of the modular
structures that cannot go unnoticed is their good quality since these structures are constructed
through standard production by the use of materials of high quality in the manufacturing
factories (Bilec, 2008).
These standard quality structures can avoid effects of severe conditions of weather and
inferior materials in the quality of construction as far as possible, while the quality stability and
quality of construction are guaranteed by the industrialization production means, modernized
inspection approaches, and standardized measures. The cost of construction of these modular
structures is also known to be affordable since the cost of modular structures can be regulated
through the fast construction process and not by minimizing the material quality utilized in the
construction process. The structures used in the modular construction also have efficient
manufacturing compared to the methods of traditional construction since the modular
construction methods can attain a faster rate of construction (Lawson, 2009).
This is because, with the current modular construction method, rafters, ceiling, floors,
and walls are all manufactured in the same factory at the same moment and then transported
together to the construction site to form a module. The modular construction process also ensures
a faster construction process since there is the simultaneous manufacturing of module and site
construction. This reduces the duration of construction greatly since the assembly process of the
modules is streamlined with the process of construction. The modular structures can attain
reduced carbon emission of 51% and energy saving which is more than 47% compared to the
traditional residential construction process (Generalova, 2013).

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SUMMARY
The results and discussion in the section review the outcomes of the modular structures
used in the construction of China (T30 Hotel), New York (32) Storeys, and London (Paragon)
according to the case studies in the methodology. Prefabrication has been considered broadly as
a method of sustainable construction regarding its effects on the protection of the environment.
One significant feature of this perception is the effect of prefabrication on the subsequent waste
handling activities and construction waste reduction, such as waste disposal, recycle, sorting, and
reuse. The major impacts of modern high-rise constructions are also identified as well as the
economic issues resulting from the construction of these high-rise structures, especially on the
residential function. Majority of the wastes in the projects of traditional construction are
produced by the process of concreting and the wet trades related, which constitute more than
80% of the wastes in the construction site.
The prefabricated steel members exist in numerous sections and sizes and it is the duty of the
project engineer to determine the sections and sizes of the steel members which are majorly
standard sizes from the manufactures of steel so as to accommodate any architectural design. The
modular construction is introduced to be a resource efficient and materials efficient construction
with fast construction, less material waste, re-usability, and less site disturbance. After the
structure has served its purpose, the modular structure can be disassembled and then the modules
be relocated for new applications with less wastage of the materials since the majority of the
materials will be recycled and protected from contaminating the environment (Maywalda, 2016).
There was numerous prefabrication performed in this structure during laying of foundation and
the prefabricated structure shows numerous benefits such as low generation of construction
waste, low maintenance costs, low construction cost, and magnitude 9-earthquake resistance.

Modular Construction 17
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