Impact of Vaping on Risk Perception of Psychological Stress

This study explores the impact of vaping on risk perception of psychological stress. It examines the knowledge and awareness of individuals towards vaping and its ill effects on health. The study also analyzes the influence of personality traits on vaping initiation and evaluates theories related to risk perception and people's behavior towards vaping. Additionally, it explores the various diseases that can be caused by smoking cigarettes or e-cigarettes.

Assessment

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION-..........................................................................................................................2
Research aim................................................................................................................................5
Research objectives.....................................................................................................................5
Research questions.......................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................12
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................................................16
RESULTS AND FINDINGS.........................................................................................................28
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION-...........................................................................30
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................33
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Research topic: Vaping, smoking and psychological stress.
INTRODUCTION-
In recent times, many youngsters and people are smoking cigarettes. This has led to rise in
disease and death of people who are smoking. It has become a trend for youngsters as there is
shift in their lifestyle. They do this in order to feel relax, stress free, etc. It has highly impacted
on their physical as well as mental health. Along with that, in order to remain stress free people,
do smoke. However, it has been found that smoking can cause fatal diseases such as pneumonia,
emphysema and lung cancer. Smoking causes 84% of deaths from lung cancer and 83% of
deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking cigarettes can be injurious to health
and various types of diseases can be faced by those who are engaged in doing regular smoking
(McEvoy and Spindel, 2017). So, in order to enhance the health outcome, it is suggested that one
should be involved in stop using these items. It is one of the major cause for cancer and also the
person who is been involved in smoking cigars on regular basis can also face other problem likes
psychological stress. This can reduce down health outcome of an individual and it can severely
affect the health and well-being of an individual. When someone smokes, the poisons from the
tar in the cigarettes enter the blood. These poisons in the blood then increase the risk of dying
from coronary heart disease. It also increases the rate of blood pressure and the heart rate also
starts increasing. It has also been analysed that person who are engaged in smoking their blood
circulatory level also reduces down (Heckman, Humphries and Veramendi, 2018). But in present
times there is change in need of people. Now they are focusing on vamping because they think
that there is less harm as it does not contain nicotine. Thus, there is increase in consumption of
vamping rather than smoking. However, impact on both on health is same as there is no
difference in it. E-cigarettes and E cigars are ways of doing vamping. It is having a negative
impact on their health. It has also been evaluated that vaping can also cause nausea, vomiting and
pain in abdominal. It can also become main reason for development of other problems like
respiratory and heart related (Dinardo & Rome, (2019).
Consumption of nicotine (through vaping) It has been analysed that there are so many
individuals who have been involved in vaping. Not many of the people realise that they are
consuming nicotine through E-cigars. They have been acting as nicotine delivering devices that
can affect an individual’s health. It has been analysed that through vaping an individual can
consume at least 15.4 mg nicotine. Nicotine can increase the signalling activity in brain when the
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people consume it. There are various health related problems that can be faced by individuals
through vaping. It has been analysed that because of vaping an individual can face problem
related to increase in blood pressure and narrowing down of blood vessels (Rouabhia, (2020).
Why people are switching from smoking to vaping? Most of the people now a day has
been shifting to vaping as they feel like that in E-cigars no tobacco is been added but they have
no idea or knowledge that they are consuming nicotine through it. They have been switching to
vape because of the great flavour and low cost of E-cigars and even these devices can be used by
them again and again through charging it (Miech et.al., (2019). These devices are also being said
to be safe to used. It can reduce down the potential of stroke and other heart related problems
that can be caused because of smoking normal cigars.
Change in people's health behaviour.
How people assess risk? Why people do certain behaviour even when they know the risk of
it?
When people start smoking it can become an addiction for them. It has been analysed that
when they vape it consists of Nicotine which is shaped similarly to a neurotransmitter called
acetylcholine (Tucker et.al., (2016). It can mimic it when they absorb nicotine into the body. It
realises happy hormones that can reduce down the psychological stress faced by individuals so it
is really hard to stop people from smoke when they have started. All individuals know about the
risk of smoking but some people take it casually and they can be involved in smoking in order to
look cool or also because of peer pressure.
Theories related to risk perception
Social action theory has many applications, but when it comes to risk, this theory states
that people take risks because of peer pressure or a general community. It has been analyzed that
most of the people are been involved in vaping or smoking because their friends or even peer are
doing that (Junqueira et.al., (2020). This is their perceived social behavior towards risk. There
are various negative consequences of theory as individual can be involved in doing high amount
of wrong doing by coming in pressure or it might look better in their community
People's behaviour to risk perception
It has also been analysed that the smokers are also vulnerable towards the risk of getting
COVID-19. People has a casual behaviour towards the risk. They find vaping cool and they feel
like it increases their public image. Most of the time people are been involved in smoking and
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vaping because of peer pressure or even because of the stress as through vaping happy hormones
are been released (Henry, Kanne and Kligerman, 2019). Also smoking and vaping are quiet
addictive. It can also cause various type of behavioural changes such as headache and
breathlessness. It increases the chances of narrowing down arteries and also clot can be formed.
It has also been analysed that smoking can also increase the heart related problem. In this the
individual can suffer from coronary heart disease and they can also suffer from other heart
related problems such as heart stroke (Nocella et.al., (2018). This can reduce down the quality of
life of individual and also because of this they can become more depressed. Other chemicals in
cigarette smoke damage the lining of the coronary arteries, leading to furring of the arteries. It
has also been analysed that there are various factors because of which individual starts smoking
and vaping. The one main reason is peer pressure, it has been analysed that children in early
childhood start smoking because of the peer pressure and also they thinking that smoking can
make them look cooler (Polosa et.al., (2017). They have no knowledge related to ill effects of
smoking so that’s why children get engaged in these types of activities. It has also been analysed
that smoking can also cause problems in lungs. It can be main reason for coughing and
wheezing. Individual can also face problem of asthma when they have been involved in smoking
on regular basis. This can also increase their psychological stress and there are chances that the
individual can also become depressed and anxious because of facing these types of problem. It
has also been analysed that one of the reason for smoking can also be stress. Mostly people who
are in stress are been involved in using cigarettes or e-cigarettes (Mendez & Warner, (2020).
They have no knowledge related to that individual quality of life decreases because of smoking.
It has also been analysed that smoking also doubles the risk of heart disease. Smokers also have
the chance of getting stomach and lung cancer. They can also get the life time problems related
to heart reducing down their quality of life (Harris, Zopey and Friedman, 2016).
This can increase psychological stress in an individual and makes them more vulnerable. So
it has been suggested by health care professionals that the person need not be involved in
smoking so that they can live a better and peaceful life. It has also been analysed that the person
who regularly smokes can also face other problem like COPD (Mendez & Warner, (2020). In
order to reduce down the effect of this disease, the patient needs to be engaged in stop smoking
by taking their time. Smoking and vaping also causes unattractive mouth and throat problem. In
this individual can suffer from bad breath and stained teeth. This can make an individual looks
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unattractive and also because of this they can face psychological stress. It has also been analysed
that smoking and vaping can affect individual’s quality of life and their health well-being can
also be reduced. It has also been analysed that smoking can also risk patient in developing cancer
in kidneys. They can also face further problem related to kidneys which can make the individual
more vulnerable and also their health outcome can be reduced when they have been involved in
smoking cigars (Glantz and Bareham, 2018). It has also been analysed that the pregnant women
also do not need to be engaged in smoking as this can cause problems to themselves and also to
the child. It has been analysed that because of this the child can grow disabled or can also face
many health related problems. It has also been analysed that person who are engaged in smoking
their blood circulatory level also reduces down. It increases the chances of narrowing down
arteries and also clot can be formed (Walley et.al., (2019). Present report will lay emphasis on
the methods that has been used for collecting the data related to subject matter. It will also lay
focus on discussion and findings related to topic.
Research aim
The aim of the present study was to understand the impact of messages about scientific
uncertainty regarding the health effects of vaping on risk perception related to psychological
stress.
Research objectives
 To analyse whether the individual have complete knowledge towards vaping and e-
cigarettes and their ill effects on health
 To analyse the impact of big five personality trait on E-cigars and vamping initiation.
 To evaluate the theories related to risk perception and people behaviour towards risk of
vaping
 To analyse the various diseases that can be caused while smoking cigarettes or E-
cigarettes.
Research questions
 Do you think that the individual has complete knowledge towards vaping and e-cigarettes
and their ill effects on health?
 What is the impact of big five personality trait on E-cigars and vaping initiation?
 What are the behavioural intentions of the individuals towards e-cigarettes?
 What are the various diseases that can be caused while smoking cigarettes or E-cigarettes?
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Research hypothesis
 Whether complete knowledge about cigarette and e cigarette affect smoking and vaping
 Does personality affect behaviour.
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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme 1: individual have complete knowledge towards vaping and e-cigarettes and their ill
effects on health
As per the view of Butt and et.al., (2019) has been analysed that there are so many
individuals who have been involved in vaping. Not many of the people realise that they are
consuming nicotine through E-cigars. They have been acting as nicotine delivering devices that
can affect an individual’s health. It has also been analysed that Mostly people who are in stress
are been involved in using cigarettes or e-cigarettes. It is also presumed that do not have
knowledge related to that individual quality of life decreases because of smoking. It has also
been analysed that smoking also doubles the risk of heart disease. Smokers also have the chance
of getting stomach and lung cancer. It has also been analysed that people do not have complete
knowledge towards ill effects of vaping and also they do not know that it produces nicotine. It
has also been analysed that some people are been involved in vaping because as E-cigars
produces happy hormones. It has also been evaluated that people also don’t know about the
disease that can because of smoking. Evidence has provided that they have no knowledge related
to ill effects of smoking so that’s why children gets engaged in these type of activities. It has also
been analysed that smoking can also cause problems in lungs. It has also been analysed that most
of the people start vaping because of great flavour and also these are available at low cost that
intends them to purchase it. It is being suggested that individuals need to possess complete
knowledge towards vaping so that they can stop making use of it. It has also been analysed that
people believe that low tar cigars such as E-cigars are less likely to provide harm. It has been
analysed that even E-cigars can cause number of problems such as narrowing down of blood
vessels. It can also become a reason for having heart stroke and their brain might start
functioning low (Carlos and et.al., 2019). So all these problems caused by E-cigars, the
individual who is smoking must need to have an idea about it.
This can assist them in reducing them use of E-cigars and they will be not being engaged in
vaping any more that will be quiet beneficial for their health. It has also been analysed that
vaping regularly can also increase the risk of getting respiratory disease and they can also face
problem like breathlessness and headache. This can reduce down their health outcome. The aim
of this study was to provide and analyse the impact of vaping on health aspects of an individual
including the risk perception. However, it has been analysed that individual possess really little
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knowledge towards the ill effects of vaping and E-cigars. It has also been evaluated that lack of
knowledge can be because of less advertising and also can be because of cultural and social
stigma. The use of tobacco can have negative impact on health of public and it can be major
reason for development of various diseases such as coronary heart disease. It has also been
evaluated that vaping can also cause nausea, vomiting and pain in abdominal. Teenagers and
young adults also start vaping mainly because of their friends or even there are chances that they
see their parents following the same patterns. It has been analysed that this has huge impact on
health aspects of individuals and also some of the people are also motivated by seeing these
activities on television and even on online games in which they are engaged in playing. They do
not have complete knowledge about vaping devices but they consider it as cool. It has also been
analysed that those who start vaping in younger age are tend to develop addiction towards it and
afterwards it is really hard for them to leave it. They become addictive as nicotine reaches out the
brain and reduce down unpleasant feeling which has been faced by an individual. It has also been
analysed that some people are been engaged in smoking because of the psychological stress, they
are facing in their lives. This can reduce down their health outcome and they can also face
various disease if they are continuously engaged in vaping.
Theme 2: analyse the impact of big five personality trait on E-cigars and vamping initiation.
In the opinion of Schauer and et.al., (2016) personality trait is been linked to smoking and
vaping. Author has analysed that there can be changes in personality which can be seen in people
who smokes or vapes. In comparison to non-smokers, the people who smoke are more likely to
be aggressive and become conscious over time. It has been analysed from the theory that
currently individual who smokes is higher on Neuroticism and lower on Agreeableness. People
who vapes tends to be moodier and they can also be engaged in doing illegal things. It has been
evaluated that people who are involved in having E-cigars or cigars or even consuming alcohol
can be engaged in doing substance abuse or any other type of illegal activity. This can reduce
down their health aspects. Personality traits are enduring disposition and major determinants of
behavior. It has also been analyzed that some people are been engaged in smoking and vaping
because they think that they look cool while doing it and this aspect look great on their behavior.
They have little knowledge towards ill effects of vaping and E-cigars. They are also being
influenced by celebrities and other famous personas who have been engaged in doing it. Program
based on vaping and smoking prevention are also based on understanding of psychological,
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social, biological, and pharmacological processes. They are being involved in reducing down the
process related to smoking initiation. Vaping initiation program is being related to needs of
individual and are making and implementing various strategies so that the individuals who are
been involved in doing it, stops using E-cigars. In order to follow this perspective, they are being
involved in analyzing individual difference variables, particularly relating to personality traits
which increasers the risk related to vaping E-cigars. In order to reduce down the use of E-cigars
it is really necessary to understand the personality and behavior of an individual. This may
improve interventions and also these programs are being involved in making better policies and
providing personalized treatments to those who have regularly been involved in vaping.
Research has also provided the details that there is less difference in personality of those who
smoke and those who not. It has also been evaluated and provided by author that people who
smoke and vape links it to their status symbol (Nocella et.al., (2018).
They think that it matches their personality aspects. Smokers are being rated low on
agreeableness and high on extra version aspects. They were also low on health related
consciousness and this has increased their risk of getting more vulnerable and ill. It can also have
huge negative impact on their health outcome. It has also been evaluated that it is being related to
high health risk behavior. Author has also provided the information that there has been a weak
relationship between being extraversion and vaping. These are the basically personality traits that
can be seen in people who are regularly engaged in vaping and smoking. It has also been
evaluated that people who smoke have low self-discipline and this is the main reason because of
which they have been involved in doing and following all these patterns that can increase risk
related to their health. Also, they are not having control on their behavior and to remain stress
free they do smoke. Furthermore, in the view of Tucker & et.al., (2016) it is found that there is
another model similar to it which can be applied in it. The DISC model can be used in it which is
divided into 4 personality type. They are dominance, influence, steadiness and compliance. In
dominance it relates to control, power and assertiveness, influence relates to social situation and
communication, steadiness relates to patience and persistence whereas compliance relates to
structure and organisation.
Theme 3: evaluate the theories related to risk perception and people behaviour towards risk of
vaping
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In accordance with Grant and et.al., (2019) individual or groups who are been involved in
vaping and smoking E-cigars has a risk of developing various health related problems. Vaping
can be a major reason for development several diseases such as lung cancer, coronary heart
disease and many more. Social action theory has many applications, but when it comes to risk,
this theory states that people take risks because of peer pressure or a general community. This
theory also lay emphasis on that psychological perception of an individual has an impact on
various decisions which is being taken by them. They can also be engaged in adopting high risk
behavior. Social motivation can shape an individual behavior and after this they tend to adopt
riskier behave. This can be even related to vaping and smoking. According to SAT the peoples
understanding about how others perceive them has a symbolic impact on the actions which are
been taken by them. In this they tend to adopt those behaviors which is being possess by their
society or even family or friends. They will smoke if they find out similar behavior done in their
family or even by their friends. This theory also provides that there are chances that individuals
have no knowledge towards ill effects of vaping. It has also been analyzed that smoking and
vaping has also increased mortality rate because so many people because of these habits are
suffering from various types of disease that has severely affected their health outcome (Abafalvi
and et.al., 2019). People who are engaged in smoking and vaping are also been involved in doing
various illegal activities and they can also become victim of abuse or can even engaged in doing
it. Risk perceptions are also being related to behavioral change.
Classic health behavior theories have laid emphasis on the life style patterns that has been
adopted by an individual or group. The patterns adopted can be risky. There are chances that
people adopt pattern of being engaged in regularly vaping E-cigars. It has been analyses that this
behavior can reduce their health outcome and they can also face various other types of diseases
because of this pattern (Singh and Lippmann, 2018). Most of the time people adopt these life
style changes because of peer pressure or even they can think that it makes their personality
looks better. According to this theory individual needs to take responsibility of their own health.
It has also been analyzed that sometimes they are also being influenced as E-cigars come in low
rate and can be affordable by everyone, also it contains good taste. So this can be reason of
buying it and these items also provide happy feeling when nicotine hits brain. Most of the
individuals do not possess knowledge related to ill effects of vaping. They are doing it without
having full information related to it.
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Psychometric paradigm focus on the roles of affect, emotion, and stigma in influencing
risk perception. People can be engaged in taking risk when they see that high risk is being totally
acceptable in society. They can also take decision to smoke or vape when people from their
society is been involved in doing it. It has also been analyzed that the individual can be engaged
in taking this decision out of psychological stress as E-cigars provide pleasant feelings and
distracts users mind from unpleasant things. All the decisions are being taken by individual out
of no knowledge related to ill effects of vaping. They have no information related to diseases that
can be caused because of vaping and E-cigars. It has also been analyzed that individuals can also
have casual behavior towards health related risk. They are highly been influenced by their
society and friends. This causal behavior can have negative impact on their health outcome and
they can also face several diseases because of it. It can reduce down individuals quality of living.
Theme 4: analyze the various diseases that can be caused while smoking cigarettes or E-
cigarettes.
As stated by Viswam et.al., (2018) smoking of cigars or even E-cigars is leading cause of death
in all over the world. Vaping can be considered as alternative mode of nicotine consumption.
The chemicals and toxins inside E-cigarettes can cause various health related problems.
Someone who is been involved in regular smoking. Evidence has provided that they have no
knowledge related to ill effects of smoking so that’s why children gets engaged in these type of
activities. It has also been analysed that smoking can also cause problems in lungs. It has also
been analysed that most of the people start vaping because of great flavour and also these are
available at low cost that intends them to purchase it. E-cigars may look like traditional cigars,
pens or even in the form of USB flash drives. These vaping devices can be operated through
batteries or can be charged. This is the main reason that more and more people are engaged in
buying these devices as they are of low cost and affordable and there is no need to purchase these
devices again. It has also been analysed that people who vape do not know about they have no
idea that E-cigars do not burn down tobacco. It has also been analysed that this can severely
affect the health aspects and also can reduce their quality of life and well-being. The e-cigarette
heats the liquid chemicals into a vapor or steam that a person inhales, which is why using these is
often called "vaping.". These devices have artificial flavor and nicotine fill inside it. It has also
been analyzed that various disease which can be caused because of vaping includes lung cancer
and heart disease. This is the main reason because of which mortality rate is also increasing.
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Chewing tobacco may cause white patches, called leukoplakia. This can be seen on gums of
people who are been involved in consuming tobacco. It has also been analyzed Prolonged use of
smokeless tobacco products contributes to serious health issues. Some smokeless tobacco
products contain 3 to 4 times more nicotine than cigarettes. And these products contain
substances that increase risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Vaping and consumption of
tobacco can also result into tooth decay. All these aspects can reduce health and wellbeing of
people and it has been analyzed that they have no idea related to it. It is being suggested that
individuals need to possess complete knowledge towards vaping so that they can stop making
use of it. It has also been analysed that people believe that low tar cigars such as E-cigars are less
likely to provide harm (Karabulut, (2016). It has been analysed that even E-cigars can cause
number of problems such as narrowing down of blood vessels. There are various potential risk
aspects that are being related to vaping, they can face lung, stomach, bladder and oesophageal
cancer. It can also become main reason for development of other problems like respiratory and
heart related. People also share their cigarettes with one another, it can also become a major
reason for transfer of infectious disease. This problem can occur specially when people are not
being involved in cleaning mouth pieces. Quality of life can be affected through this. It can also
be the reason that people may suffer from various type of diseases.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is important for scholar to define that what methods are being used in study. this s because
it provides a framework that how study is conducted. Research methodology can be considered
as the specific way through which scholar can select, process and analyse information. In this
chapter different methods selected by researchers will be discussed. It will allow scholars to
evaluate a study and also it will help researcher in knowing about the reliability of data collected.
Research type: There is basically two type of data collection method one is qualitative and other
one is quantitative. In qualitative method, it has been analysed that information will be collected
on theoretical basis. There is no use of numerical in this method. It has also been analysed that
this method of data collection is really easy to collect and also reliable and authentic data can be
collected with the help of this. In the research qualitative data analysis method is used which
consists of pictures, words and observations. It refers to process and procedures which are
utilised for data analysis to provide understanding interpretation and explanations (Oshio &
et.al., (2018). On the other quantitative analysis is used for quantification of data that allows
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generalisations of results obtained from the sample of population. It includes mean, median,
hypothesis testing and sample size
Qualitative data can be used by researchers to get valid answers for their research questions.
It can assist researchers in getting to end results (Murshed & Zhang, (2016). The other type or
method is quantitative. In this information is been collected on basis of numerical and facts. It
can be used to identify patterns and also to find out causal relationship between different
variables. This type of research consumes less time and also reliable data can be gathered by
making use of it. Researchers can get to end results by making use of this type of information
collection method.
Research design
Research design are mainly divided in two groups which are analytical and descriptive.
The descriptive research includes studies and surveys that aimed at identifying facts. Descriptive
research deals with description of state of affairs as they are at present and control over variable
is not there under descriptive research. Simple graphic analysis is being done in this type of
study (Fryer, Larson-Hall & Stewart, (2018). It is purely based on quantitative aspects of study.
This research designs make use of summarisation of the data based on quantitative analysis. On
the other in analytical research, researcher uses the facts and information that is already available
and makes analysis for critical evaluation of material. For the present research descriptive
statistical design has been used. These are used to describe the basic features of the data in a
study.
Research Approach
Research approach is concerned with relationship between research and theory about the
manner of approaching the research topic. It defines that how data is to be gathered. This enable
in doing study in smooth way. So, there are 3 types of research approach are used in the research
which are deductive inductive and abductive (Queirós, Faria & Almeida, (2017). The inductive
approach is aimed at developing new theory on the other deductive approach is focused at testing
of existing theory. Inductive method moves from the specific observations to a broader
generalisations and the deductive approach has other way around. However, abductive is used in
case when both above approaches are not suitable. this approach is not so commonly used in
doing study. In the present study deductive approach is used by the researcher to identify the
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effects of smoking and vaping over the health aspects of individuals. it will enable in analysing
theory of behaviour of individual and how it relates with smoking and health.
Research philosophy
It is first component of research as it provides a framework that how research will be
done. Basically, research philosophy refers to belief about manner in which data about
phenomenon should be analysed gathered and used. So, there are different philosophies available
in it that are pragmatism, positivism, realism, etc. it depends on scholar willingness that what
philosophy is to be applied. They all deal with nature and developing knowledge. Positivism
research philosophy has been used by the researcher in which social world could be understood
in objective way. In the philosophy researcher is objective analysts and on this basis
disassociates from the personal works and values independently (Stachl & et.al., (2017). On the
other, interpretivism philosophy interprets social world in subjective manner. It is focused over
assessing differences between the people as social actors. Pragmatism focus on research question
and use concept if it is relevant. It combines both positivism and interpretivism. Realism relies
on reality from human perception. It is based on assuming scientific approach in developing
knowledge. The philosophy is further divided into direct and critical. Thus, in current research,
interpretivism will be used. This is because it will enable in analysing social world of smokers.
Data collection
Data collection refers to collection of information from relevant sources for finding
information related to research area, testing hypothesis and evaluating outcomes. Primary and
secondary collection method is used for collecting the information for the research. In this
information can be collected from the sources like surveys, interviews, observations. Data
collected in this is raw in nature. Reliable and authentic information can be gathered in this type
of method. It has also been analysed that primary data collection method can be used for the
specific purpose. This is mainly being used when the sample size is small. It can assist researcher
in getting to end results. Secondary information relates to data which is already published and on
which research is already conducted secondary information sources are newspapers, books,
magazines, journals etc. In this type of data collection method, data can be collected from
already published. It consumes less time and also low cost is being associated with it. This type
of data is being collected for wider studies. It is also being gathered when sample size is large.
Researchers can get results related to research questions. Primary information includes gathering
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quantitative and qualitative data on which research is not conducted before. it includes
questionnaires, interviews etc. For the present research primary method has been used by
researcher. Thus, 3 questionnaire will be used for gathering data and info . (Fonseca-Pedrero &
et.al., (2018)
Sampling –
In order to gather data from participants it is necessary to identify and select respondents.
This is because it enables in selecting of right people to obtain precise and accurate data and info
from them. thus, sampling is process of dividing population on basis of certain factor and then
select sample from it. in these factors are age, gender, income, etc. so, through that filtration is
done and sample is identified. Basically, there are two techniques of sampling. One is probability
and another is non probability. In probability each one is having an equal chance of getting
selected. Also, there are several more methods in it such as cluster, strata, random, stratified, etc.
In cluster various cluster of population are developed and then sample is gathered from each one.
the random sampling is simple method is selecting of participants.
On other hand, in non probability sampling chances of selection of each participant is
unequal. In this as well there are various methods such as quota, convenience, judgement, etc.
the scholar select sample on basis of his or her choice. Generally, this method is not commonly
used in research. in present study random sampling method is used and student above age of 18
years is selected. They are either smoker, non smoker or ex smoker. So, here sample size is 100
participants (Harris, Zopey and Friedman, 2016).
Data analysis
This is significant component of study as overall research outcome and results are
dependent on it. if data is not analysed properly then it can lead to ineffective result. Data
analysis is process of interpreting and analysing data to obtain precise and accurate outcomes.
However, the scholar needs to interpret data in order to generate valid and precise results. along
with that, he or she needs to possess knowledge and info regarding various data analysis
techniques as well. this will enable in doing it in systematic way and generating outcomes. there
are two methods in it that are statistical and thematic. In statistical data is interpreted by doing
calculation and numerical way. for that SPSS is used in it. But in thematic graphs and charts are
used and on basis of themes analysis is done. the use of method in it depends on nature and type
of research as well. for current study, SPSS tool will be used to interpret data. In that different
15

test will be applied such as t test, regression, correlation, etc. in order to test hypothesis. This tool
is taken because it is quantitative study.
Ethics
It is necessary to follow some ethics during study. this is because it ensures that research
is done in proper and ethical way. While conducting research, there are some ethical
considerations which must be followed by the researcher. Various rules and regulations are
formed to conduct research in an ethical manner. Thus, researcher followed some rules. First of
all, the consent of people has been taken who are involved in research. Also, each individual
dignity was maintained and they were respected and treated in an equal manner. Alongside it,
data collected and results obtained have been protected and secured in database. They are not
shared with any other business or person. Moreover, while gathering data, people were allowed
to skip questions if they do not want to answer so that their views and opinions can be openly
taken cigars (Glantz and Bareham, 2018).
Validity
It means the extent to which right elements have been used by researcher is conducting
research and interpreting data. It is necessary to use right tools so that outcomes will not get
affected. Research validity is divided into two i.e. internal and external. Internal refers to how
findings are related with reality whereas, in external, results will be simulated in outside
environment. Here, research consideration has been kept by the researcher. This is an important
part of study. It has helped in looking for the extent to which research could be carried out in
most effective and efficient manner. Also, researcher has maintained the validity of findings by
ensuring that data has been collected from authentic sources. The data analysis tools were tested
and then used. It was useful in validating the data and obtaining outcomes.
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Correlations
howlikelyisyoutry
ecigratteinfuture
interestedinlearn
ingmoreaboutcig
rattesmoking
16

Pearson Correlation
howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfu
ture 1.000 .013
interestedinlearningmoreabo
utcigrattesmoking .013 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed)
howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfu
ture . .447
interestedinlearningmoreabo
utcigrattesmoking .447 .
N
howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfu
ture 100 100
interestedinlearningmoreabo
utcigrattesmoking 100 100
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F Change df1
1 .013a .000 -.010 1.31012 .000 .018 1
Model Summaryb
Model Change Statistics Durbin-Watson
df2 Sig. F Change
1 98a .895 1.594
a. Predictors: (Constant), interestedinlearningmoreaboutcigrattesmoking
b. Dependent Variable: howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfuture
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression .030 1 .030 .018 .895b
Residual 168.210 98 1.716
Total 168.240 99
17

a. Dependent Variable: howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfuture
b. Predictors: (Constant), interestedinlearningmoreaboutcigrattesmoking
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 3.685 .578 6.376 .000
interestedinlearningmoreabo
utcigrattesmoking .042 .316 .013 .133 .895
a. Dependent Variable: howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfuture
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 3.7273 3.7692 3.7600 .01747 100
Residual -2.76923 1.27273 .00000 1.30349 100
Std. Predicted Value -1.873 .528 .000 1.000 100
Std. Residual -2.114 .971 .000 .995 100
a. Dependent Variable: howlikelyisyoutryecigratteinfuture
Interpretation- from above analysis it is stated that significance value obtained is P= .895
which is more than P= 0.05. thus, it is stated that there is association between knowledge about e
cigarette and the intention to stop smoking. It means when people gain knowledge about it then
they are able to stop smoking. It provides them info about harmful effect of smoking and how it
can affect on their health. However, if they get more knowledge then it changes their behavior
and intention towards smoking. So, in future as well they will stop smoking by gaining
knowledge about e cigarettes. The knowledge directly impacts on behavior of participants.
Hypothesis- there is association between knowledge about e cigarette or vape and currently use
of e cigarette or vaping
18

Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
currenltyuseecigraateorvape 1.6800 .46883 100
knowledgeaboutecigreaatebe
forestarted 2.4300 1.07548 100
Correlations
currenltyuseecig
raateorvape
knowledgeabout
ecigreaatebefore
started
Pearson Correlation
currenltyuseecigraateorvape 1.000 .035
knowledgeaboutecigreaatebe
forestarted .035 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed)
currenltyuseecigraateorvape . .364
knowledgeaboutecigreaatebe
forestarted .364 .
N
currenltyuseecigraateorvape 100 100
knowledgeaboutecigreaatebe
forestarted 100 100
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F Change df1
1 .035a .001 -.009 .47092 .001 .122 1
Model Summaryb
Model Change Statistics Durbin-Watson
df2 Sig. F Change
1 98a .728 1.670
a. Predictors: (Constant), knowledgeaboutecigreaatebeforestarted
b. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
19

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression .027 1 .027 .122 .728b
Residual 21.733 98 .222
Total 21.760 99
a. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
b. Predictors: (Constant), knowledgeaboutecigreaatebeforestarted
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 1.643 .117 14.058 .000
knowledgeaboutecigreaateb
eforestarted .015 .044 .035 .349 .728
a. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 1.6580 1.7041 1.6800 .01653 100
Residual -.70413 .34198 .00000 .46853 100
Std. Predicted Value -1.330 1.460 .000 1.000 100
Std. Residual -1.495 .726 .000 .995 100
a. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
Interpretation- from above table it is found that the significance value obtained is P= .728
which is more than P= 0.05. so, here it is said that there is association between knowledge about
e cigarette and vaping before they started and currently people are using e cigarette and vaping.
This means that people is already having knowledge about what vaping is before they are
20

engaged into it. then also they are doing it. hence, this reflect their behaviour that most people
are aware about it and is also having knowledge of it as well. they possess good knowledge of e
cigarette and vaping. They know about its harmful effects on health and how it can also lead to
death. So, it reflects that people behaviour and psychology is not impacted even when they are
having knowledge about vaping. Thus, media ads and other things do not influence their
behaviour.
Hypothesis- there is association between first learn about e cigarette or vape and currently use
of e cigarette or vaping
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
currenltyuseecigraateorvape 1.6800 .46883 100
learnaboutecigratteorvape 4.0500 2.16667 100
Correlations
currenltyuseecig
raateorvape
learnaboutecigra
tteorvape
Pearson Correlation currenltyuseecigraateorvape 1.000 -.004
learnaboutecigratteorvape -.004 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed) currenltyuseecigraateorvape . .484
learnaboutecigratteorvape .484 .
N currenltyuseecigraateorvape 100 100
learnaboutecigratteorvape 100 100
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F Change df1
21

1 .004a .000 -.010 .47121 .000 .002 1
Model Summaryb
Model Change Statistics Durbin-Watson
df2 Sig. F Change
1 98a .969 1.653
a. Predictors: (Constant), learnaboutecigratteorvape
b. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression .000 1 .000 .002 .969b
Residual 21.760 98 .222
Total 21.760 99
a. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
b. Predictors: (Constant), learnaboutecigratteorvape
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 1.683 .100 16.787 .000
learnaboutecigratteorvape -.001 .022 -.004 -.039 .969
a. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 1.6783 1.6826 1.6800 .00186 100
Residual -.68263 .32168 .00000 .46882 100
22

Std. Predicted Value -.900 1.408 .000 1.000 100
Std. Residual -1.449 .683 .000 .995 100
a. Dependent Variable: currenltyuseecigraateorvape
Interpretation- by interpreting the above data and info it is stated that significance value is
P= .969 which is more than P= 0.05. it means that there is association between learn about e
cigarette ad vaping and currently people using e cigarette and vaping. Here, people have learned
from various sources such as media, friends, other, etc. of vaping and is having knowledge about
it. Even then they are using e cigarette. Thus, it shows negative behaviour of people that even
after they have learned about vaping it has not changed their behaviour. So, it reflects that people
behaviour and psychology is not impacted even when they are having knowledge about vaping.
Thus, media ads and other things do not influence their behaviour.
Hypothesis- there is association between research about e cigarette or vape and stop using use
of e cigarette or vaping
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopus
ingecigarettesorvaping 4.2400 1.78161 100
didyouresearchaboutvapingo
recigarette 1.8200 .71605 100
Correlations
Howlikelyisitthat
youwillstopusing
ecigarettesorvap
ing
didyouresearcha
boutvapingoreci
garette
Pearson Correlation
Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopus
ingecigarettesorvaping 1.000 .185
didyouresearchaboutvapingo
recigarette .185 1.000
23

Sig. (1-tailed)
Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopus
ingecigarettesorvaping . .033
didyouresearchaboutvapingo
recigarette .033 .
N
Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopus
ingecigarettesorvaping 100 100
didyouresearchaboutvapingo
recigarette 100 100
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
R Square
Change
F Change df1
1 .185a .034 .024 1.75989 .034 3.459 1
Model Summaryb
Model Change Statistics Durbin-Watson
df2 Sig. F Change
1 98a .066 1.887
a. Predictors: (Constant), didyouresearchaboutvapingorecigarette
b. Dependent Variable: Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopusingecigarettesorvaping
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 10.714 1 10.714 3.459 .066b
Residual 303.526 98 3.097
Total 314.240 99
a. Dependent Variable: Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopusingecigarettesorvaping
b. Predictors: (Constant), didyouresearchaboutvapingorecigarette
Coefficientsa
24

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 3.404 .483 7.050 .000
didyouresearchaboutvapingo
recigarette .459 .247 .185 1.860 .066
a. Dependent Variable: Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopusingecigarettesorvaping
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 3.8633 4.7821 4.2400 .32897 100
Residual -3.32270 3.13672 .00000 1.75098 100
Std. Predicted Value -1.145 1.648 .000 1.000 100
Std. Residual -1.888 1.782 .000 .995 100
a. Dependent Variable: Howlikelyisitthatyouwillstopusingecigarettesorvaping
Interpretation- It is interpreted that significance value generated is P= .066 which is less than
P= 0.05. it means that there is no association between research about vaping and e cigarette
before purchasing and stop using vaping or e cigarette. It means that doing research about vaping
before purchasing does not influence on behaviour of people to stop it. so, people does not know
about what it means and is not having intention to stop it. this shows psychology of people that
they did not do any research for it and is not having intention to stop as well.
One way anova
Descriptives
WheneverIhaveaproblemIalwayswanttogetadvicefromotherpeople
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1.00 19 1.7368 .99119 .22739 1.2591 2.2146 1.00
2.00 28 2.3929 .95604 .18068 2.0221 2.7636 1.00
3.00 17 3.1176 .99262 .24075 2.6073 3.6280 2.00
25

4.00 28 2.7500 1.14261 .21593 2.3069 3.1931 1.00
5.00 8 3.5000 1.51186 .53452 2.2361 4.7639 1.00
Total 100 2.5800 1.17362 .11736 2.3471 2.8129 1.00
Descriptives
WheneverIhaveaproblemIalwayswanttogetadvicefromotherpeople
Maximum
1.00 4.00
2.00 5.00
3.00 5.00
4.00 5.00
5.00 5.00
Total 5.00
ANOVA
WheneverIhaveaproblemIalwayswanttogetadvicefromotherpeople
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 26.983 4 6.746 5.859 .000
Within Groups 109.377 95 1.151
Total 136.360 99
Interpretation – from above table it is identified that significant difference between groups is
denoted by value of P= .000 which is less than P= 0.05. there is no difference in groups of
people who take advice whenever they are in problem. Also, it is analysed that when people have
concern they discuss it with other people. hence, both personality trait of people does not differ
from one another.
Descriptives
Iamnotveryactiveascomparedtotherpeople
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1.00 21 3.1429 1.76878 .38598 2.3377 3.9480 1.00
2.00 52 3.5577 1.17846 .16342 3.2296 3.8858 1.00
26

3.00 15 2.8667 1.18723 .30654 2.2092 3.5241 1.00
4.00 10 3.0000 .81650 .25820 2.4159 3.5841 2.00
5.00 2 5.0000 .00000 .00000 5.0000 5.0000 5.00
Total 100 3.3400 1.31978 .13198 3.0781 3.6019 1.00
Descriptives
Iamnotveryactiveascomparedtotherpeople
Maximum
1.00 5.00
2.00 5.00
3.00 5.00
4.00 4.00
5.00 5.00
Total 5.00
ANOVA
Iamnotveryactiveascomparedtotherpeople
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 13.308 4 3.327 1.986 .103
Within Groups 159.132 95 1.675
Total 172.440 99
Interpretation- by analysing the table it is found that significant value obtained is P= .103
which is more than P= 0.05. so, it shows that there is no difference in people who are not active
as compared and they are not active when talking. This means that people are not active in both
cases. Thus, it shows behaviour and personality of individual as they are not active so they start
using e cigarette and vaping. They think that it will make them remain active as compared to
others.
Thus, it is stated that smoking e cigarette and vaping is related to their psychology. It
reflects their behaviour and personality. Many people easily get influence with others. But not in
context of watching ads or getting knowledge. In this their behaviour is not influenced. There is
also relation of big five personality traits on smoking intention (Muacevic et.al., (2020). It means
27

when people know about use of e cigarette and vaping then also there is not change in their
behaviour. The traits shows that most people who use vaping are in stress and thinks that they are
not active. In addition to it, they are not comfortable to open in front of others and are usually
introvert. Hence, they take advice from others and in order to get comfortable they smoke.
However, it is found that personality affect behaviour as well. it differs in different person.
however, when a person is more specific then trait will be limited. It means that he will rely on
self esteem and usefulness. Besides that, the behaviour will be limited. On contrary if person is
more extreme then trait will be particular. This can be categorised as introvert and extrovert.
Therefore, introvert people more use smoke or vaping. Their behaviour is influenced as they are
not open, agreeableness, etc. Mostly people who are in stress are been involved in using
cigarettes or e-cigarettes. They have no knowledge related to that individual quality of life
decreases because of smoking.
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
It can be evaluated from above results obtained that many people do smoking and vaping in
order to relief stress. The personality traits of those people reflect that they remain highly in
stress and they get advice from others. So, other give advice to them to smoke and vaping in
order to reduce stress. It can be observed from data as well that many people gained knowledge
about e cigarette and vaping from friends and family. Thus, it has influenced their behaviour and
they are engaged in it. besides that, it is found that people have gained knowledge through
friends before they started vaping. In addition, it can be stated that personality of individual
shows when they are having any concern they discuss with other people. It lead to allowing them
to gain knowledge e cigarette (Karabulut, (2016). From the data analysis it is found that
significance value obtained is P= .895 which is more than P= 0.05. thus, it is stated that there is
association between knowledge about e cigarette and the intention to stop smoking. It means
when people gain knowledge about it then they are able to stop smoking. It provides them info
about harmful effect of smoking and how it can effect on their health. Moreover, behavior and
psychology is highly related to smoking. Any change in behavior affect on smoking of
individuals. Even when they know about it and its harmful effects. Thus, there is change in their
intention as they try to stop smoking.
Apart from that, it is evaluated that the significance value obtained is P= .728 which is more
than P= 0.05. so, here it is said that there is association between knowledge about e cigarette and
28

vaping before they started and currently people are using e cigarette and vaping. This means that
people is already having knowledge about what vaping is before they are engaged into it. hence,
it depicts their behaviour of intentionally smoking of cigarette and vaping. Here, personality trait
of individual shows that they remain in stress and due to anxiety, they start doing smoking. It has
led to change in their way of dealing with stress. People want to reduce their stress so even when
not knowing of vaping and e cigarette they started using it. therefore, it shows that people rely on
advice given by other and are also easily influenced by them. similarly, it has been analysed that
significance value is P= .969 which is more than P= 0.05 (Pepper et.al., (2019). it means that
there is association between learn about e cigarette ad vaping and currently people using e
cigarette and vaping. Here, people have learned from various sources such as media, friends,
other, etc. of vaping and is having knowledge about it. here, it is found that people get to know
about e cigarette and vaping from media, friends, etc. so, they are having knowledge about it.
and then they are using it. it can be observed that there is no influence on their behaviour even
when they all know about it. this means that there is high association between knowledge and
smoking e cigarette.
Along with that, it has been analysed that significance value generated is P= .066 which is
less than P= 0.05. it means that there is no association between research about vaping and e
cigarette before purchasing and stop using vaping or e cigarette. It means that doing research
about vaping before purchasing does not influence on behaviour of people to use it. even if they
know about what e cigarette and vaping is then also they would smoke. It highly reflects their
psychology regarding it that how people use them even it is not aware about what can be harmful
effects. There is no intention to quit or stop it when they are having knowledge about it. It has
also been analysed that mostly people who are in stress are been involved in using cigarettes or
e-cigarettes (Oshio & et.al., (2018). It is also presumed that do not have knowledge related to
that individual quality of life decreases because of smoking. It has also been analysed that
smoking also doubles the risk of heart disease. Smokers also have the chance of getting stomach
and lung cancer. It has also been analysed that people do not have complete knowledge towards
ill effects of vaping and also they do not know that it produces nicotine
The personality behaviour of people shows that most of them are inactive and seek advice
from others. Also, when they face concern advice is taken. this influence their behaviour to
consume to or smoke. These people easily get influence due to other behaviour. They are not
29

having any opinion of their own. personality trait is been linked to smoking and vaping. Author
has analysed that there can be changes in personality which can be seen in people who smokes or
vapes. In comparison to non-smokers, the people who smoke are more likely to be aggressive
and become conscious over time. It has been analysed from the theory that currently individual
who smokes is higher on Neuroticism and lower on Agreeableness. They have little knowledge
towards ill effects of vaping and E-cigars. They are also being influenced by celebrities and other
famous persons who have been engaged in doing it. It is analysed that personality affect
behavior. Here 5 personality traits reflect on smoking intention and to stop it as well. when they
were provided with factual knowledge they do not rely on it and there is no intention of them to
quit smoking. Therefore, in this case personality does not affect behavior (Stachl & et.al., (2017).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the above study it has been summarised that smoking and vaping is really injurious to
health. It has also been analysed that these habits have caused so many diseases which has
reduced health outcome and wellbeing of people. Most of the time people adopt these life style
changes because of peer pressure or even they can think that it makes their personality looks
better. They have been influenced either by their friends or even family members. It has also
been evaluated that vaping can cause diseases like lung, stomach and mouth cancer. It has also
caused various other issues like problem in breathing (Viswam et.al., (2018). People can be
engaged in taking risk when they see that high risk is being totally acceptable in society. They
can also take decision to smoke or vape when people from their society who are already involved
in doing this. It has also been analyzed that teenagers and other people do not possess knowledge
related to same. They do this because it look cool and also because of peer pressure. It has been
evaluated from report E-cigarettes are really affordable in price and comes with variety of flavor
so most of the people buy them. They also have no idea related to ill effects of products. They
have no knowledge that E-cigars have tobacco inside it. This has affected severely on their health
aspects and also their quality and wellbeing is affected by it. It has also been evaluated and
provided by author that people who smoke and vape links it to their status symbol. They think
that it matches their personality aspects. Smokers are being rated low on agreeableness and high
on extra version aspects. Smoking and vaping has connection with individual’s personality. It is
one of the major cause for cancer and also the person who is been involved in smoking cigars on
regular basis can also face other problem likes psychological stress. It has also been analysed
30

from report that people engaged in smoking has also linked it with stress. They have said that
they vape because they are going through problems. Smoking and vaping can be addictive and it
can become really hard to get rid of it. Smoking withdrawal can also cause various other
problems such as anxiety, and aggressiveness (Pepper et.al., (2019). People has found really hard
to quit vaping. It has also been analysed that vaping has also cause problems in gums, individual
who regularly vapes can go through severe problems in their gums. It can be main reason for
coughing and wheezing. Individual can also face problem of asthma when they have been
involved in smoking on regular basis. This has become the reason that so many individuals are
going through psychological status and also their strength to perform certain daily tasks has been
reduced down. So many people have died because of vaping and even smoking. These habits
have destroyed so many families. These are also addictive and it has caused so many severe
diseases.
RECOMMENDATION
From the above study it is being suggested that individual or group must not be engaged in
doing either of activities that is smoking and vaping. This is being suggested as by being
involved in these type of actions, individuals can face various diseases like lung and stomach
cancer. It has also been recommended that in order to withdraw all these bad habits, individuals
or group can join rehab centres who can assist them in quitting all such habits. There behaviour
and cognitive thinking can be changed because of joining rehab centred. Individuals will feel a
change in their personality through this. It has also been suggested that in order to quit vaping,
people can also take assistance from their friends and family members. It is also being
recommended that people who are addicted to vaping can be involved in taking nicotine
replacement therapy. This can assist them in reducing down the urge and craving of vaping and
smoking. These suggestions can help in enhancing health outcome of individuals who are
suffering from any type of disease because of vaping. It is also being suggested that persons or
groups needs to be involved in distracting their minds to better activities so they will not feel like
vaping. This will also assist them in enhancing their wellbeing and quality of life and they will
not face any type of disease related to vaping in future. It is really beneficial for them to quit
vaping and even smoking.
Alongside, there are some other recommendations as well which can be taken into
consideration. They are defined as below
31

The people who do smoke and vaping must be educated and made aware harmful effects of it.
this will be highly helpful for them to quit smoking. Besides that, through education it will
enable in understanding their behaviour.
Another is that more advertisement in media and on social sites needs to be published regarding
harmful impact of smoking and vaping. It will lead to creating awareness within people so that
they are able to quit smoking. In addition, if more awareness is generated then it will be easy to
divert people mind and quit smoking.
Furthermore, cognitive therapy can be given to people who do smoke and vaping. It will enable
in understanding their behaviour and finding out what issues and problems is being faced.
Therefore, with help of therapy it will be easy to make them quit smoking.
In order to understand the personality behaviour big 5 traits can be used in it. this will make
things easy to analyse how personality affect behaviour and then on basis of it person behaviour
is evaluated and changed.
The DISC model can be used in it which is divided into 4 personality type. They are dominance,
influence, steadiness and compliance. In dominance it relates to control, power and assertiveness,
influence relates to social situation and communication, steadiness relates to patience and
persistence whereas compliance relates to structure and organisation.
32

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