Impact of Immigration on Australia

This assignment examines the multifaceted effects of immigration on Australia. It delves into economic impacts, demographic changes, and social consequences, drawing upon statistical data from sources like the Australian Bureau of Statistics and scholarly works by researchers such as Addison and Junakar. The analysis incorporates diverse perspectives, including policy recommendations and public opinion trends presented in articles from The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald.

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Abstract
The report assessed the net overseas movement in Australia and its effects regarding the
universal interest principle. Australia's population growth rate though fluctuating annually
have is considerably high compared to other nations belonging to the OECD. This high rate is
majorly due to the enormous influx of immigrants flowing into the country. This number hit
its peak in 2008 with the temporary immigrants increasing massively. Afterwards, there were
legislations to try control it. The significant shift which has occurred ever seen is the growth
in the immigrants from Asia to surpass those originating from the United Kingdom with the
government more focused on allowing in more immigrants who come to Australia for the
sake of pursuing career and education.
Even though a growing population results in a colossal GDP, the effects of the fast-growing
Australian society is becoming more of a problem than the arising benefits. The infrastructure
development in the country is currently not at per with the increase in population. Also, there
is growing stress in the housing sector. As much as this means more profit for the banking
sector, it adds little gain to the lower income population who are spending more to access the
services.
The conclusion is that a faster growth will lead to environmental pollution, a burden to the
community regarding taking care of the elderly, faster depletion of the natural resources and a
general increase in poverty level. The government, therefore, need to change its objectives I
regard to the population growth and put more measures to regulate those entering the country

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................................1
Contents......................................................................................................................................2
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Current Net Overseas Migration................................................................................................3
Discussion................................................................................................................................10
NOM and the Catholic Social Teaching (CST) principle "The Common Good."...................11
Conclusion and recommendations...........................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................13

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Introduction
Net overseas migration (NOM) is the net gain or loss regarding the population via the
processes of emigration and immigration. The net profit or loss is assessed on a global travel
duration of a star in or out of the nation for a one-year period and above. In the current
method of gauging the final net overseas migration in Australia, it is based on travelers’
actual stay duration or absence using 12/16-month principle. Originally the NOM estimation
is done through modeling on passengers' behaviors’ pattern seen in the final NOM estimates
over the same period one year ago. The NOM is essential to evaluate as it has economic and
social consequences to the citizens of the country (Burnley, 2001). For this purpose, our
report will focus on the trend in net overseas migration and how it has influenced the Catholic
social teaching of the "the common good."
Australia is ranked as one of the top countries where immigration is highest around the globe
joined in the list by Canada, USA, and New Zealand. From 1945 when the first federal
immigration portfolio was developed more than 7.5 million individuals have migrated and
settled in Australia. In June 2015, the Australis residents' born overseas was valued to be
28.2% of the entire population a number which is considerably higher compared to other
nations under OECD (Simon-Davies, 2017).
In the past, people from the United Kingdom formed the major block of individuals who are
moving permanently into Australia this trend changed in the year 2010-2011 when the
Chinese surpassed the UK for the first time in Australian history. From then onwards it has
been China and India who provide the highest number of immigrants. Even though New
Zealand citizens do feature highly in the settler arrivals value, they are omitted from the
Australia migration program unless they apply for and are given a permanent visa (O'Farrell,
2001).

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
The Australian migration program planning numbers have differed based on the priorities,
economic and political objectives of the government in power. Despite this, it is essential to
take in to account the fact that the government immigration policy focus has shifted
significantly since 1945 when attracting general migrants mainly from the UK was the
priority. The center is now on attracting economic and temporary migrants. This pattern has
seen more skilled migrants get into Australia.
The last ten years have seen the annual population growth of the country rise to hit its peak in
the year 2008. The rate of 2.2% recorded was the highest which has ever been reached in the
state. The subsequent years saw the area dropping to 1.8% in 2009, 1.45 in 2010 only to rise a
bit to 1.8% in 2012. As at the end of 2015 it stood at 1.4% (Australian Bureau of Statistics,
2012).
Current Net Overseas Migration
In the year 2009 Australia's population increased by 2 % of this, the NOM contributed 64%
with natural growth being the other 36%. This is an indication that when analyzing the
growth of Australia's population then NOM will be one of the crucial factors to monitor.
The table below gives details of the Australia's NOM from 2004-2014
Table 1: Australia's NOM 2004-2014 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017)
Migratio
n Type
NOM
Region Australia
Frequenc
y
Annual
Time 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Type of

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Visa
Total 1388
00
1571
80
1974
90
2440
30
3156
90
2469
00
1720
40
2056
80
2374
40
2061
50 178760
Temporar
y visa -
Total
9096
0
8557
0
1153
40
1639
20
2038
10
1481
90
8637
0
1019
50
1240
60
1231
60 128780
Temporar
y visa -
Vocationa
l
Education
and
Training
sector 5360 5240
1037
0
2179
0
3559
0
4126
0 1690 240 1150 1300 1670
Temporar
y visa -
Higher
education
sector
2201
0
2668
0
3209
0
4923
0
6358
0
4119
0
1926
0
1099
0
1871
0
3980
0 61350
Temporar
y visa -
3023
0
1059
0
1637
0
2190
0
2177
0
1964
0
1448
0
1292
0
1301
0
1495
0
15030

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Student
other
Temporar
y visa -
Temporar
y work
skilled
(subclass
457) 9530
1342
0
2294
0
2938
0
3767
0
1585
0
1713
0
2956
0
3293
0
1695
0 9080
Temporar
y visa -
Visitor
1944
0
2164
0
2213
0
2721
0
2835
0
2002
0
2535
0
2672
0
3281
0
3155
0 35160
Temporar
y visa -
Working
Holiday 8920
1173
0
1594
0
1908
0
2311
0
2066
0
2115
0
3562
0
3902
0
3530
0 23730
Temporar
y visa -
Other
temporary
visas -4530 -3720 -4500 -4680 -6250
-
1042
0
-
1269
0
-
1410
0
-
1357
0
-
1668
0 -17240

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Permanen
t visa -
Total
6133
0
7021
0
7657
0
7782
0
8590
0
7682
0
6353
0
6469
0
6686
0
7571
0 69270
Permanen
t visa -
Family
2458
0
2590
0
2692
0
2791
0
3005
0
3088
0
2794
0
2845
0
2886
0
3193
0 26190
Permanen
t visa -
Skill
2750
0
3285
0
3828
0
4029
0
4649
0
3479
0
2848
0
2819
0
3280
0
3098
0 32280
Permanen
t visa -
Special
Eligibility
and
humanitar
ian
1144
0
1261
0
1238
0
1063
0 9880
1195
0 8380 9170 5980
1316
0 11540
Permanen
t visa -
Other
permanent
-2180 -1140 -1010 -1000 -510 -800 -1260 -1110 -780 -360 -730

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
visas
New
Zealand
Citizen
(subclass
444)
1803
0
2187
0
2514
0
3202
0
3803
0
2037
0
2717
0
4328
0
4184
0
2217
0 7040
Australian
Citizen
-
3042
0
-
1770
0
-
1579
0
-
2496
0
-
1033
0 -200 -8650 -8500 -6250
-
1317
0 -22530
Other
Visas -1090 -2750 -3770 -4750 -1720 1720 3630 4260
1094
0 -1710 -3780
Table 2: Measures of central tendency and variation
Time median Range SD mean
Type of Visa
Total 205680 176890 #####
Temporary visa -
Total 123160 118240 #####
Temporary visa -
Vocational Education
and Training sector 5240 41020 11424
Temporary visa -
Higher education sector 32090 52590 34990
Temporary visa - 15030 19640 17354

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Student other
Temporary visa -
Temporary work
skilled (subclass 457) 17130 28590 21313
Temporary visa -
Visitor 26720 15720 26398
Temporary visa -
Working Holiday 21150 30100 23115
Temporary visa -
Other temporary visas -10420 13520 -9853
Permanent visa - Total 70210 24570 71701
Permanent visa -
Family 27940 7350 28146
Permanent visa -
Skill 32800 18990 33903
Permanent visa -
Special Eligibility and
humanitarian 11440 7180 10647
Permanent visa -
Other permanent visas -1000 1820 -989
New Zealand Citizen
(subclass 444) 25140 36240 26996
Australian Citizen -13170 30220 #####
Other Visas -1710 15690 89.09

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
The net overseas migration has risen steadily from the year 2004 to reach a peak in 2008.
Afterwards, there has been a fall in the NOM going towards the year 2010. The general trend
shows that the Nom is a fluctuating value over time as shown in figure 1 and 2
Figure 1
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Line Graph of NOM
Figure 2
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
A Bar graph of NOM
Figure 3

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
The increase and decrease in the value of NOM have been contributed mainly by the
temporary migration. This is illustrated in figure 3 below. It shows that there is a massive
fluctuation in the temporary movement with many visas being issued in the year 2008 which
was followed by a drastic reduction in the number as we approach 2010.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Trend in temporary visa
Even though the value of permanent migration is continuously changing, figure 4 shows that
it's less flexible compared to temporary migration. This value was also highest in 2008, but it
cannot match the value which was attained by the temporary visas. Those more who migrate
permanently in to and out of Australia tend to show a less figure which a bit is fixed.
Figure 4

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
Trend in permanent visa total
The NOM figure is majorly composed of the temporary visas as proven by figure 4 and 5
Figure 5
52%
30%
11%
6%0%
Components of NOM
Temporary visa - Total
Permanent visa - Total
New Zealand Citizen
(subclass 444)
Australian Citizen
Other Visas
Majority of those migrating temporary are those who come to Australia to pursue higher
education. This is shown in the figure below.
Figure 6

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
8%
24%
12%
15%
18%
16%
7%
Components of temporary visa
Temporary visa -
Vocational Education and
Training sector
Temporary visa - Higher
education sector
Temporary visa - Student
other Temporary visa -
Temporary work skilled
(subclass 457)
Temporary visa - Visitor Temporary visa - Working
Holiday
Temporary visa - Other
temporary visas
Out of the permanent migration in to and out of Australia, the majority are those getting in
the country to pursue career opportunities that are to say immigration into the country is more
oriented around the economy of the state. Those pursuing comfort of their families comes
second with humanitarian migration also being of considerable percentage.
Figure 7
38%
46%
14%1%
Components of permanent visa
Permanent visa - Family
Permanent visa - Skill
Permanent visa - Special Eligibility and humanitarian
Permanent visa - Other permanent visas

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Discussion
Though the population growth rate varies year in year out there was a marked acceleration in
the 2008-2009 period. This significant increase in growth rate was driven by an upward trend
in NOM. A record of 315700 which was the highest NOM was observed in the year ending
2008 and was attributed to the massive increase in temporary immigrants. This number was
mainly students who remained in Australia (Gittens, 2003). Due to these temporary
immigrants became the most significant contributor to the NOM hence the unprecedented
spike in NOM shown in figure 1 above. The above peak was observed at the time when the
economy was on its downturn thus signaling that programs were not operating as expected.
From that point, NOM decreased up to a low level of 172000 by the end of the year 2010 and
has been maintained at a level below the peak though sometimes moving trending upwards.
This reduction of NOM to a sustainable level was attributed to reforms which were
implemented around temporary and permanent migration policy settings. This was supported
by other factors such as global monetary crisis and the rise in the value of the Australian
dollar. Even though the NOM decreased from the peak seen in 2008, the proportion
composed of permanent and temporary skilled immigrants who contribute to economic gain
has grown (Markus, 2014).
Even though the Australian government dictates the yearly permanent migration program
intake, the only way it can interfere with the level and structure of the NOM is by controlling
the size of the program through drafting policy measures aimed at influencing the size of
temporary migration flow.
The policies controlling skilled migration in the last few years whose results were
culminating the introduction of SkillSelect have given the government control of the
magnitude of which temporary residents belonging to the skilled set contribute the long-term

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
NOM structure. This is because a failure of them to shift to a permanent program will see
them leave the country at some point in time. For this reason, their NOM influence is
balanced out in the long term (Foran, 2002).
There are elements of the NOM like movements of Australian and New Zealand citizens
which are not subjected to any form of direct control though they have historically canceled
each other. Of late the economic situation in New Zealand, Australia and Overseas have seen
the cohort making a more considerable influence on the net overseas migration.
NOM and the Catholic Social Teaching (CST) principle "The Common Good."
With a growth rate of 25 per annum Australian population is increasing at a rate twice the
world average and eight times the average of western nations. NOM being responsible for
over 60% of this rate indicate that it will play a significant role in the economic status of the
country. With the population growth issue comes the sustainability factor most of the
Australian significant economic, environmental and social problems are now being directed
to the increasing population (Patty, 2017).
Apparently, the Australian Infrastructure partnerships are currently estimating the national
backlog as of infrastructure developments projects arm around $ 770 billion, a figure which is
going up. With the locals burdened by this cost, we can conclude that population growth is
overwhelming and impoverishing the locals, state as well as the federal governments. When
this issue is combined with the environmental and social factors, it just gets worse. When the
population of America grew by 43% between 1970 to 2004, the greenhouse gas emission of
the country also increased by 43%. This does not look like a coincidence. Population growth
has a cost aspect. Moreover, Australia moved from five public hospital beds for a thousand
citizens to three a further proof of the consequences of population growth (Addison, 2002).

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
The boosters argue that for the GDP to grow there is need to raise the population. The only
problem is that GDP alone cannot be used to evaluate the well-being of the citizens this is a
crude and misleading statistic. For the country to be big regarding prosperity, then the
business sector should be able to portray true corporate citizenship by availing jobs to the
millions of unemployed and the underemployed instead of leaving all the responsibilities to
the government.
The general prediction is that there are over 2.3 million immigrants flowing into Australia
every five years. With the nation's infrastructure growing at a slower rate this tends to be
worrying if all the individuals' well-being is to be catered for. The expected population will
require more public investments before the government can achieve comfort for all, it is not
going to be enough to leave them in the hands of the private sector (Hudson, 2010). The
closed Australian economy is composed of duopoly and oligopoly which has no element of
pyre market mechanism; such industries do not contribute much when it comes to the welfare
of the economy as all they seek is profit maximisation. When you consider that the
population at the current rate will grow by 10% in the subsequent five years it just adds more
pressure to a sector which is already overwhelmed.
The high population growth is also piling pressure on the environment. The outcome will be
severe environmental degradation which increases water scarcity and overall pollution. Such
results make it hard for Australia to minimise its carbon emission to attain the international
pollution reduction target (Australian Governmnet productivity Commision, 2006).
Conclusion and recommendations
Australia gained economic respect among the top world economies through the sale of its
natural resources that is iron ore, natural gas as well as gold. Some economists argue that
more people will mean a larger GDP this is a misleading statement as GDP is not enough to

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
prove that the citizens’ well fare is being met. On the other hand, improving the GDP per
capita is of more significant as it satisfies the good universal principle (Leigh, 2003).
The Australian legislatures should, therefore, depict from pursuing the high immigration path.
This merely meet the interest of the duopolies and oligopolies whose primary target is a
bigger market for their products and cheap labor, i.e., maximum profitability. Regarding the
common good notion, it will be important for the government to protect the natural resources
from overutilization which will see them being depleted by immigrants leaving the coming
generations with more economic problems.
The high population has pushed up the demand for housing resulting to high profits in the
banks as more and more people come after bank loans, but these do not benefit the entire
nation. This scarcity only means the rentals are consistently being inflated making the
economic situation of the Australian's much harder. The government needs to regulate the
NOM to a sustainable level considering all the sectors of the economy (Jackson, 1994).
The demand for social amenities is also being stretched as much as there is an argument that
the immigrants are replacing the aging workforce it's just a matter of time before they age and
increase the number of individuals the government needs to take care of under social welfare
initiatives. This does not look like offering a solution its instead postponing the tragedy to a
later date. Immigrants especially the temporary ones will leave the country at some time in
their life, the question is, do they go it a better place?
For the benefit of all Australia needs to open its borders to outsiders for solving the
humanitarian crisis as well as an exchange of knowledge with the world oversea. The
problem is when the NOM contributes to over 60% of the entire population growth then it is
no longer assisting nor is gaining knowledge instead the government importing problems.
Before thinking about the massive GDP from the big population let Australia first ensure that

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
its citizens can afford social amenities, the environment is protected, and resources are not
over-utilized afterward all this will means balancing the influx into the country for the
common good (Junakar, 2005).
References
Addison, T. a. W. C., 2002. The impact of immigration on the earnings of natives. Australian
micro data., Volume 78, pp. 60-75.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012. TRENDS IN NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION:
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY. [Online]
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http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1367.0~2012~Feature
%20Article~Trends%20in%20Net%20Overseas%20Migration:%20Australian%20Capital
%20Territory%20(Feature%20Article)~10014
[Accessed 4 October 2017].
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[Accessed 4 October 2017].
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Population Growth, s.l.: Commonwealth of Australia.
Burnley, I., 2001. The Impact of Immigration in Australia: A Demographic Approach, s.l.:
s.n.
Foran, B. a. F. P., 2002. Future Dilemmas: Options to 2050 for Australia's population,
Canberra: Technology, Resources, and Environment.

NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA
Gittens, R., 2003. Honest John's migrant two-step. The Age. [Online]
Available at: http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/19/1061261148920.html
[Accessed 4 October 2017].
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Advertiser.
Jackson, J. M. R. a. M. C., 1994. Economics, 4th end,. 4 ed. Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill.
Junakar, P. a. M. S., 2005. Do migrants get good jobs? New migrant settlement in Australia.
Economic Record, 81(255), pp. 533-46.
Leigh, A., 2003. What Affects Inequality? Evidence from Time Series Data, Paper presented
at the Australian Social Policy Conference, Sydney.: UNSW.
Markus, A., 2014. Attitudes to immigration and cultural diversity in Australia. Journal of
Sociology, 50(1), pp. 10-22.
O'Farrell, P., 2001. The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day. 3 ed. s.l.: Cork
University Press.
Patty, A., 2017. Forecast oversupply of doctors to hit this year amid calls to halt imports,
Sydney: The Sydney Morning Herald.
Simon-Davies, J. P. a. J., 2017. PARLIAMEENT OF AUSTRALIA. [Online]
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http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Librar
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[Accessed 04 october 2017].