Networking Fundamentals

Networking fundamentals
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Question 1
Part (i)
Given,
The size of the file = 1024 bytes
The size of the payload = 128 bytes
The number of datagrams required to transfer the entire file is calculated in the following way;
Number of datagrams=File ¿ ¿ Payload ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
¿ 1024
128
¿ 8 datagrams required
The overhead is additional information which is added to the packet during transformation. IP
datagram has an overhead with the following features.
> Each IP datagram contains 20 bytes of IP overhead
> Each IP datagram contains 20 bytes of TCP overhead and
> 128 bytes of payload, thus
The total size of the IP datagram is given by;
(IP overhead + TCP overhead + Payload) * Number of datagrams
= (20+20+128) * 8 = 1344 bytes
Since the system is running IPv4 protocol, the protocol overhead will be calculated for the 8
datagrams
Protocol overhead = 40*8 = 320 bytes
Protocol overhead percentage= 320
1344 ∗100 %
= 23.80 %
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Part (ii)
For IPv6 protocol, the protocol overhead will be calculated for the 8 datagrams, and each IPv6
protocol has 60 bytes, thus
Protocol overhead = 60*8 = 480 bytes
Protocol overhead percentage= 48 0
1344 ∗100 %
= 35.71 %
Question 2
IP protocol is used for networking and delivering of source packets to their destinations
with an address that is unique to specific devices. Every host or node is uniquely identified by an
IP address. TCP and IP form a model that is based on the OSI model for TCP/IP functions. The
model has many layers, including the physical, transport, network and application layers TCP/IP
facilitates device to device communication and encapsulates a packet in an IP datagram. TCP/IP
takes the amount of data, packages it and transfer it over a given network. IP, together with TCP,
allows the packets information to be sent and received in their respective source and destination
addresses. Both the TCP/IP and The OSI model contain IP layers that allow for the transportation
of packets across networks (DelCampo, Cintioni, Spinsante, & Gambi, 2017).
Question 3
The just in time designing technique of agile programming gives great flexibility to
change the needs of the development process with the demand of the soft wares. These increase
the quality of the project to a great extent as no fixed set of rules are designed for the
development process. It is also worth noting that agile software helps to reduce the cost of
production and also increase the revenue of the firm by the development of software suiting the
market needs. One disadvantage of agile methodology is the lack of emphasis on the necessary
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