What do you consider to be normal/abnormal?

Student number:
CNA253 AT2 Scenario: Mrs Gwen Boren
Interpret:
In the following table, list the data that you consider to be normal/abnormal (not included in word count)
Normal (Subjective & Objective) Abnormal (Subjective & Objective)
Limb movements: left arm with normal power,
No swelling assess
Temperature=37.5
Blood loss: nil
SpO2=99%
Capillary refill:<3 seconds
Sensation: Normal
No acute intracranial abnormality
Skull fractures are absent.
Blood pressure =120/80mmHg
Pulse rate = 60-100bpm
Respiratory Rate=12-20 bpm
GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale)=15
Pain: 0/10 (no pain)
Neurovascular Assessment: Left toes
Movement: wiggling toes – A+ and patient is reluctant
Colour: blanched
Warmth: cool
Pulses: cannot be accessed
Capillary refill: 5 seconds
Sensation: pins and needles in all areas
Blood pressure =170/95mmHg
Pulse rate =108 bpm
Respiratory Rate=21 bpm
GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale)=14
Pain: 10/10
Relate & Infer (550 words):
The patient is 80 year old and fractured her leg after falling from the hospital bed. She was checked by the doctors and her leg was bandaged. Along with
that she had suggested backslab for treating the condition of the patient. The patient has severe pain in her left leg and she was reluctant during the
assessment. Patient took help of walking frame due to poor balance and as a result the tendency of fall is high for her. however due to lack of supervision
she fell from the hospital bed and her ankle was fractured. The patient had lateral malleolus fracture which means that her fibula had been fractured. More

specifically lateral malleolus is the end knob like part of ankle (Phillips, 2017). The patient had severe pain and could not walk for that. The patient is older so she
suffered from pain in a severe way. The pain might retain for longer period of time and can be responsible for numbness. Shock and traumatic injury can affect the blood
flow in a way so that blood flow might hamper. Bone fracture can cause musculoskeletal distension and severity of pain might be observed in patient (Leyland, Clark
and Gray, 2019.) . The fracture causes injuries and due to the injuries neurovascular impairment can be occurred. The affected neurovascular system will cause
abnormalities in blood flow and causes several sensation in affected areas. Patient was assessed by the help of CT Scan and X ray to understand the actual condition of
her leg. The report of CT scan did not show any abnormalities. The patient was feeling pains and needle in her leg. Her peripheral temperature was cold and the capillary
refill rate was 5 seconds which was abnormal. Therefore it can be infer that the patient’s nerve was affected by the injury and impaired nerve injury can be occurred as a
result. Due to the nerve injury, blood circulation is affected in her leg. The nerve injury reduced flow of blood in the peripheral artery and veins which leads to
hypothermia. Declined temperature is caused by disruptive blood flow in the peripheral area. Due to neurological impairment, paraesthesia might be occurred along with
pin and needle sensitisation .The superficial peroneal and medial peroneal are affected by the neurological impairment (Üçeyler et al., 2016). Gwen has compartment
syndrome due to swelling and inadequate blood flow in the tissues. The nerves are injured and as a result the blood circulation is disrupted. The compartment muscles swell
and compress blood vessels and nerves . This might happen due to overly tight bandaging and soft tissues injuries. Due to the syndrome, skin colour of the patient
becomes blanched and capillary refill rate has been decreased. Toes of the patient was wiggling and patient is reluctant as she is having sever pain . compartment syndrome
is responm Impaired nerve injuries will lead to pin and needles sensitisation. Lowering the blood flow will be responsible for poor blood circulation which leads to
gangrene in peripheral areas. Due to gangrene, the skin colouration will be blanched or discoloration of skin can be occurred. Nerve impairment will lead to numbness and
no sensation in affected area. Moreover, it can be inferred from the assessment of patient that fracture can cause infection in the affected area. The condition of infection is
known as osteomyelitis which can be transmitted by bloodstream. The infection or necrosis due to vascular disruption as oxygenation gets disrupted in the peripheral areas.
The paint was suggested back-slab which makes leg of patient towards the ground and that makes blood to flow downwards . Accumulation of fluid or blood clotting or
unilateral lymphedema might be occurred due to poor blood flow and wrong positioning of leg. Accumulation of fluid can also be a cause of discolouration and moderate
swelling in her leg.
Predict (150 words):
Gwen had ankle fracture and pain with musculoskeletal distension. Lateral malleolus fracture is the main factor which is responsible for severe pain in the patient. The case
study also shows that the impairment in neurovascular system can lead to poor blood circulation and nerve injury in her left leg. The neurological impairment causes pin
and needle sensation in leg. The nerves such as superficial peroneal and medial peroneal are affected .Therefore, pin and needle sensation with numbness can be seen in
the patient. The vascular system is affected and blood flow gets disrupted in the peripheral area. As a result, hypothermia and discoloration of skin can be observed. Two
most significant condition for the patient are pain due to fractured ankle and neurovascular impairment with the injury. The patient also has hypertension as she has some
cardiovascular impairment history in her past. The patient is having tachycardia as she has hypertension with high respiratory rate.
Develop, Articulate and Prioritise Nursing Diagnoses – at least 3 (not included in word count)
Diagnosis 1: ankle fracture( lateral malleolus fracture) and severe pain
Diagnosis 2: neurovascular impairment and inadequate arterial blood supply
Diagnosis 3: hypertension and palpitation
Goals, Actions and Evaluation 2 highest priority diagnoses only (550 words)
Diagnosis 1 Goal/Desired outcome/s Related actions Rationale Evaluate outcomes
DO NOT REWRITE The fracture (Lateral 1. Pain management: The 1. The anti-inflammatory drugs The pain can be assessed by

DIAGNOSIS malleolus) of the patient
will be healed and she
will be able to walk
properly without any
discomfort.
patient has ankle fracture
and as a result she is
having severe pain. Anti-
inflammatory drugs
would be suggested to the
patient (Enthoven et al.,
2016 ). As anti-
inflammatory drugs,
morphine has been
administered through the
surgical cut in intra-
venous route.
Paracetamol would give
to the patient orally. Ice
application will be
suggested to the patient
with rest and
immobilisation (Santos
et al., 2019).
2. The patient should be
suggested some post-
surgical interventions
which will give support to
the patient’s fractured
ankle from friction and
further injuries. Bracing
would be given to the
patient with rehabilitation
processes (Ma et al.,
2018). The patient will be
suggested to walk with
the help of crutch.
3. Physical exercises will be
suggested to the patient
with the help of
physiotherapist after the
six weeks of recovery
(Karel et al.,2017).
Weight bearing exercises
will be recommended to
patient for reducing pain in
the fractured area. The drugs
will be administered in the
different route as per the
emergency and the condition
of the patient. Application of
ice will help to relieve from
pain and to reduce the
swelling.
2. Plaster and bracing will help
in giving proper support and
prevent fractured ankle from
any further friction and
injury. Bracing helps in
muscle action and intermittent
bony union in the fractured
area. Using crutch to walk
will help the patient in
movement. Surgical
interventions are needed
when the patient has a
serious fractured
conditions .After the surgical
procedure is done with fixing
screw, pins, rods or plates so
that the fractured portion
cannot be injured again.
Rehabilitation procedure will
help in prevent any further
injuries and heal fractures.
3. Physical exercises are
important for healing process
with ambulation. The
exercises should be treated
after 6 weeks of recovery as
initiating exercises might
harm or worsen the condition
of the fractured bone. Proper
shoes will help the patient as
she is older adult and might
using the Ottawa Ankle
Rule. The ankle rule is used
by assessing condition of the
patient with X ray and CT
scan(Ireland et al., 2019).
The test will help to check
to tenderness of the fractured
area. The assessment will
help to understand the ability
of bearing weight by legs.