Nano pill as novel drug delivery system

Running head: ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Nano pill as novel drug delivery system
Summary of proposal
The pharmaceutical companies are more prone to use chemical-based drug delivery
system rather than investing in a natural product-based system. The significant concerns
related to natural products are biocompatibility and toxicity because of which they do not
pass the clinical trial phases. Moreover, the large size poses a significant challenge in the
effective delivery of the drug in the body; thus, the investigation of new and novel drug
delivery system was done. Nanotechnology plays an essential role in drug formulation or
advanced medicines that is thought to release the drug in a controlled and effective manner
with a high rate of success (Patra et al., 2018). The research aims to evaluate the efficacy and
effectiveness of Nano pill as a novel and unique drug delivery system. Various studies have
been used that highlighted the importance of nanotechnology in the arena of specific
targeting of the drug in a controlled and effective manner. Gangwar et al. (2015) opined that
the application of nanotechnology forms a bridge between the physical and biological science
in using Nano phases and nanostructures in different fields of science, especially in case of
Nanomedicine and Nano-based drug delivery system. The use of secondary resources will be
conducted that will support in investigating the beneficial aspects of Nano pills as an
effective drug delivery system in the modern time because it allows targeted and control
delivery of the drug in the body.
Introduction
From ancient time, humans have used plant-based products as medicines for treating
different diseases. The modern medications are based on the traditional knowledge and
practices of different herbs, where 25% of the compounds available are obtained from natural
products. According to Lombardo, Kiselev and Caccamo (2019), natural products

2ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
demonstrate various features such as chemical diversity, less toxicity, biological and
chemical properties with macromolecular specificity. The molecular interaction of these
drugs helps in appropriate drug delivery. However, in recent times, a number of challenges
related to these products were identified. According to Tariq, Bhawani and Moheman (2019),
the challenges included poor solubility, bioavailability, the large size of the products, poor
absorption, less specificity, issue related to tonic effectiveness and other adverse impacts.
Thus, scientists have formulated Nano pills that can be used to mitigate the issues. As per the
study of Rizvi and Saleh (2018), Nano drugs are submicron-sized therapeutic agents that can
be adsorbed, dispersed or covalently bounded in a compressed vesicle or matrix form to
deliver a limited amount of drug in a target location. This is also known as Nano drug
enabled technology that allows employing drugs to specific types of cells such as cancer
cells. Ventola (2017) stated that this is effective in nature because it reduces the damage of
normal and healthy cells in the body as well as identification of disease in an early manner.
Thus, it is thought to help in extending the lives of human by eradication of life-threatening
diseases that include cancer and support in repairing the damage caused in the body at the
cellular level.
Literature review and recent progress
According to Zarekar, Lingayat and Pande (2017), Nano gels are one of the popular
techniques in the nanotechnology that demonstrated success in drug delivery in the body. The
Nanoparticle framework used materials less than 100 nm that was bounded using crosslinking
bonds. The advantage of Nano gels includes high medication loading limit, biodegradability,
biocompatibility that effectively adequately delivered drugs. The advancement in Nano gel
involves developments of different types of gels using the synthetic process of drug delivery
mechanism that allowed in offering treatment to various diseases. Even though extensive
researches have been conducted on cancer, however, the overall survival rate is poor.

3ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
According to Da Silva et al. (2016), the use of cancer chemotherapy and anticancer
immunotherapy can be used for treating the disease. In the upcoming years, a multitude of
new chemotherapy agents will be accessible that will efficiently treat the tumour cells and
support antigen exposure. The use of Nano vehicles is referred to as therapeutic agents that
are biocompatible in nature and is stated to be a potential candidate for targeted drug delivery
in treating different types of cancers. A deadly combination of Nanotechnology,
chemotherapeutic engineering and cancer immunotherapy can be collated to form a targeted
cancer therapy that helps in early detection and treatment of cancer. A study conducted by
Koushik et al. (2016) opined that the evolving treatment form had to highlight Nanomedicine
as an alternative drug delivery system. It is responsible for limiting the side effects on the
healthy tissue in the body and help in the progression of the efficacy of the treatment process.
Over the years, it can be seen that resistance of cancer drug treatment is stated to be a
complicated process that involves various mechanisms. To address the issue and
complications that lead to the development of new possibilities in term of Nanomedicines.
This is one of the new prospects of cancer treatment that can be used as drug delivery an
advanced design that is proved to be useful in limiting the resistance posed in various cancer
drug delivery system. In a similar study conducted by Hare et al. (2017), advances in drug
delivery technologies have focused on different areas of oncology where strategies related to
Nanomedicines development need to be applied. The success rate of this technology is
because of the small size that helps in targeting the drug in specific locations, thus, improving
the decision-making framework, including AstraZeneca’s 5R Principle. This enhances the
translation and performance of Nanomedicines using a data package for assimilating more
information related to the new and novel drug delivery system. Linko, Ora and Kostiainen
(2015) stated that DNA molecules could be accumulated in a customised pre-designed shape
with the help of hybridization through sequence-complementary domains. These shapes have

4ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
a high spatial addressability and have a high potentiality to be applied in a range of
bionanotechnological applications. The focus of the study was on the DNA-based assemblies
that are able to perform various complex activities in the body as a smart drug delivery
system in cancer therapy, enzyme replacement therapy and pro-drug medication.
Research objectives
The research objectives will be:
 to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of nano pills as a novel drug delivery system
 to understand the implications of nano pills
 to recommend strategies to mitigate the challenges of nano pill as an effective drug
delivery system
Methodology
The research method needs to be appropriately used in a study for obtaining the
desired outcome. The use of research onion involves a mono-method that allow in choosing
various aspects that will be conducting research (Saunders et al., 2015). In this research, the
researcher will use interpretivism that involves a subjective analysis of the reality and natural
environment based on the study topic. This includes evaluation based on the scientific
knowledge that will be pursued in the entire study. Leavy (2017) opined that research design
is a framework that explains the type of research technique used in a particular study that is
the best fit with respect to the subject of the study. The use of explanatory research design
will be used that allows the research to formulate ideas and thought based on the study topic
and explore more in-depth information related to it. Tuffour (2017) opined that research
approach is stated to be a plan that includes all the steps of assumptions for data collection,
analysis and interpretation. The use of inductive approach will be incorporated that will help
in gaining more information that will help in assessing and evaluating data with respect to

5ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Nano pills as a novel drug delivery method in recent times. Data collection method involve
primary and secondary data that can be used for conducting particular research
(Rahmatizadeh et al., 2018). In this case, secondary data sources will be used that will allow
in understanding the effectiveness of using Nano pill in drug delivery system. The process of
creating a Nano pill, its content, testing it and measuring its effectiveness will be critically
discussed with the use of existing data sources in order to align the study with the research
objectives of the study. The use of thematic analysis will be conducted that will help in
analysing the critical and intricate detail of the Nano pill in the context of drug delivery
system (Braun et al., 2019). The ethical issues related to the study involve the Data Protection
Act 1998 that includes respecting the protection of data collected from the secondary sources.
Acknowledging the sources is essential and data need to be de-identified before the
researcher uses it (Spencer & Patel, 2019).
Milestones

6ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of milestones in the study
Source: (Created by the author)
The figure highlights the main steps that will be undertaken while conducting the
research. The systematic flow of the steps will allow the researcher to do the study in a
comprehensive and integrated manner; thus, sequentially completing each step and within the
stipulated deadline. Therefore, the successful completion and submission of the research will
be conducted.
Impact
The study will have a profound effect on the scientific thinking process and in the
scientific community. As per the expected outcome, it will allow in the identification of the
novel and unique technique of drug delivery system that will help in resolving various issues
Research on
suitable topic for
conducting a
study
Finalising the topic
Conducting a
background study
Conducting an in-
depth Literature
Review
Deciding upon the methods and
techniques that will used in the study
Collection of data Thematic analysis
Conclusion and Recommendations

7ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
associated with the use of natural product-based drug delivery system (Xu et al., 2015). Thus,
it allows in the development of new treatment for critical and life-threatening illness such as
cancer and autoimmune disorders. The Nanotechnology and Nano delivery system is a
relatively new and developing technology that serves as a diagnostic tool that specifically
targets different sites in the body using a controlled manner (Mir et al., 2017). The
opportunities and challenges related to Nanomedicines used in drug delivery by using either
synthetic or natural resources in the clinical applications will be discussed; thus; the trends
and perspectives in this area will be evaluated.
The research leads to specific applications and the commercialization of a new
product that is a Nano pill, which will be done by understanding the various beneficial
aspects of the latest technology and its utility in the current healthcare sector. The widespread
use of the new product will be useful in addressing the diseases that do not have any
treatment (Zhao et al., 2018). Therefore, the novel technology will be beneficial with respect
to economic, industrial, healthcare and environmental aspects. Therefore, the current trends
of the usage of Nanopills will be evaluated that allowing in gaining more in-depth knowledge
related to the study topic.

8ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
References
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. Handbook of
research methods in health social sciences, 843-860.
Da Silva, C. G., Rueda, F., Löwik, C. W., Ossendorp, F., & Cruz, L. J. (2016). Combinatorial
prospects of nano-targeted chemoimmunotherapy. Biomaterials, 83, 308-320.
Gangwar, J., Gupta, B. K., Tripathi, S. K., & Srivastava, A. K. (2015). Phase dependent
thermal and spectroscopic responses of Al 2 O 3 nanostructures with different
morphogenesis. Nanoscale, 7(32), 13313-13344.
Hare, J. I., Lammers, T., Ashford, M. B., Puri, S., Storm, G., & Barry, S. T. (2017).
Challenges and strategies in anti-cancer nanomedicine development: an industry
perspective. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 108, 25-38.
Koushik, O., Rao, Y., Kumar, P., & Karthikeyan, R. (2016). Nano drug delivery systems to
overcome cancer drug resistance—a review. J Nanomed Nanotechnol, 7(378), 2.
Leavy, P. (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and
community-based participatory research approaches. Guilford Publications.
Linko, V., Ora, A., & Kostiainen, M. A. (2015). DNA nanostructures as smart drug-delivery
vehicles and molecular devices. Trends in biotechnology, 33(10), 586-594.
Lombardo, D., Kiselev, M. A., & Caccamo, M. T. (2019). Smart nanoparticles for drug
delivery application: development of versatile nanocarrier platforms in biotechnology
and nanomedicine. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2019.
Mir, M., Ishtiaq, S., Rabia, S., Khatoon, M., Zeb, A., Khan, G. M., ... & ud Din, F. (2017).
Nanotechnology: from in vivo imaging system to controlled drug delivery. Nanoscale
research letters, 12(1), 500.

9ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Patra, J. K., Das, G., Fraceto, L. F., Campos, E. V. R., del Pilar Rodriguez-Torres, M.,
Acosta-Torres, L. S., ... & Habtemariam, S. (2018). Nano based drug delivery
systems: recent developments and future prospects. Journal of
nanobiotechnology, 16(1), 71.
Rahmatizadeh, S., Rajabifard, A., Kalantari, M., & Ho, S. (2018). A framework for selecting
a fit-for-purpose data collection method in land administration. Land Use Policy, 70,
162-171.
Rizvi, S. A., & Saleh, A. M. (2018). Applications of nanoparticle systems in drug delivery
technology. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 26(1), 64-70.
Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Bristow, A. (2015). Understanding research
philosophy and approaches to theory development.
Spencer, A., & Patel, S. (2019). Applying the Data Protection Act 2018 and General Data
Protection Regulation principles in healthcare settings. Nursing Management, 26(1).
Tariq, A., Bhawani, S. A., & Moheman, A. (2019). Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery.
In Nanomaterials for Healthcare, Energy and Environment (pp. 175-197). Springer,
Singapore.
Tuffour, I. (2017). A critical overview of interpretative phenomenological analysis: a
contemporary qualitative research approach. Journal of Healthcare
Communications, 2(4), 52.
Ventola, C. L. (2017). Progress in nanomedicine: approved and investigational
nanodrugs. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 42(12), 742.

10ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Xu, X., Ho, W., Zhang, X., Bertrand, N., & Farokhzad, O. (2015). Cancer nanomedicine:
from targeted delivery to combination therapy. Trends in molecular medicine, 21(4),
223-232.
Zarekar, N. S., Lingayat, V. J., & Pande, V. V. (2017). Nanogel as a novel platform for smart
drug delivery system. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 4(1), 25-31.
Zhao, Y., Song, Q., Yin, Y., Wu, T., Hu, X., Gao, X., ... & Zhang, Z. (2018).
Immunochemotherapy mediated by thermosponge nanoparticles for synergistic anti-
tumor effects. Journal of Controlled Release, 269, 322-336.