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NUR3005: Chronic Illness Management | Assignment

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Monarch University

   

chronic illness management (NUR3005)

   

Added on  2020-03-07

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NUR3005 - In this report, we’ll investigate osteoporosis, identify risk factors, and its impacts on people’s life. The elderly are considered as the main age group through which the disease can be assessed. The report will also look into the role of a nurse in delivering patient-oriented care that can mitigate the risk of the disease as well as improve patient outcomes.

NUR3005: Chronic Illness Management | Assignment

   

Monarch University

   

chronic illness management (NUR3005)

   Added on 2020-03-07

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1Running Head: CHRONIC ILLNESS MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CAREChronic illness management in primary careStudent’s NameInstitution
NUR3005: Chronic Illness Management | Assignment_1
2CHRONIC ILLNESS MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CAREChronic illness management in primary careIntroductionOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by increasing bone weakness, decreasing bone density, and elevated risk of a broken bone (Rachner, 2011). The disease is the main reason for broken bones among the seniors. Some of the common bones break include the hip, vertebrae in the spine, and bones of the forearm. The disease has no symptoms and is only discovered when bones break. It affects the density of bone leading to a porous bone which is compressible. This condition weakens the bone and results in fractures. Bone density decreases with age and is also accelerated by other factors such as lower levels of estrogen among women. It may also occur due to treatment procedures or diseases such anorexia, kidney disease, etc. Also, various medications influence the rate of bone loss and contribute to the bone weakening. Osteoporosis is a major disease among people aged 50 years and above and has raised public health concerns (Riggs, 2012). Approximately 8 million people in the US are reported to have osteoporosis (Korhonen, 2013). About 60% of people with osteoporosis in the US are aged 50 years and older. Health care costs incurred in the treatment of osteoporosis fractures amount to billions of dollars. This diseases not only increases the financial burden for families but also affects productivity. It is reported that 15% of people who experience a hip fracture are likely to die within two years (Looker, 2012). The social and financial implications of this disease adversely affect the society. Therefore, it is essential to assess how various healthcare stakeholders can tackle this condition to mitigate its risk as well as its impacts on the nation’s economy and the society.
NUR3005: Chronic Illness Management | Assignment_2
3CHRONIC ILLNESS MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CAREIn this report, we’ll investigate osteoporosis, identify risk factors, and its impacts on people’s life. The elderly are considered as the main age group through which the disease can be assessed.The report will also look into the role of a nurse in delivering patient-oriented care that can mitigate the risk of the disease as well as improve patient outcomes. Osteoporosis PathophysiologyPoor bone mass acquisition during growth and an increase in the rate of bone loss are the main mechanisms that contribute to the development of osteoporosis. These mechanisms are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Many postmenopausal women are at high risk of increased bone loss after reaching peak bone mass. Race also influences development of the disease as peak bone mass tends to vary among different races (Antonelli, 2014). About 50% of the bone mass gained during puberty is linked with high sex hormone levels. However, there is minimal accumulation of bone mass among young adults. Peak bone mass is realized when a person reaches 30 years of age. Genetic factors are reported to influence bone mass. Approximately 40% of the variability in bone mass is determined by genes (Emkey, 2014). Some of the genes linked to osteoporosis include collagen, transforming growth factor- β, those that regulate estrogen reception, etc. In contrast to gaining boss mass, bone loss is largely determined by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, medication, etc. Risk factors Nutritional factorsDevelopment of Osteoporosis can arise from various factors including nutrition, behavior, or medication. Key nutritional factors that play a role include calcium intake, protein intake,
NUR3005: Chronic Illness Management | Assignment_3
4CHRONIC ILLNESS MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CAREVitamin D levels, among others. It is reported that low calcium intake during childhood can elevate the risk of the disease later in life. Studies show that seniors who had low calcium levels in their childhood were likely to have the disease as it was directly linked to the bone mineral mass (Garriguet, 2011). Calcium supplementation is a key treatment method that helps to reduce the rate of bone loss among elderly persons at risk of osteoporosis. Calcium intake varies depending on age. Some age groups especially the elderly and children have higher calcium intake than other age groups. The typical diet in western countries has high levels of sodium and protein which increase calcium excretion hence people in these countries require to take more calcium. Vitamin D and protein are key elements that also play a role in the body. Vitamin D plays an essential role in the bone tissue as it regulates calcium absorption. Its nutritional status affects thelevel of calcium absorption. Studies show that vitamin D levels decrease with age hence seniors have lower levels of Vitamin D than other age groups which significantly impact calcium absorption (Powe, 2011). Aged people have to take Vitamin D supplements to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Protein malnutrition affects the growth of soft tissue which reduces the tissue covering the bones (Rizzoli, 2014). Protein intake largely determines the result of fractures, especially hip fracture. Behavioral FactorsVarious behavioral factors such as physical activity and drugs play a role in the development of the Osteoporosis. Studies show that athletes have higher bone mass than non-athletes. This is particularly noted among athletes who regularly engage in strength training. Mechanical loading during training is shown to increase bone mass (Langsetmo, 2012). On the other hand, decreasing mechanical load reduces bone mass. The relationship between bone mass density and
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