Animal Testing in Medical Research: An Annotated Bibliography

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Nursing 2
Part 1: Annotated Bibliography
Does Animal Testing Still have a place in Medical Research
Akhtar A. (2015). The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation. Cambridge quarterly
of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees, 24(4), 407–
419. doi:10.1017/S0963180115000079.
The author aims at showing that animal experimentation is unreliable based on a growing body
scientific literature. The author provides evidence that animal experimentation is affected by
multiple flaws. The use of animals has significant harms on humans due to misleading safety
studies, the possibility of forsaking effective therapeutics. The overall danger and costs on
humans due to animal experimentation are far much higher than the perceived benefits and that it
could have been much beneficial to invest in developing human-based testing methods. The
article by Akhtar (2015) will be of importance to the literature review because it answers the
research question on whether there is still a place for animal testing in medical research or not.
Moreover, the article is also of importance to the nursing profession because it provides evidence
of the flaws in animal experimentation by addressing the differences in physiology and genetics
of interspecies and the overall unreliability of the results. The keywords used to locate the article
from the NCBI database include animal ethics, animal research and medical testing.
Franco, N. (2013). Animal experiments in biomedical research: a historical
perspective. Animals, 3(1), 238-273.
The objective of the author was to provide a historical perspective on the use of animals in
biomedical research and to justify his conclusion regarding the ethical treatment of animals in
research. Animal experimentation has significantly contributed to medical progress but has been