Hypertension: Causes, Complications, and Prevention

This presentation discusses hypertension, its causes, complications, and prevention. It also covers the role of nurses and patients in managing hypertension, educational interventions, and tools for hypertension. The target audience is clinicians, patients, and their family members.

NURSING

Hypertension refers to the condition in which the force
or flow of blood against the artery is very high. In other
words, it means the medical condition in which the
blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
The condition of high blood pressure or HBP includes
two aspects i.e. high blood pressure or secondary high
blood pressure (Sun, Steffen and Xi, 2016).
Most of the cases, are reported due to ineffective
lifestyle and genetic factors. It has been found that
people in their later years, i.e. 64 years mostly affect by
hypertension.
There are no such specific symptoms of this medical
condition to the people.
HYPERTENSION

 Several aspects related to an individual’s lifestyle
are causes leading to the condition of High blood
pressure. These consist of smoking, overweight or
obesity, lack of physical activity, stress, genetic,
adrenal disorders or old-age and others .
 In addition, relating to the condition of high blood
pressure, there are some common hereditary and
physical risk factors . For an instance, the aspect of
family history is one factor which leads to the
increased risk of high blood pressure (Qureshi and
Qureshi, 2018).
 Moreover, other risk factors also includes age,
gender, race, and chronic diseases of k idney. Some
include modifiable risk factor which can be managed
to prevent the condition of high blood pressure.
Through increasing intensity of exercise, and adding
nutrients to the diet will help in managing the
condition.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS OF HBP

 Excessive pressure on the artery walls, which
is caused by the high blood pressure damages
the blood vessels, as well as organs.
 Thus, the major complications or issues related
to high blood pressure consists of the coronary
heart diseases, stroke, heart failure, vision
loss, dementia, kidney diseases and others
(Qureshi and Qureshi, 2018)
 However, if the condition of high blood
pressure is resolved, it becomes normal or
balanced.
 Thus, it can be stated that the condition of
blood pressure rises with the aging and risk of
becoming hypertensive in life in the later years
(Dominguez et al., 2015) .
COMPLICATIONS OF HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE

 To prevent the medical condition of hypertension or high
blood pressure, it can be stated that an individual must
focus upon improving the lifestyle.
 The major aspects of general prevention of the
hypertension is related to the lifestyle factors, as
following a healthy diet, avoiding smoking and other
activities which harms health is one such method to
prevent the risk (Kopperstad et al., 2017).
 Thus, it consists of certain factors or changes by an
individual, and acquiring information or knowledge to
enhance the improvement in the health.
GENERAL PREVENTION

 T h e p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y i n c o n t e x t t o h y p e r t e n s i o n
re f e r s t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n w h i c h e x p l a i n s t h e f a c t o r s
re s p o n s i b l e f o r c a u s i n g t h i s c o n d i t i o n .
 It h a s b e e n s t a t e d t h a t t h e h y p e r t e n s i o n i s t h e
m a j o r c a u s e o f m o rb i d i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y, d u e t o t h e
a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e o t h e r d i s e a s e s .
 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e n a t i o n a l s u r v e y s , a n d r e s e a r c h
fi n d i n g s i t h a s b e e n f o u n d t h a t h y p e r t e n s i o n i s n o t
d e t e c t e d , a n d e v e n w h e n d i a g n o s e d , i t i s n o t
t r e a t e d p r o p e r l y.
 T h e t r e a t m e n t o r m a n a g e m e n t g o a l u n d e r t h e
H OT ( h y p e r t e n s i o n o p t i m a l t r e a t m e n t ) s t u d y w a s
d e t e r m i n e d t o r e d u c e t h e b l o o d p r e s s u r e t o
1 4 0 / 9 0 m m Hg .
 T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t u d y i n c o n t e x t t o h y p e r t e n s i o n i n
a d u l t s o r o l d e r p e o p l e r e v e a l e d t h e m a j o r a s p e c t o f
c h a n g e i n t h e l i f e s t y l e t o w a r d s e ff e c t i v e h e a l t h
m a n a g e m e n t ( B l o o m , K e m p a n d L u b e l , 2 0 1 5 ) .
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HBP

 To discuss about the clinical interventions or management of high
blood pressure, it has been analysed that several drugs are used to
treat the condition.
 These drugs or medications for the patients of high blood pressure
include, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
Diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers,
renin inhibitors (Chobanian, 2016).
 Beta-blockers are the drugs used to treat the high blood pressure
in the patients, as they block the effect of sympathetic nervous
system on the heart of the patient.
 Thiazide diuretics acts as other vital interventions, are the water
pills that acts on the kidneys for eliminating sodium and water,
thereby decreasing the volume of blood.
 Thus, undertaking the above medications, and regularly
monitoring the levels of blood pressure leads to effective
management (Bloom, Kemp and Lubel, 2015).
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

 To understand the causes and complications of the condition of
high blood pressure, and relating it to the education and research
in the field certain aspects has been studied.
 It states that the clinicians, and the staff in the hospitals need to
be aware of effective management of their patient’s health.
 Therefore, the information or education is to be provided to the
target audience, i.e. to the clinicians, patient and their family
members (Gabb et al., 2016).
 The rationale behind choosing the clinicians as target audience as
patients (old-aged people) is that they need to be given proper
care and treatment.
 Hence, is necessary to evaluate the information required by the
clinicians in the healthcare to work effectively to reduce the risk
of complications due to high blood pressure.
TARGET AUDIENCE

 The role of nurses in the recent years, has been changed to
improve the hypertension care for the people in their later years.
The involvement of nurses began with the aspect of measuring
and monitoring the levels of blood pressure of patients.
 Especially , patient education is one of the vital strategy towards
improving the BP control. Therefore, educational research in
context to hypertension involves all aspects of care as detection,
referral and follow up of the patient, and further management
(Chobanian, 2016)
 For an instance, training and education is provided to nurses by
the American Heart Association, through which nurses has gained
the skills to assess patient’s health status, adjust the medications,
and ensure no barriers/issues in hypertension care.
ROLE OF NURSE/PATIENTS

 Discussing about the educational interventions in blood pressure,
it can be stated that there is an important role of the patients in
reducing their risk to BP.
 It has been found that educational interventions increases the
participant’s levels of knowledge about hypertension, and their
positive influence on their beliefs about medicines.
 Thus, effectiveness of educational interventions has been noticed
in the ways as it enables patients to understand their condition,
therapies, and aware them regarding reducing risks or
complications (Fairall et al., 2016).
 Educational intervention process assisted patients, leading to
reduction of the complications such as stroke (35-40), heart-
attack and heart failure over 50%.
PROCESS OF EDUCATIONAL
INTERVENTION

Educational research or study in context to the health issue of
high blood pressure, it has been analysed that there were certain
gaps in the research. The gaps were represented in the form of
lack of training to the staff or nurses in the hospitals.
 The gaps has been identified as with the aspect of ‘white-coat
effect’, which states the gap between BP measurements and 24-h
ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure. Under this, the BP
levels are compared, i.e. the level monitored from automated
ambulatory readings to the office readings (Benetos et al., 2015).
Therefore, there is a need to assess these gaps and reduce the risk
of complications to the patient’s health.

 To relate the discussion with the issue, it has been found that
brief hypertension action tools has been designed by the
clinicians to guide patients with hypertension to focus on care.
 The flexible tool for hypertension consists of three actions which
can be completed in one session or separate sessions.
 Here, three action tools are implemented as follows:
Action Tool #1 describes high blood pressure and enables the
patient to become more engaged in care of their health.
Action Tool #2 informs the patients, and explaining the
importance of self-management of their lifestyle to improve
health.
Action Tool #3 Assist the individual/patients to undertake the
measurement of their blood pressure at home, and assuring them
with essential medications to prevent further complications due to
HBP (Band et al., 2016).
BRIEF HYPERTENSION ACTION TOOLS

 The outcomes for the hypertension in relation to the educational
interventions or tool for hypertension were positive leading to quality
care.
 The Brief Hypertension action tools stated the positive effect of the
third tool on the patient’s health, as it motivated them to change their
lifestyle.
 Outcomes or results were observed after the implementation of tool
over number of individuals/patients in the American healthcare
(Ioannidis, 2018).
 Therefore, the sessions of the tools were undertaken in separate manner
for most of the patients. In addition, patients represented high
indulgence in following a healthy lifestyle, and dietary changes, to
reduce the risk complications due to high blood pressure. Furthermore,
educational research has led to an increase in prevention of diseases.
OUTCOMES

To conclude the discussion from the preceding slides in
context to hypertension, it has been found common in
adults/older people. The health condition has been the
major cause of other diseases, and death in the later
years of their life. Hence, analysis must be done to
diagnose the risk of HBP, and reduce risk or
complications through appropriate interventions.
CONCLUSION

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