Obesity Awareness and Health Effects

This assignment explores the impact of obesity on young adults. It investigates perceptions of obesity, lifestyle choices like diet and exercise, and the frequency of fast food consumption. A questionnaire is provided to assess personal experiences and potential health consequences related to obesity. The aim is to raise awareness about the serious health risks associated with obesity in this demographic.

RESEARCH PROJECT
(Investigation in obesity for young adults aged 18-25)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TASK 1: RESEARCH PROPOSAL................................................................................................1
Research Project Outline Specification.......................................................................................1
Research Aim and Objectives......................................................................................................1
Research questions.......................................................................................................................1
Rationale of the study..................................................................................................................2
Literature Review.........................................................................................................................2
TASK 2: RESEARCH PROJECT...................................................................................................2
The factors that contribute to the process of research project selection......................................2
Ethical issues which has to considered........................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Rationale of the study:.................................................................................................................4
Summary......................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review.........................................................................................................................4
Plan and procedures for the agreed research specification..........................................................6
Methodology ...................................................................................................................................7
DATA ANALYSIS .........................................................................................................................8
Research evaluation techniques ..................................................................................................8
Interpretation and analysis of results...........................................................................................8
Recommendation.......................................................................................................................10
TASK 3 – PRESENTATION .......................................................................................................11
4.1 Presentation..........................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................4

TASK 1: RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research Project Outline Specification
In today's world, there are many issues or problems which arise at the age of 18 to 25.
Among these issues, one of the fastest growing problems is obesity. It can be determined as a
condition in which people gain so much fat that affects their health negatively (Ogden, Carroll
and Flegal, 2014). This is creating issues for the people who are in between the age of 18 to 25.
This further result to create many diseases like cancer, diabetes, diseases related to heart, etc. In
addition to this, there are several other impacts of obesity. According to a survey, it was found
that out of ten, seven people are affected from obesity (Faith, Van Horn and Wylie-Rosett,
2012). There are many reasons of obesity among which few of the reasons are changing lifestyle,
changing eating habits, increase in diseases, etc.
The present research focuses on obesity and its reasons as it affects the health of people
from the age of 18 to 25 in UK (Chang, Van Horn and Kramer, 2013). Further, search will be
done to know the precautions that need to be taken in order to overcome obesity and to live a
healthy life. According to a research, it was found that it is one of the main reasons because of
which UK is facing preventable deaths. This research is conducted in respect with of UK
wherein many cases come related to serious obesity.
Research Aim and Objectives
The main aim of present research is to investigate obesity issues in young adults of UK
aged between 18 to 25 In order to conduct the research in more effective manner; following are
the objectives which will be achieved in this research:
 To identify the concept of obesity.
 To evaluate the causes of obesity among young adults.
 To evaluate the impact of obesity in young adults aged 18 to 25 in UK.
 To recommend various ways through which obesity could be decreased in UK.
Research questions
Following are the questions which would be covered in order to conduct the research
effectively:
 What is meant by obesity?
 What are the causes of obesity among young adults in UK?
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 What is the impact of obesity in young adults aged 18 to 25 in UK?
 How to reduce obesity in UK?
Rationale of the study
In the fast growing world, people do not find time for themselves. In order to save time,
they prefer to have fast food. This is one of the main issues of obesity as it contains high fat
(Owens, Carskadon and Murray, 2014). The lifestyle and habits of people are changing and due
to which young people from the age of 18 to 25 are facing serious obesity issues. Another reason
of increasing obesity is due to increase in diseases. There are many new diseases due to which
people take medicines and it results in increase of fat in the body. It was found that in UK there
where highest level of people having obesity, thus it is very essential for to conduct study there.
Literature Review
According to Steffen, Van Horn and Duffey, 2014 “obesity can be determined as a way
through which too much body weight is described” (Steffen, Van Horn and Duffey, 2014). On
the other hand, Xiao, Arem and Matthews, 2013 stated that “obesity is an abnormal increase in
body weight which leads to many diseases” (Xiao, Arem and Matthews, 2013). It is very
essential for people, especially young people to take care of their health in order to prevent from
obesity. As per the Sonneville, Horton and Field, 2013 “obesity leads to heart diseases, diabetes,
etc.” (Sonneville, Horton and Field, 2013). It is very essential to take appropriate precautions so
as to overcome it. Mueller, Sacher and Schroeter, 2012 stated that “awareness develops
information and a sense of care regarding the issues which can arise” (Mueller, Sacher and
Schroeter, 2012). It is important to make aware regarding obesity so that individuals can take
appropriate steps to overcome obesity. The average life expectancy has come down and one of
the reasons is that of increase in obesity and lack of awareness. It is easily preventable and it
could be done by making people aware regarding it.
TASK 2: RESEARCH PROJECT
The factors that contribute to the process of research project selection
As it was discussed above, the research is done on investigation in obesity for young
adults aged 18-25. Following are the factors because of which researcher has selected this topic:
Personal interest: The topic selected is one of the major issues for deaths in the UK. It is
easily preventable but still people die because of limited knowledge (Cohen, Dempster and
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Saeed, 2013). As, people from the age of 18 to 25 are the future of nation, so it is very essential
to provide them information and make them aware about obesity.
To gain knowledge: This research will help the researcher to gain more knowledge
regarding obesity. Moreover, it would help to know more details regarding the ways through
which it can be reduced (Johnson, Stovitz and Demerath, 2012). In addition to this, it will also
help in knowing the impact of obesity over young people. Thus, it can be stated that this would
help the researcher to gain more knowledge regarding the subject matter.
Ethical issues which has to considered
There are many ethical issues which should be avoided. For conducting a research, it is
very essential to follow it ethically. Following are the ways through which researcher should
keep in mind:
Debriefing: According to this, people who will be involved in conducting research
should be told regarding the topic, purpose and data collection process (Rathsman, Rosfors and
Nyström, 2012).
Approval: It is very essential for the researcher to take approval from the people who will
be participating for the research. In case, the researcher wishes to take personal information from
a participant, then it is very essential for him/her to provide proper reason as well as purpose and
if, they permit approval, only then researcher will be allowed to use their personal information
(Vimaleswaran, Berry and Wood, 2013).
Withdrawing power: Participants have the power to withdraw for the research any time they
want or like.
Confidentiality: It is very important for the researcher to keep all the information collected
for the people to be kept safe and it should not be misused (Davis, Lazdam and Redman, 2012).
Moreover, information should be accessible only to those who have the authority, else no one
should be allowed.
INTRODUCTION
Research questions:
 What is meant by obesity?
 What are the causes of obesity among young adults in UK?
 What is the impact of obesity in young adults aged 18 to 25 in UK?
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 How to reduce obesity in UK?
Aim:
“Investigate obesity issues in young adults of UK aged between 18 to 25”.
Objectives:
 To identify the concept of obesity.
 To evaluate the causes of obesity among young adults.
 To evaluate the impact of obesity in young adults aged 18 to 25 in UK. To recommend various ways through which obesity could be decreased in UK.
Rationale of the study:
One of the main reason because of which this issue has been raised is due to changing
lifestyle, diseases, consumption of fast food, etc. This study will help in gaining knowledge and
in making people aware about obesity.
Summary
Present research is done to develop awareness among people, especially for the age of 18
to 25. This research will help in identifying the reasons because of which this kind of issues
arises. Further, there are many negative impact on health, all health related issue will be
identified. In this context, appropriate steps will be taken in order to overcome this type of
situations. Form this report, it will be concluded that it is very essential for the people to take
care of their diet and should have healthy diet and meditation so that they could overcome
obesity.
Literature Review
Meaning of obesity
According to Lloyd, Langley-Evans and McMullen, 2012 “obesity is an abnormal state in
which people gain fat in this body” (Lloyd, Langley-Evans and McMullen, 2012). On the other
hand, Reis, Loria and Liu, 2013 stated that “obesity is a condition in when individuals put on so
much weight that it affects their health negatively” (Reis, Loria and Liu, 2013). It is very
essentials for the body to have a systematic way in which they should have distributed all their
work equally. As per Madeira, Silva and Barbieri, 2013 “one of the main reasons for obesity is
eating too much or over eating” (Madeira, Silva and Barbieri, 2013). Skinner, Haines and Field,
2012 stated that “people should have a proper diet so that they could maintain their weight and
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health” (Skinner, Haines and Field, 2012). When a personal eats too much, then it is very
important of that particular personal have exercise so that the food he/she had could be quickly
digested (Cooper, Buchanich and Sutton-Tyrrell, 2012). When individuals eat too much and do
not have proper exercise, then it increases fat inside the body and it also causes different types of
diseases. There are many other reasons because of which obesity arises. As per Kim, Lee and
Kim, 2012 “when a person consumes a huge amount of energy through having food, more
specifically those food items which have high amount of sugar and fat” (Kim, Lee and Kim,
2012). If that personal do not have a proper physical activity or exercise, then the surplus energy
for food will be stored within the body and thus the weight increases.
Impact of obesity
There are many impact through obesity on human body. According to Widom, Czaja and
Johnson, 2012 “individuals invite diseases with obesity” (Widom, Czaja and Johnson, 2012). von
Sarnowski, Putaala and Basic-Kes, 2013 stated that “obesity decreases the life expectancy” (von
Sarnowski, Putaala and Basic-Kes, 2013). Further, there are many other diseases which is caused
due to obesity, that is heart diseases, cancer, etc. As per Koebnick, Smith and Kushi, 2012
“mental health is effected through obesity” (Koebnick, Smith and Kushi, 2012). There are cases
which has resulted in mental issues because of obesity. There are authors like _______ who have
researched found that “obesity also causes because of genetic disorders”. In addition to this, there
are many other impacts which are as follows:
High blood pressure: People with obesity need more nutrients and oxygen so that they could
live. In this context, they require more blood vessels so as to contribute blood to fat tissues. This
results in increasing load on heart as it has to pump additional blood.
Heart disease: According to _________ people who have obesity they have 10 times more
hardened arteries then a a person who not have obesity. When these arteries get hardened, then
the flow of blood is reduced and this causes heart attacks or chest pain.
Cancer: Commonly in women it is found that the overweight causes cancer which includes
gallbladder, uterus, breast cancer, etc.
Joint problems: Individuals with obesity have issue on their knees. When weight increases,
people have to stress more on their joints, this results in damaged joints. In such cases, the only
way to overcome this issue is by performing joint replacement surgery.
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Further, there are diseases like sleep apnea, diabetes, Metabolic syndrome, Psychosocial
effects, etc. are caused. In this context, it is very essentials to make people aware regarding
obesity so that they could prevent then easily. All the above given diseases are easily preventable
only when people are provided with proper knowledge and guidance to reduce obesity.
Recommendation
There are many things which has to be kept in mind in order to overcome reduce obesity.
Following are the thing which should be followed to reduce obesity:
Proper diet: As per _______ proper diet will help in maintaining weight and in reducing obesity.
People should have a systematic way in which they have their daily diet. Over eating would
result in gain in extra energy which would slowly develop fat inside the body.
Exercise: When a person gains huge amount of energy through food, then it is very important to
have proper exercise so that extra energy managed easily.
These are the two ways through which people will be able to reduce their obesity easily.
Plan and procedures for the agreed research specification
To meet the objectives of research, the researcher requires to develop a action plan over
the time scale. Under this plan, important activities of investigation are including. For proposed
study, the action plan over specific time scale are as follows.
Activities/Duration in weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Identification of research problem
Developing research proposal
Formulation of aim and objectives
Defining purpose of investigation
Literature review
Selection of appropriate research methodology
Data collection and its analysis
Interpretation of outcomes
Conclusion of study
Submission of report
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Modifications in study according to the feedback
Resubmission of report
Methodology
Research philosophy: The following study is relating to investigate obesity issues in young
adults of UK who are between the age of 18 to 25. To address this study issue, the researcher has
been selected positivism research philosophy. The reason of choosing this research framework is
analyse the reasons of obesity in the young adults who are between the age of 18 to 25 in UK.
Research design: To address the proposed research problem that is associating to
investigate obesity issues in young adults of UK is descriptive research design. Under this
method, the investigator has interacted with respondents during collection of information via
questionnaire. For the evaluation of impacts of obesity on 18 to 25 years age young adults,
descriptive research design has been selected.
Research approach: The current investigation is relating to investigate obesity issues in
young adults of UK who are between the age of 18 to 25. To address this issue and meet the
objectives of study, the researcher has been selected deductive research approach. Another
reason of following this framework by the scholar is carrying out entire research from general
discussion to specific topic.
Data collection: For the present research, the researcher has been selected both primary and
secondary techniques. In primary method, a structured questionnaire has been used which
included close ended questions. On the other hand, for gathering secondary information, the
scholar has been taken help of market research, government resources, books, journals,
newspapers, previous researches on similar topics etc. Both primary and secondary method of
data collections, the investigator has able meet the objectives of the investigation in appropriate
manner.
Sampling: For proposed research, the researcher has been used random sampling technique
because it has given equal opportunities to all young adults of UK who are having the age
between 18 to 25 to being a part of the investigation and represent entire young adult population.
The sample size for collecting the responses from the respondents so that it can be denote entire
population is 50 young adults of UK between the age of 18 to 25. During gathering the
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information, the aspects of respondents have been taken into the consideration are gender, age,
culture, religion etc.
Ethical issues: At the time of conducting the research on investigate obesity issues in young
adults of UK of 18 to 25 age, the researcher has faced some ethical issues. First problem is
security and privacy of information because the respondents have fear that their personal
information may be leaked or use of some other kinds of benefits. On the other hand, plagiarism
has another ethical issue for the investigator during conducting literature review. Other ethical
problem is unable to access restricted sites for collecting the various important information about
impacts of obesity on young adults of UK.
DATA ANALYSIS
Research evaluation techniques
For evaluation of the outcomes of gather information about investigate obesity issues in
young adults of UK of 18 to 25 age, the researcher has been selected thematic frameworks.
Under this method, various themes have been made as per the questionnaire so that objectives of
the investigation can be achieve in appropriate manner.
Interpretation and analysis of results
Theme: Current occupation
Findings: At the time of gathering responses from young adults it has been founded that
different respondents belongs to different occupation. Majority of them were students and they
lives there for education purpose. On the other hand, some young adults were there for their job
purpose as well. Further, it has been founded that most of the young adults were stay in UK for
their education purpose as well as job purpose.
Theme: Measure take by young adults to reduce obesity.
What measure you are taking to reduce obesity? Frequency
Exercise 10
Taking diet food 15
Both of the above 25
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Findings and analysis: The above table shows that 25 respondents have voted in the favour of
doing exercise and diet to reduce the impacts of obesity. On the other hand, 15 respondents have
selected taking diet food and rests has chosen another option. Therefore, It has been found from
the above finding that most of the young adults who are between the age of 18 to 25 are doing
both exercise and taking fast food to reduce impacts of obesity on their health.
Theme: Majority of Young adults prefer to have fast food every day.
Findings: When young adults of UK have been asked about their habit regarding easting
fast or junk food then majority of them replied they prefer to have it every day. They clearly
stated that due to their education purpose or for business purpose they are living outside.
Somehow it is the reason they do prefer to have food outside. In this regard, young adults have
made their habit to eat junk food. However, it impacts their health in various negative ways such
as increasing obesity etc. Further, it can be determine that majority of young people are having
addition to eat outside and they eat fast food every day.
Theme: Understanding about Obesity
Findings: Most of the young adults were familiar with the obesity and they stated that it
is the condition when they put on so much weight and it affects their negatively. They defines
that the main reason behind is their habit of overeating and eating junk food as well.
Theme: Diseases which is facing by young adults due to obesity.
What are the diseases which you are faced by you because of obesity? Frequency
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Heart related issues 8
High blood pressure 15
Diabetes 7
Joint pain 10
Findings and analysis: From the above table, it has been found that 15 respondents have
faced high blood pressure issue due to obesity. On the other hand, 10 responsibilities are
suffering from join pain because of overweight. Beside this, 8 responsive have selected health
related issues due to obesity. Therefore, from the discussion, it has been analysed that joint pains
and high blood pressure are major health issues which is currently facing by young adults of UK
due to obesity.
Recommendation
The present investigation is relating to investigate obesity issues in young adults of UK of
18 to 25 age. In this context, there are some recommendations for young adults which help them
to minimize the impacts of obesity on health. The first suggestion in this respect is young adults
should include proper diet in their food. It will help in maintaining their weight and protect them
10
Heart related issues
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Joint pain
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Diseases which is facing by young adults due to obesity
Frequency

negative effects of overweight. On the other hand, by doing regular exercise, young adults can
easily reduce obesity issue and minimize its effects on the body.
TASK 3 – PRESENTATION
4.1 Presentation
Attached in PPT
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chang, A., Van Horn, L. and Kramer, H., 2013. Lifestyle-related factors, obesity, and incident
microalbuminuria: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)
study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 62(2). pp.267-275.
Cohen, A., Dempster, D.W. and Saeed, I., 2013. Abdominal fat is associated with lower bone
formation and inferior bone quality in healthy premenopausal women: a transiliac bone
biopsy study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98(6). pp.2562-2572.
Cooper, J.N., Buchanich, J.M. and Sutton-Tyrrell, K., 2012. Reductions in arterial stiffness with
weight loss in overweight and obese young adults: potential mechanisms. Atherosclerosis.
223(2). pp.485-490.
Davis, E.F., Lazdam, M. and Redman, C., 2012. Cardiovascular risk factors in children and
young adults born to preeclamptic pregnancies: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 129(6).
pp.e1552-e1561.
Faith, M.S., Van Horn, L. and Wylie-Rosett, J., 2012. Evaluating parents and adult caregivers as
“agents of change” for treating obese children: evidence for parent behavior change
strategies and research gaps a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
Circulation. 125(9). pp.1186-1207.

Johnson, W., Stovitz, S.D. and Demerath, E.W., 2012. Patterns of linear growth and skeletal
maturation from birth to 18 years of age in overweight young adults. International Journal
of Obesity. 36(4). pp.535-541.
Kim, Y.S., Lee, Y. and Kim, K.M., 2012. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in the
Korean population based on the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutritional
Examination Surveys. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and
Medical Sciences. 67(10). pp.1107-1113.
Koebnick, C., Smith, N. and Kushi, L.H., 2012. The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related
health conditions in a large, multiethnic cohort of young adults in California. Annals of
epidemiology. 22(9). pp.609-616.
Lloyd, L.J., Langley-Evans, S.C. and McMullen, S., 2012. Childhood obesity and risk of the
adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. International journal of obesity. 36(1).
pp.1-11.
Madeira, F.B., Silva, A.A. and Barbieri, M.A., 2013. Normal weight obesity is associated with
metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in young adults from a middle-income country.
PloS one. 8(3). pp.e60673.
Mueller, K., Sacher, J. and Schroeter, M.L., 2012. Overweight and obesity are associated with
neuronal injury in the human cerebellum and hippocampus in young adults: a combined
MRI, serum marker and gene expression study. Translational psychiatry. 2(12). pp.e200.
Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D. and Flegal, K.M., 2014. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in
the United States, 2011-2012. Jama. 311(8). pp.806-814.
Owens, J., Carskadon, M. and Murray, P.J., 2014. Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young
adults: an update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics. 134(3). pp.e921-e932.
Rathsman, B., Rosfors, S. and Nyström, T., 2012. Early signs of atherosclerosis are associated
with insulin resistance in non-obese adolescent and young adults with type 1 diabetes.
Cardiovascular diabetology. 11(1). pp.145.
Reis, J.P., Loria, C.M. and Liu, K., 2013. Association between duration of overall and abdominal
obesity beginning in young adulthood and coronary artery calcification in middle age.
Jama. 310(3). pp.280-288.
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Skinner, H.H., Haines, J. and Field, A.E., 2012. A prospective study of overeating, binge eating,
and depressive symptoms among adolescent and young adult women. Journal of
Adolescent Health. 50(5). pp.478-483.
Sonneville, K.R., Horton, N.J. and Field, A.E., 2013. Longitudinal associations between binge
eating and overeating and adverse outcomes among adolescents and young adults: does
loss of control matter?. JAMA pediatrics. 167(2). pp.149-155.
Steffen, L.M., Van Horn, L. and Duffey, K.J., 2014. A modified Mediterranean diet score is
associated with a lower risk of incident metabolic syndrome over 25 years among young
adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. British
Journal of Nutrition. 112(10). pp.1654-1661.
Vimaleswaran, K.S., Berry, D.J. and Wood, A.R., 2013. Causal relationship between obesity and
vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts.
PLoS Med. 10(2). pp.e1001383.
von Sarnowski, B., Putaala, J. and Basic-Kes, V., 2013. Lifestyle risk factors for ischemic stroke
and transient ischemic attack in young adults in the Stroke in Young Fabry Patients study.
Stroke. 44(1). pp.119-125.
Widom, C.S., Czaja, S.J. and Johnson, M.S., 2012. A prospective investigation of physical health
outcomes in abused and neglected children: new findings from a 30-year follow-up.
American journal of public health. 102(6). pp.1135-1144.
Xiao, Q., Arem, H. and Matthews, C.E., 2013. A large prospective investigation of sleep
duration, weight change, and obesity in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort.
American journal of epidemiology. 178(11). pp.1600-1610.
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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Name: __________
Gender:____________
Age:______________
1. What is your level of perception about Obesity?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
2. What is your current occupation?
 Student
 Working as an employee
 Searching for a job
3. What measures you are taking to reduce the Obesity?
 Exercise
 Diet
 Both of the above
4. How often you prefer to have fast food?
 Every day
 Once in a week
 Few times in a week
 Once in a month
 Few times in a month
 Never
5. What are the diseases which you are faced by you because of obesity?
 Heart related issues
 High blood pressure
 Diabetes
 Joint pain
4