Shale Gas Revolution: Impacts and Implications

This assignment explores the multifaceted implications of the shale gas revolution. It comprises demographic questions about the respondent's background in the oil and gas sector, followed by quantitative questions gauging their opinions on various aspects of shale gas extraction, its influence on global energy markets, environmental concerns, and economic consequences. The analysis aims to understand the diverse perspectives within the industry regarding this significant energy transformation.

Running head: OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
Research Topic: CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE SHALE GAS REVOLUTION IN THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FROM 2007 – 2017
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Acknowledgement
I am grateful to my principal Mr./Mrs./Ms.____________________________ for giving me the
opportunity to be a student of their university.
I also want to express my gratitude to my mentor Mr./Mrs./Ms.________________________ for
guiding me to complete my research study on the topic Critical Evaluation of the Shale Gas
Revolution in the United States of America from 2007 – 2017.
I also want to thank my friends and classmates who have supported me throughout the journey to
accomplish the project.
Last but not the least, I am very grateful to my parents, who have supported and encouraged me
continuously and without which I have never been able to accomplish the research on time.

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Abstract
In recent times, United States is considered as a major source of energy source as the
organization is able to produce shale gas since 2000. The production of the shale gas has been
increased to a significance amount by the year 2004. Several energy source country have lost
their one of the most crucial client that is United States as they themselves support themselves
from the resources and are able to fulfill their nation’s requirement for gas for more 60 years.
This immense power of having the energy sources is termed as shale gas revolution by the oil
and gas industry experts. More Asian countries also imported energy source of shale gas from
US. In spite of such a great invention, this revolution resulted in many environment
consequences that is greater climate change and global warming, contamination of water and
reason for raising the adverse impact on the earth’s surface.
This research is mainly emphasized on finding some research objectives that are to
evaluate the importance of gas revolution for shale gas, to find out the implications of the shale
gas revolution and to find out what is the result that shale gas attains from this gas revolution in
United States of America. The sample size that is taken into consideration for the research study
is 50 from Royal Dutch Shell. The research shows that in spite of many controversies, shale gas
foundations are actually a revolution as this revolution triggers another gas revolution according
to the oil and gas industry experts.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................10
1.1. Background of the study.....................................................................................................10
1.2 Significance of the study.....................................................................................................11
1.3. Rationale of the study.........................................................................................................11
1.4. Problem statement..............................................................................................................12
1.5. Aim of the research.............................................................................................................12
1.6. Objectives of the research...................................................................................................13
1.7. Questions of the research....................................................................................................13
1.8. Structure of the dissertation................................................................................................14
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................16
2.1 Background of the Company...............................................................................................16
2.2 Background of Shale Gas....................................................................................................17
2.3 Availability of Shale gas in the United States.....................................................................18
2.4 Timeline of the shale gas revolution....................................................................................20
2.4.1 Timeline from 2007- 2014............................................................................................20
2.4.2 Timeline for 2015-2040................................................................................................24
2.5 Technology used for drilling shale gas in United States.....................................................26
2.5.1 Horizontal Drilling........................................................................................................27

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2.5.2 Hydraulic Fracturing.....................................................................................................28
2.6 Impact of shale gas revolution.............................................................................................29
2.6.1 Price dropping of gas....................................................................................................30
2.6.2 Global LNG Market......................................................................................................30
2.6.3 Energy Policy in the country where shale gas is consumed.........................................32
2.6.4 Energy companies strategies.........................................................................................33
2.6.5 Developments in existing petroleum producing regions..............................................34
2.6.6 Renewable energy production......................................................................................35
2.7 Critics perception on shale gas revolution...........................................................................36
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................38
3.1. Research philosophy...........................................................................................................38
3.1.1. Justification of the chosen philosophy.........................................................................38
3.2. Research approach..............................................................................................................38
3.2.1. Justification of the chosen research approach.............................................................39
3.3. Purpose of the research.......................................................................................................39
3.3.1. Justification of the chosen research purpose...............................................................39
3.4. Data collection process.......................................................................................................40
3.5. Data analysis techniques.....................................................................................................40
3.6. Sampling technique............................................................................................................41
3.7. Ethical consideration..........................................................................................................41

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3.8. Research limitation.............................................................................................................41
3.9. Gant chart............................................................................................................................42
Chapter 4: Data Analysis...............................................................................................................43
4.1 Demographic Question........................................................................................................43
4.2 Quantitative Questions.........................................................................................................45
Chapter 5: Conclusion...................................................................................................................62
5.1 Linking with research objectives.........................................................................................62
6.0 Reference List..........................................................................................................................65
7.0 Appendix..................................................................................................................................74
7.1 Research question................................................................................................................74
7.1.1 Demographic Questions................................................................................................74
7.1.2 Quantitative Questions..................................................................................................75

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Table of Image
Image 1: Structure of the research.................................................................................................14
Image 2: Royal Dutch Shell's revenue from 2005 to 2016............................................................16
Image 3: United States Dry Shale Gas Production........................................................................20
Image 4: US dry natural gas production from 1990 to 2011 and estimation till 2040..................22
Image 5: Shale gas share of total dry natural gas production in the year 2012.............................23
Image 6: United States Net Energy Imports from 1985-2013)......................................................23
Image 7: U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production...................................................................................24
Image 8: U.S. Gas Production Fall................................................................................................25
Image 9: Price comparison of Marcellus wellhead prices and Henry Hub...................................26
Image 10: Shale gas Extraction.....................................................................................................28
Image 11: Projections for increased shale gas production.............................................................31
Image 12: Henry Hub Natural Spot Price......................................................................................32
Image 13: Natural gas supply statistics in 2013............................................................................35

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Table of Tables
Table 1: Gantt chart.......................................................................................................................42
Table 2: Response on age of the respondents................................................................................43
Table 3: Response on educational qualifications of the respondents............................................44
Table 4: Response on years of association with the oil and gas sector.........................................44
Table 5: Response on shale gas formulation being a real case of revolution................................45
Table 6: Statistical Interpretation of shale gas formulation being a real case of revolution..........46
Table 7: Response on most appropriate technology to extract shale gas from rocks....................46
Table 8: Statistical Interpretation of most appropriate technology to extract shale gas from rocks
.......................................................................................................................................................47
Table 9: Response on price dropping of gas as influential aspect of shale gas revolution............48
Table 10: Statistical Interpretation on price dropping of gas........................................................49
Table 11: Response on United States being the most prominent competitor in global LNG
Market............................................................................................................................................50
Table 12: Statistical Interpretation on United States being the most prominent competitor.........50
Table 13: Response on energy policies being influential factor on shale gas revolution..............51
Table 14: Statistical Interpretation on energy policies being influential factor.............................52
Table 15: Response on energy company’s strategies being influential factor on shale gas
revolution.......................................................................................................................................53
Table 16: Statistical Interpretation on energy company’s strategies being influential factor on
shale gas revolution.......................................................................................................................54
Table 17: Response on developments in existing petroleum producing regions due to shale gas
revolution.......................................................................................................................................55

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Table 18: Response on developments in existing petroleum producing regions due to shale gas
revolution.......................................................................................................................................56
Table 19: Response on problem of climate change as a disadvantage of shale gas revolution.....57
Table 20: Statistical interpretation on problem of climate change................................................58
Table 21: Response on problem of contamination of the water through fracturing methods as a
disadvantage of shale gas revolution.............................................................................................59
Table 22: Statistical interpretation on problem of contamination of the water.............................60

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Table of charts
Chart 1: Response on shale gas formulation being a real case of revolution................................45
Chart 2: Response on most appropriate technology to extract shale gas from rocks....................47
Chart 3: Response on price dropping of gas as influential aspect of shale gas revolution............48
Chart 4: Response on United States being the most prominent competitor in global LNG Market
.......................................................................................................................................................50
Chart 5: Response on energy policies being influential factor on shale gas revolution................52
Chart 6: Response on energy company’s strategies being influential factor on shale gas
revolution.......................................................................................................................................54
Chart 7: Response on developments in existing petroleum producing regions due to shale gas
revolution.......................................................................................................................................56
Chart 8: Response on problem of climate change as a disadvantage of shale gas revolution.......58
Chart 9: Response on problem of contamination of the water through fracturing methods as a
disadvantage of shale gas revolution.............................................................................................60

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background of the study
Hughes (2013) portray that revolution is important for bringing change and improvement
in the existing improvement. The prime reason for revolution is to formulate ideas that bring ease
and effectiveness in the process. One of the most crucial things in this world is energy source
based on which human get electricity for residential, commercial, transportation, and industrial
sectors. One such industry liable for providing this source is oil and gas industry. In 18th
century, muscular and biomass sources mainly firewood are the only source of energy (Murray
and Hansen 2013). On the other hand, in the mid 19th century, usage of coal brought a major
shift in energy sources and is mainly use for power plants. The discovery of oil brings revolution
in the early 20th century which was used for of oil-powered ships and internal combustion
engines (Stevens 2012). However, in the late 20th century, petroleum products are mainly used
as energy sources. However, in the 21st century, coal and oil brings the major shifts in energy
sources (Kilian 2016). The process of converting these energy sources also changes during this
revolution that result in extraction of more resources in lesser time with low risks of oil spillage.
In addition to that, the shale oil revolution is the main reason due to which the evolution of U.S.
crude oil and gasoline prices are also shaped (Materka 2012). After revolution it put a significant
impact on the historical perspective and it is estimated that the United States can be the next
Saudi Arabia in terms of oil and gas production. This research will explain the shale gas
revolution which is unlikely compared to shale oil revolution and become the reason of U.S.
boom in gas industries along with the implication of the gas revolution for the U.S. economy.

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1.2 Significance of the study
There are many research papers on oil and gas energy sector and it highlight the issue of
oil spillage, the process of oil extraction or the approach used for identifying the oil reservoirs.
However, research on the revolution of any such sector in terms of innovation or oil production
technology is not found in such papers. The significance of the study is that it highlight on the
revolution of the shale gas revolution in the United States of America from 2007 – 2017. The
terms ‘shale gas revolution’ highlight the approaches related to the domestic gas supply. The
supply of the gas is defined for the United States. The discovery of the presence of the gas was
found from stratigraphical traps by the boundary of gas and water in the discrete fields or pools
present in the discrete fields or pools. The organization also adapts technology for making the
distinction of the existing more or less independently water columns through drilling system of
the conventional gas. Gas flow is also made through the same well for a huge quantity which is
also known as commercial quantity. This research thus explains the process that is used for
obtaining the unconventional gas and then transfer is to a usable form so that it can be used
properly. The study also highlights the impact of the shale gas evolution which is not present in
the compact form in research study developed by other research scholar.
1.3. Rationale of the study
Research papers earlier developed in oil and gas industry is majorly focused on oil
exploration and revolution. However, research papers with the details of gas revolution are not
found properly. The major fact that is considered in energy sector research paper is the process
how gas is getting extracted or the technology used to do such process. However the revolution
in technology used for oil extracted is never been highlighted. Shale had utilized two major
technologies for extracting gas from the surface of the earth. These technologies are the reason

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that had bought the revolution in the U.S. economy. It is also found that for developing low-
permeability operations technology for oil and gas extraction, U.S. government had invested a
significant amount of money in the Research and Development (R&D). However, it is in 2006
when the revolution comes into consideration through United States was working for ramping up
of gas production for the last 20 years. Moreover, it is fact that most people do not aware of such
technology and the effort an organization is taking to improve the process of the oil extraction.
This research thus highlights the revolution of Shale Gas and their journey for attaining the
organizational objectives. The detail is also incorporated with the information regarding
oversupply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) that results in price drop of the oil and gas across the
world. This research study will address all the details related to the shale as evolution.
1.4. Problem statement
There was an oversupply of liquefied natural gas that had resulted in the price drop of the
oil and gas products. This results also in greater hype of the organization in the entire Europe.
However, there were many arguments occurred in terms of the technology that they have used
for extracting conational and un-conventional gas from the surface of the earth. The question is
raised on the world economy and the pricing and on the replication of the technology in other
parts of the world. This research will highlight all such aspects through which these questions
can be addressed.
1.5. Aim of the research
There are many technologies developed and formulated for extraction of oil and refinery
of oil through drilling and hydraulic fracturing technique that bring revolution in the energy
sector. This defines the competency of the organization to attain more productivity and

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profitability. This main aim of this research is to highlight the factors that are responsible for the
revolution of the gas section for the concerned organization.
1.6. Objectives of the research
 To evaluate the importance of gas revolution for Shale Gas
 To investigating implications of the shale gas revolution
 To find out what is the result that Shale Gas attain from this gas revolution in United
States of America
1.7. Questions of the research
 What is the importance of gas revolution for Shale Gas?
 What are the implications of the shale gas revolution?
 What is the result that Shale Gas attains from this gas revolution in United States of
America?

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Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 4: Research Methodology
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusion
1.8. Structure of the dissertation
Image 1: Structure of the research
(Source: Creator by Author)
Chapter 1: This is the introductory chapter of the research study that highlights the informatory
details of the study, its significance and main rationale of the study, the problem statement,
research aim, research objectives and research questions. This chapter highlights all the details
related to the research study.
Chapter 2: The literature related to the research study so that all the research objectives can be
addressed is the major focus areas of this chapter. The research done by other research scholars
that closely address the research objectives is obtained in this chapter.

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Chapter 3: The procedure that is used to accomplish the objectives and the methodology theories
that is considered for accomplishing the data collection of the research is focused through this
subjects. The research philosophy, approach and purpose along with the details of the data
collection process and the method of analysis are explained in this chapter.
Chapter 4: This chapter emphasizes on the process of analysis for obtaining the desired result of
the research study. This chapter also explains the research outcome with that of the research
objectives in order to assess whether or not the research addresses all the questions.
Chapter 5: This is the final chapter that jot down all the research outcomes and link all the
research objectives with the outcome to explain whether or not the research have successfully
answer all the questions.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Background of the Company
Royal Dutch Shell is a multinational oil and gas organization with an average of 92,000
employees (Shell.com 2017). The concerned organization operates their business in more than 70
countries and known as the 6th largest organization in the world as per as the revenue earned by
the organization in the year 2016 (Wang et al. 2014). The annual revenue attained by the
organization was 233.59 billion U.S. dollar in 2016; while, the profit is higher in 22015 that is
264.96 U.S. Billion dollars (Statista 2017).
Image 2: Royal Dutch Shell's revenue from 2005 to 2016
(Source: Statista 2017)

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Royal Dutch Shell is associated with extraction of the shale gas from the last 6 decades
and using advanced technology to extract shale gas. The well drilling technology that this
organization is utilizing is used to reduce environmental footprint. It is evident that the process of
drilling well for shale gas is more difficult than natural gas and thus they have utilized well pads
and spaced them up to five kilometers in different directions. The reservoir is penetrated
vertically in an S-shape (Shell.com 2017). All the techniques that the company is using is
supported by “US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)” and “Ground Water Protection
Council” (Shell.com 2017).
2.2 Background of Shale Gas
An organic rich fine grained sedimentary rock along with some mixture of organic
chemical compound like kerogen and hydrocarbons is known as oil shale (Bruijnincx and
Weckhuysen 2013). Boersma and Johnson (2012) on the other hand stated that a gas mixture that
is a synthetic non-condensable gas that is produced by the process of Pyrolysis is known as shale
gas. The shale gas is different from the natural gas that is produced from shale. However, shale
gas is used as a substitute of the natural gas. Wakamatsu and Aruga (2013) highlight that shale
gas is used as illuminating gas in the end of the 19thn Century and starting period of 20th century.
The first time shale gas was found is as the byproduct of the shale oil extraction. In the year
2013, there are only three nations, where shale gas is produced- the United States, Canada and
China (Hughes 2013). In United States, Shale gas is now becomes an available source of natural
gas. It s estimated that the sudden discovery of shale gas reservoir is able to fulfill the demand of
the natural gas from more than 100 years; however, there are only 11 years of gas supply is
present that can be used in the form of proved reserves. However, the journey starts from the
year 2006 and when compared with the same year it was found that the production of the shale

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gas in U.S was 35% higher in 2008 (Trembath et al. 2012). It is also mentioned by O’Sullivan
and Paltsev (2012) that, the economic development in the United States starting from the year
2000 resulted in huge production of shale gas even in Canada.
2.3 Availability of Shale gas in the United States
The presence of shale gas reservoir in the United States is estimated to be more than 100
years and the reason is the presence in many states of the concerned nation. The sates are
described below:
Antrim Shale and Collinwood Utica Shale, Michigan: Antrim Shale is liable to produce natural
gas from the year 1940; however, the process was not in fame since the late 1980 (Merrill and
Schizer 2013). The gas that is found in this place was biogenic gas that is gases are present in the
form of methane and it ids formulated by microbes. The process is known as biomethanation or
methanogenesis and the gas formulated is known as biogenic gas or methanogens (Yang and
Jackson 2013). The Antrim gas field is found to produce 3.9 billion cubic meters of natural gas
in the year 2007 that make the place the 13th largest source of gas in United States.
In Collinwood Utica Shale, the gas was drilled from 2008 to 2010 and the MDNRE was
used to detect the location of the gas reservoir (Johnson and Boersma 2013). The well was
measured to be reached to true vertical depth of 9477 feet to the dept of 15,000 feet (Dreyer and
Stang 2013). This measurement also includes 5500 feet horizontal formation. There were many
production tests experimented in the place, first from march 4th to 24th in 2010 for drilling 2899
MCF per day, second production test was carried out from April 8th to May 8th, 2010 with gas
rate of 3188 MCF per day and third production test was occurred from May 8th to 20th, 2010 for
drilling maximum gas rate of 1430 MCF per day (Dreyer and Stang 2013).

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Barnett Shale and Pearsall Shale, Texas: Compared to Antrim Shale, Barnett Shale was
estimated to produce more than 31 billion cubic meter of gas that make the place the second
largest source in United Sates (Cwiek-Karpowicz 2012). Trembath et al. (2012) also stated that
usually Shale gas can be drilled from 300 to 600 feet well but in case of Barnett Shale, the well
had to be drilled from 100 to 1000 feet. This is the reason that, in this particular place, the
method of drilling he gas is replace by horizontal well so that more Shale gas can be produced.
In Pearsall Shale, almost 50 well were drilled in 2007 in South Texas. A 50-mile-wide
swath is drilled from Mexican border to East Texas that found almost 5400 wells of shale gas
(San Antonio Express-News 2017). Prior to the year 2011, it is assumed that Pearsall Shale only
contains natural gas and Cheyenne Petroleum Co. was the organization that found the presence
of shale gas in such reservoir (San Antonio Express-News 2017).
Faytteville Shale, Arkansas: The gas was found in the Arkoma Basin of the Arkansas parts. The
thickmnes sf the gas in tic reservoir was found to be from 50 to 550 feet to 1500 to 6500 feet (Hu
and Xu 2013). Compared to Barnett Shale, in Faytteville Shale the concept of vertical well was
considered but later the gases were drilled through horizontal wells.
Devonian shales, Appalachian Basin: This shale is liable to produce gas from the 20th Century
and the place form where a significant source of gas can be found are- Virginia, West Virginia,
and Kentucky. This place is liable for producing more than 20,000 wells and is 3,000 to 5,000
feet deep (Stevens 2013). It was also assumed to estimate to have 12.2 trillion cubic feet
resources of natural gas from Kentucky to New York (Stevens 2013).

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2.4 Timeline of the shale gas revolution
The shale gas was found in the shale basin of the United States from the year 2000 and
has been increased till the year 2014 (Cwiek-Karpowicz 2012). The United States dry Shale gas
production has been increased throughout these years due to the high quality technology and the
discovery of shale rocks have also increased.
2.4.1 Timeline from 2007- 2014
There are number of shale rocks in the U.S. basin like Marcellus Shale (PA & WV),
Haynesville Shale (LA & TX), Eagle Ford Shale (TX), Fayetteville Shale (AR), Barnett Shale
(TX), Woodford Shale (OK), Bakken Shale (ND), Antrim (MI, IN & OH), Utica Shale (OH, PA
& WV) and others (Eia.gov 2017).
Image 3: United States Dry Shale Gas Production
(Source: Eia.gov 2017)

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The development of the Marcellus Shale was more than 35 billion cubic feet per day by
the year 2014 compared to 2009 and the operation of exploration of this shale was started in
2004 in Pennsylvania (Eia.gov 2017). In addition to that, production of Haynesville Shale was 23
billion cubic feet per day in the year 2014. The development of shale gas from Fayetteville rocks
is also obtained from 2007 and is 5 billion cubic feet per day that has increases to 15 billion
cubic feet per day in the year 2014 (Eia.gov 2017). On the other hand, Eagle Ford Shale was
developed from 10 to 19 billion cubic feet per day from 2010 to 2014. Lastly, the major
foundation was Barnett Shale that is developed from the year 2000 which was 3 billion cubic feet
per day in initial period and increased to 13 billion cubic feet per day in 2014 (Eia.gov 2017).
2010- It is said that shale gas boom took off in 2007 and by 2010, the production of shale gas
was 23% of US gas production (Eia.gov 2017). Moreover, the share of imports for the United
States dropped from 16.5% to 11% from 2007 to 2010 (Eia.gov 2017).
2011- The share of natural gas reached 26% in 2011 and this amount is 23% higher compared to
the total primary energy consumption in the year 2007 (Eia.gov 2017). In this year it is predicted
in “US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2013 Early Release” that
US natural gas production will rise to 33.1 trillion cubic feet in 2040 from 23.0 trillion cubic feet
in 2011 that represents a 44% increase in the gas production (Eia.gov 2017).

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Image 4: US dry natural gas production from 1990 to 2011 and estimation till 2040
(Source: US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2013 Early Release)
2012- The development of the shale gas resulted in the lowest level of CO2 emissions compared
to the last 20 years. The shale gas share jumped from 5% to 39% in the year 2012 and according
to EIA this percentage id 50% more than 2007 (Eia.gov 2017). The statistics carried out by EIA
also shows that the shale gas share is more in United Stated compared to Canada and China
(Eia.gov 2017).

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Image 5: Shale gas share of total dry natural gas production in the year 2012
(Source: Eia.gov 2017)
2013- The U.S. net energy imports have also risen through 2006 and gradually dropped by the
year 2013.
Image 6: United States Net Energy Imports from 1985-2013)
(Source: Eia.gov 2017)

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2.4.2 Timeline for 2015-2040
Image 7: U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production
(Source: Eia.gov 2017)
2015- The availability if the shale gas is also remained in ample amount in the year 2015. The
image from the reports of EIA also represents that presence if sake gas, tight gas, Alaska,
Coalbed methane and gas associated with oil was also present.
2016- China, which is the world’s biggest CO2 emitter, have planned to import energy sources
from the United States. China has raised their energy consumption of imports from 4% to 8% in
this year (Eia.gov 2017). The price also gets lowered in this year which results in 4.26 bcf/d
decline in gas production from 2015 to 2016 (Eia.gov 2017).

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Image 8: U.S. Gas Production Fall
(Source: Forbes.com 2017)
2017- The price of the shale gas fall due to presence of huge presence of shale resources.
However, it is assumed that new shale gas revolution can be triggered from the data analysis by
the oil and gas companies in U.S. Extensive data mining and analysis have resulted in 20,000
shale gas wells.

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Image 9: Price comparison of Marcellus wellhead prices and Henry Hub
(Souce: Forbes.com 2017)
Experts are also focusing on “refracturing” existing wells through the incorporation of
new technology for the formulation of high-performing wells.
2.5 Technology used for drilling shale gas in United States
There are mainly two technology used for drilling the shale gas from the base of the earth
and these are- horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Cueto-Felgueroso and Juanes (2013)
stated that in both the technology, water, sand and chemicals are injected at very high pressure
into the horizontal borehole of the well and that results in fracture in the shale rocks which
furthermore releases the gas.

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2.5.1 Horizontal Drilling
Non-renewable source of energy like oil and gas are present deep down inside the earth
and this can be safely and efficiently delivered to customers by using the method of drilling the
gas. The gas drilling process comprises of following stages:
Preparation- This is the procedure where energy sector organization try to find the exact
location below the earth surface where oil and gas reservoir are present so that it can be
extracted. Small et al. (2014) depicted that drilling pads and roads development are the basic
procedure in this phase which includes spreading of stone are lined up for avoiding any spills and
allow rain to drain properly.
Drilling- Ren et al. (2015) stated that a well that is horizontally drilled should be initially drilled
vertically to the right depth. This process sis known as ‘kick off point’ and from this point well
bore begins to take horizontal curves. Shellenberger et al. (2012) highlight one advantageous
point that is several laterals well can be drilled from only one point on the surface and that point
is known as surface drilling pad. This is use to lower the effect of scale of activity on the above
ground. After reaching to the target distance, drill pipe is removed and steel casing is inserted
through the well bore. Rutqvist et al. (2013) stated that once the drilling is finished final
cemented casing has been installed and the drilling rig is removed.

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Image 10: Shale gas Extraction
(Source: Forbes.com 2017)
Well Completion- Kang (2012) mentioned that when the process of establishing connection
between final casing and the rock is attained it is assumed that the first step of well completion is
done. Perforating gun is lowered to the rock layer and is fired to create holes through the
formulated cement casing into the targeted rock. The role of the perforating holes is that they
hold the perforating holes with the well bore. The next step for drilling is Hydraulic Fracturing to
explore shale as perforations are only a few inches long and the basic activity is performed more
than a mile underground and this is the reason that no activity is detected from the surface (Wang
and Li 2016).
2.5.2 Hydraulic Fracturing
It is evident that drilling under the earth the first thing to find is water and on further
exploration, stimulation fluid is found that is comprised of mixture of over 90% water and sand

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(Morse 2014). These fluids are also having few chemical additives that should be controlled
properly. These chemicals are important as it motivates lubrication and carry on the formation of
bacteria. Bamberger and Oswald (2015) also stated that these chemicals are non-hazardous have
the concentration of 0.1% to 0.5% and need to improve the efficiency and performance of the
hydraulic fracturing. Joskow (2013) furthermore stated that stimulation fluid is pumped at a very
high pressure that fractures the shale rocks.
Production- Fracturing fluid can be recovered through the flow of oil and gas from the well
bore. Rivard et al. 2014) stated that only 25-75% of the fracturing fluid can be recovered. The
recovered shale gas is recycled by following the using other fracturing method according to the
government and environmental regulations. It is also stated by the expert that the entire process
take 3 to 5 months to complete and the timeline for the same is divided as:
 1st to 3rd Week to prepare the reliable site
 10 to 12 weeks for drilling the well
 3 to 5 months to accomplish the completion activities
2.6 Impact of shale gas revolution
The supply of domestic gas supply to all the community members is known as shale gas
revolution. It is found that shale gas is obtained from 1% of the domestic gas in the year 2000
that become 20% in the year 2001 (Wang et al. 2014). It is also estimated that by the year 2035,
46% of shale gas will be extracted from domestic gas. The revolution was first noticed when the
“US Potential Gas Committee” estimated the shale gas production by 45% which is equal to
47.4 trillion cubic meters from 32.7 trillion cubic meters (Patzek et al. 2013). The impact is seen
through many aspects:

30OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
2.6.1 Price dropping of gas
It is evident that there shale gas revolution is significant when the price of the domestic
gas has been decreased. In the year 2010, the price of the gas was less than $5.00 per million
British thermal units (MMBTU) for two years (Sovacool 2014). Jenner and Lamadrid (2013)
also highlight that the price dropping also related to the utilization of the gas it is found that in
the same year the consumption of the gas was 24.1 trillion cubic feet (tcf), which is highest in
history of gas usage in the United States (Jenner and Lamadrid 2013). The price was further
dropped in the year 2011 that is $3.95 per thousand cubic feet that further decreased to $2.46 for
per thousand cubic feet (Jenner and Lamadrid 2013).
2.6.2 Global LNG Market
Prior to the entry of the United States, Qatar is the one of the world’s leaders in natural
gas production. British petroleum also estimated that Qatar comprise of the 14% of the gas
reservoir in the world (Stevens 2013). Qatar is the third largest natural gas producer after Russia
and Iran where 25.37 trillion cubic meters (TCM) plus 12–15 billion barrels of associated
condensates are produced (Aguilera and Radetzki 2013). Experts say that US is not expected to
export LNG till 2015 and approximately 120 billion dollars were restricted to be follow outside
America. Hoverer, the oil producers want to expert their products and total of 31 facilities in the
US submitted application for federal approval for LNG export facilities. It is also said that by the
year 2020, 30% of US gas production will be shipped through LNG export terminals (Stevens
2013). Another fact that can be highlighted is the development of attraction in Asian countries
like China and India and this result in high demands of energy sources. It is also estimated by
IEA that the share of natural gas will rise by 25% by the year 2035 which is equal to 5,1 trillion
cubic meters (tcm) than the current levels (McGowan 2014). It is also said that this amount is

31OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
precisely 1.8 trillion cubic meters more than the amount present now (Eia.gov 2017). The
unconventional gas sources that is shale gas is expected to grow significantly and by 2040 this
gas sources will be the highest as per as the projection.
Image 11: Projections for increased shale gas production
(Source: Eia.gov 2017)
EIA also estimated that the average prices of the shale gas will remain relatively stable as
there are sudden emergences of the unconventional gas sources. Moreover, in the United States,
gas prices are quoted by the Henry Hub Index and it is said that in the year 2006-20008, the
prices are raised above 10USD/MMBtu but after that the price id dropped below USD2/MMbtu
and in recent times, the price has reached to a stable point that is between USD3 and
USD4/Mmbtu (Eia.gov 2017).

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Image 12: Henry Hub Natural Spot Price
(Source: Eia.gov 2017)
2.6.3 Energy Policy in the country where shale gas is consumed
The shale gas production in the United States is supported by business policies and tax
regimes. The president of U.S. at that time Barrack Obama also stated that the shale revolution
has resulted in cleaner energy consumption, cheap price of energy sources and full of job
opportunities (Rivard, et al. 2014). Andrews (2013) furthermore stated that this revolution also
leads to more concerned towards environment and due to that policy for Obama's Clean Power
Plan and the main reason for formulating such legislation is for low carbon future. Fowlie et al.
(2014) argued that there the development and agreement of the politician for shale gas hampers
the business of short-term market that utilizes low-emission technology specially coal and gas
technology. European Union is moreover concerned more on energy security. It is a fact that the
major tools for stimulating the diversification of energy sources are policy and regulations. This
is taken as it reduces external energy dependence especially from Russia and fosters
development of national projects of self-sufficiency. Another initiative that is taken by EU for

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transformation of the energy system is European Commission's ‘Energy Roadmap 2050’ but in
order to make this project a success, ambition of maintaining 27% renewable share by the year
2030 (Connolly et al. 2013). There are policies for investing in US shale. The policies also
define the urge requirement of disastrous air pollution, so that it can be avoided. Capros et al.
(2012) stated that countries which started developing relationships with U.S offer national
energy plan and this plan is attained by China and they have stated that 6% of the country's
energy will be from shale gas by 2020. Oettinger (2012) on the other hand argued that problem
may arise due to lack of infrastructure and strong national regulation for an Asian gas hub.
However, this problem can be resolved if strong business relationship can be maintained with the
United States. Moreover, 2005 Energy Act and 1980 Energy Act are some regulations that are
liable to formulate generated the ‘shale gas revolution’ (Kern et al. 2014). The 2005 Energy Act
is also supported with the regulation of Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Water Act so
that a safe level of environment protection can be maintained. Griffiths et al. (2012) also
mentioned that 1980 Energy Act gave tax credits on per million BTUs which also include
Intangible Drilling Cost Expensing Rule that covers 70% of the cost related to well
development (Stevens 2013).
2.6.4 Energy companies strategies
Bamberger and Oswald (2015) mentioned that shale gas revolution in the United States is
the reason that many new, small companies venturing in production have bloomed. This can be
witnessed from the development of dozens of smaller, independent operators 200 boe per day
(Krupnick et al. 2013). A great example that can be illustrated in this aspect is that Exxon
acquired XTO Energy for $40 billion (Lipschultz 2012). Two more energy companies that are
Shell and Chevron have invested in Marcellus play land that is found to be the largest producing

34OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
shale basin in the US (Qinghui et al. 2012). Moreover, in order to attain more profitability,
British Petroleum collaborates with Chesapeake Energy Chesapeake Energy (Patzek et al. 2013).
Moreover, some companies like Exxon Mobile, Exxon Mobile and Qatar Petroleum have taken
initiative for transforming LNG import facilities to export terminals. Bazilian et al. (2014)
illustrates an argument that is Shell has been losing good fate in investments in the United States
for the two consecutive years but they have developed unconventional resources. Thus, it can be
stated that the shale gas revolution have boosted the annual income and significant energy sector
development.
2.6.5 Developments in existing petroleum producing regions
The cheap price of the shale gas boosts the American economy. Cotton et al. (2014) also
depict that the increase in the production of the shale gas results in 135,000 high-wage jobs from
the year 2007-2012. Another development that was witnessed is the establishment of several
pipelines and rail networks which on the other hand generated total 1.7 million jobs from the
analysis of McKinsey Global Institute (Aguilera and Radetzki 2013). Moreover, huge production
of the shale gas also become the world lowest-cost chemical producers and this put impact on the
gas-intensive industries like metal manufacturing industry, transportation, fertilizers and
petrochemicals. In addition to that, the Construction, infrastructure and service industry also get
benefited and the tax revenues of the unconventional sector will rise from 2012 through 2025
with the price of $1.6 trillion (McGowan 2014). Thus, experts can say that by the year 2020, the
unconventional oil and gas production boosts the annual GDP of US by 2% to 4% (Hefner III
2014). In addition to that, US has now become the world's top natural gas supply holder and
Qatar, that have more than 13% of the global reserves now ranked fourth (Hefner III 2014).

35OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
Image 13: Natural gas supply statistics in 2013
(Source: Hefner III 2014)
Furthermore, it is also believed that the American shale gas revolution has weakened
Qatar's global pricing power and their position as a global "swing supplier". This statement is
made because US LNG export projects on the Gulf and also on the East coast come to fruition.
Moreover, the excess amount of US shale gas also results in shipping of gas with cargoes in to
east or south to customers in Europe and Asia through the Panama Canal. Brantley et al. (2014)
also highlight that this shale gas formulation can enforce more flexible price indexation and also
bringing greater integration to the three-tier structure of the oil and gas sectors.
2.6.6 Renewable energy production
The governing bodies and the serious issue of global warming and climate change have
raised the awareness to develop renewable source of energy. Jenner and Lamadrid (2013) also
stated that by the year 2018, the gross power generation for renewable energy sources will be

36OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
rise by 25%. It is also a fact that not only the communal but the government also declared that
energy sources from fossil fuel should be banned. On the other hand, there are there are other
powers or energy sources like solar and wind that are considered as the fastest growing
renewable sources. Bros (2012) argued that these sources of energy are higher in cost and
domestic family does not handle the cost always. This can be shown through the cost of solar
energy is $1; while, gas/coal is estimated to be $0.30- 0.90. However, Dunn and McClelland
(2013) argued that these sources of energy are highly subsidized and also mentioned that shale
boom may result to only responsible to fulfill 16% of US electricity demand by the year 2040
according to the EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2014. Kang (2012) presented an argument that
sooner or later, renewable energy sources can be the victim due to the lower prices of the shale
gas. One solution that can be taken into consideration that is governments should stick to their
renewable support schemes and have to manage within the 1C safety limit of global warming.
2.7 Critics perception on shale gas revolution
The sudden exploration of huge shale gas is the reason for huge supply of gas in United
States which resulted to price drop of gas and lower dependency on the other oil producing
nations. However, there are some critics, who believed that Shale gas is not a revolution.
According to the Financial Times, the shale as revolution has become the US energy landscape
(Financialtimes.com 2017). It is also found that the technique of hydraulic fracturing was banned
that resulted in serious implications for the shale revolution in Europe. Andrews (2013) stated
that the US shale gas boom is capable to fulfill the energy demands for the communal for the
next 60 years. Yanagisawa (2013) argued that apart from the demand this revolution has become
the serious aspect of investigation from government’s Environmental Protection Agency. The
fracturing process has resulted in the pumping of thousands of tonnes of water along with sand.

37OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
Butkiewicz (2012) are in favor of this gas revolution as it can be the harmless substitute of coal
but some critics also stated that the fracturing methods may lead to the contamination of the
water. The data mining also shows that in region of Pennsylvania, there are active shale gas
production in the water well and has 17 times more gas than water. However Materka (2012)
argued that if exploration process continues, it may lead to gas leakage into water supplies.
Environmentalists also argue by saying that shale gas industry can increase the threat of climate
change as it promotes the supplies of fossil fuel that furthermore leads to higher carbon dioxide
emissions (Financialtimes.com 2017). Another big issue that is raised from this gas production is
that the owner of the lands and rights and receives the royalties also claims some profit that
reduces the overall profitability. Thus, it can be said that shale gas revolution is nothing but a
normal exploration of energy resources; however, the presence of the gas reservoirs are very
deep and the technology used may also results in adversity to the earth’s surface.

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1. Research philosophy
Research philosophy is used for assessing the source, nature and development of
knowledge. Snyder (2012) stated that research philosophy highlighted the important assumption
regarding the research. Positivism, realism and interpretivism are three kind of research
philosophy are three types of research philosophy. Roberts (2013) stated that positivism
philosophy is used when the research is highly structured and a large number of sample size is
taken into consideration. This philosophy is also used majorly when quantitative analysis is taken
into consideration. On other hand, realism philosophy is used when small sample size is
considered (Bryman and Bell 2014). Lastly, interpreticism philosophy is the combination of both
the positivism and realism philosophy.
In this research study, the technique of positivism philosophy is utilized.
3.1.1. Justification of the chosen philosophy
The positivism philosophy is highly structures and is considered when a large sample size
is considered. Moreover, the research study is mainly focused on primary research and thus this
philosophy will help to accomplish the data structured.
3.2. Research approach
In order to test the validity of the formulated assumptions, research approach is utilized.
Panneerselvam (2014) depict that there are two types of research approach- deductive and
inductive research approach. In deductive research approach, the hypothesis is tested based on
the data collected and the analysis process. This process stated whether or not the formulated

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hypothesis is accepted or rejected. On the other hand, Silverman (2016) depicted that in
inductive approach the data collected is analyzed and then a new theory and concept is
formulated.
In this research study the deductive research approach is followed.
3.2.1. Justification of the chosen research approach
The data is collected through primary research and based on the analysis it is evaluated
that the research has obtained their research objectives that is to evaluate the importance of gas
revolution for Shale Gas, to investigate the implications of the shale gas revolution and to find
out what is the result that Shale Gas attain from this gas revolution in United States of America.
3.3. Purpose of the research
Silverman (2016) stated that after validating the developed assumptions of the research,
the process to answer the research questions is the main objective of the research purpose. There
are mainly two types of research purpose- exploratory and descriptive research approach. Flick
(2015) depicted that in exploratory research purpose, insights about a situation is generated;
whereas, in descriptive research purpose the procedure that is selected is verifies to answer the
research questions and objectives.
In this research study, descriptive research purpose is taken into consideration.
3.3.1. Justification of the chosen research purpose
The data collected will be used to describe all the research objectives for attaining the
desired outcomes. The description is supported by the data found in the literature review and data
analysis.

40OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
3.4. Data collection process
Mackey and Gass (2015) stated that there are two types of data collection process-
primary data and secondary data collection process. In primary data collection process the data
are gathered directly from the sources like respondents; while, in secondary data collection
process, sources like research papers, peer articles journals and websites are taken into
consideration.
In this research study, the data from primary data sources are considered as the data about
the revolutionary technology cannot be gathered accurately from the primary data collection. The
data are collected from 50 employees of Shell and the questions are asked related to the shale gas
revolution in the United States of America. Since the research is focused on the shale gas
revolutions and its implications, it can be said that respondents should have the knowledge of
this incident and have proper educational qualification. So, all the respondents should have the
minimum qualification of higher secondary so that they can get the knowledge from the
questionnaire and new channels.
3.5. Data analysis techniques
There are two types of data analysis technique- quantitative and qualitative data analysis
technique. Miles et al. (2013) portray that quantitative analysis technique is used when data are
collected in numeric form; whereas, there qualitative analysis technique, the data on theoretical
form and are analyzed to answer all the research objectives.
In this research study, the data is analyzed through quantitative data analysis methods
where central tendencies is calculated on order to find the most agreed upon data of the research

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questions. The aspects that are considered in order to find the central tendency is mean, median,
mode and standard deviation and is calculated by using the application software Microsoft Excel.
3.6. Sampling technique
The method through which the sample size of the assignment is selected is known as
sampling technique. Liamputtong (2013) stated that there are two types of sampling techniques-
probability sand non-probability sampling technique. In probability sampling technique, all the
selected respondents get the similar chance to participate in the research; whereas, in non-
probability sampling technique, not all the selected respondents get the similar chance to
participate in the research.
In this research study, primary sources are selected and thus probability sampling
technique is used for selecting all the 50 respondents for answering the research questions.
3.7. Ethical consideration
Research ethics is important to accomplish the entire research study in an authentic way
(Miller et al. 2012). In this research study, the data collected from the research respondents are
protected under the legislation of Data Protection Act, 1998. Moreover, all the respondents are
allowed to present their own data and are not influenced in any other way. All the data collected
for the research study is only being considered for the research purpose and are not used for
another business benefits.
3.8. Research limitation
In this research, only the primary sources are taken into consideration which only gives
details concerning the research question based on the perception of the selected research
respondents. Another limitation is that only employees are considered and it might be the case

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that not all the respondents have the proper knowledge regarding the shale gas revolution and the
actual statistics based on which the research questions is designed. Moreover, the research is
only based on one organization that is Shale gas and thus the revolution based on the entire
industry is hard to evaluate through this research.
3.9. Gant chart
Main activities/ stages 1st and
2nd
Week
3rd and
4th
Week
5th and
6th
Week
7th and
8th
Week
9th and
10th
Week
11th and
12th
Week
Topic Selection
Data collection from
secondary sources
Drafting the research
Literature review
Selection of the Appropriate
Research Techniques
Secondary data collection
Analysis & Interpretation of
Data Collection
Conclusion of the Study
Table 1: Gantt chart
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chapter 4: Data Analysis
4.1 Demographic Question
Q1. What is your age?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
20- 25 years 12 50
26- 35 years 7 50
36- 45 years 9 50
46-55 years 8 50
Above 55 years 14 50
Table 2: Response on age of the respondents
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
It is found from the data analysis that 12 respondents from shell are of the age group of
20-25 years; while, 7 and 9 respondents are belong to 26-35years and 36-45years of age
respectively. Moreover, the 8 and 14 respondents are from 46-55 years and above 55 years
respectively.
Q2. What are your educational qualifications?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
High School 8 50
Graduation 22 50
Post Graduation 18 50

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Doctorate (PhD) 2 50
Table 3: Response on educational qualifications of the respondents
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
Total of 22 research respondents only 8 have higher secondary degree of graduation;
whereas, 22 and 18 respondents are graduates and post-graduates. Rest of the two respondents
has doctorate degree and thus it can be said that the research outcome is accurate as
knowledgeable people have expressed their perception on the research questions relayed to the
shale gas revolution.
Q3. For how long have you been in the oil and gas sector industry?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Less than 1 year 12 50
1- 3 years 16 50
3.3- 5 years 18 50
More than 5 Years 4 50
Table 4: Response on years of association with the oil and gas sector
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
The research result shows that 12 respondents are associated with the oil and gas industry
from less than 1 year; while, 16 and 18 respondents have the associativity of 1-3 years and 3.1-5
years respectively. Only 4 respondents have participated in the research who are associated with
this industry for more than 5 years.

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4.2 Quantitative Questions
Q4. Do you agree that shale gas formulation is a case of actual revolution?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 19 50
Agree 23 50
Neutral 2 50
Disagree 6 50
Strongly disagree 0 50
Table 5: Response on shale gas formulation being a real case of revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Chart 1: Response on shale gas formulation being a real case of revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 1.9

46OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
Median 2
Mode 2
Standard Deviation 0.952976
Table 6: Statistical Interpretation of shale gas formulation being a real case of revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
It is found from the literature review that most of the expert considers shale gas
formulation as a revolution while some experts denied the same fact. However, from the research
outcome it is clear that 42 out of 50 employee stated that shale gas formulation is actually a
revolution. The research study also shows that 2 respondents have neutral perception and
remaining 6 denied the said fact. From the statistical interpretation it can be said that value of
median and mode is 2 that indicated that the fact is “agreed” by the majority of the respondents
and the value of standard deviation which is nearly equal to “1” also shows that there is less
chance of being the question referring other answer.
Q5 Do you agree that horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are the most appropriate
technology to extract shale gas from rocks?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 18 50
Agree 21 50
Neutral 5 50
Disagree 4 50
Strongly disagree 2 50
Table 7: Response on most appropriate technology to extract shale gas from rocks

47OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
(Source: Created by Author)
Chart 2: Response on most appropriate technology to extract shale gas from rocks
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 2.02
Median 2
Mode 2
Standard Deviation 1.078359
Table 8: Statistical Interpretation of most appropriate technology to extract shale gas from
rocks
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
It is found from the research that, 39 out of 50 respondents stated that, horizontal drilling
and hydraulic fracturing are the appropriate technology to extract shale gas; however, 5 remain
neutral and rest 6 respondents denied the fact. The central tendency value that is represented by

48OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
he value of mean and median also refer that the used technology is the most agree upon
technique and the value of standard deviation also illustrates that there is low risk of deviation of
the answer from positive to negative. The other technique for extraction gas from shale rocks are
fermentation methods which could have been used.
Q6. How far do you agree that price dropping of gas is the most important implications of
shale gas revolution?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 21 50
Agree 15 50
Neutral 6 50
Disagree 4 50
Strongly disagree 4 50
Table 9: Response on price dropping of gas as influential aspect of shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Chart 3: Response on price dropping of gas as influential aspect of shale gas revolution

49OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 2.1
Median 2
Mode 1
Standard Deviation 1.265718
Table 10: Statistical Interpretation on price dropping of gas
(Source: Created by Author)
Finings and Analysis
The research outcome shows that 36 respondents out of 50 agree that sale gas revolution
is the reason for price dropping of natural gas in United States. However, there are 6 and 8
respondents remain neutral and denied the fact respectively. The central tendencies also shows
that the research question refers to positive implications and the value of the standard deviation
is also closer to 1, which indicates low risk of the deviation of the obtained answer.
Q7. Do you agree that United States has now become the most prominent competitor of global
LNG Market?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 17 50
Agree 23 50
Neutral 4 50
Disagree 5 50
Strongly disagree 1 50

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Table 11: Response on United States being the most prominent competitor in global LNG
Market
(Source: Created by Author)
Chart 4: Response on United States being the most prominent competitor in global LNG
Market
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 2
Median 2
Mode 2
Standard Deviation 1.010153
Table 12: Statistical Interpretation on United States being the most prominent competitor
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis

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A majority of 40 out of 50 respondents agrees on the fact that after shale gas revolution,
United States is one of the biggest competitors in global LNG market. However, 4 and 6
respondents remain neutral and denied the said fact. The central tendency also represented
through the value of median and mode that illustrates a positive implications on the research
question. Moreover, the value of the standard deviation also closer to 1 that shows that there is
low risk of answer deviation from positive to negative. It is also clear from the literature review
that after shale gas revolution, Qatar, who topped the race on LNG market, comes to fourth
position after United Stated found the shale gas reservoir in their basin regions.
Q8. How far do you agree that energy policies influence the shale gas revolution?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 13 50
Agree 25 50
Neutral 2 50
Disagree 5 50
Strongly disagree 5 50
Table 13: Response on energy policies being influential factor on shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chart 5: Response on energy policies being influential factor on shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 2.28
Median 2
Mode 2
Standard Deviation 1.246055
Table 14: Statistical Interpretation on energy policies being influential factor
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
The research result shows that shale gas revolution lead to the formulation of energy
policies in the United States and this fact is agreed by 38 out of 50 research respondents.
Moreover, 2 and 10 respondents remain neutral and denied the same fact respectively. The
median and mode value also represents “2” that shows that he central tendency refers to the

53OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
positive implication respect pt the question. On the other hand, the value of standard deviation is
also closer to 1 that represents lower risk of deviation of the obtained answer. It is obtained from
the literature review that Obama's Clean Power Plan, Energy Roadmap 2050’, 2005 Energy
Act, Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Water Act and Intangible Drilling Cost
Expensing Rule are some policies that is raised after the shale gas revolution occur.
Q9. Do you agree that energy company’s strategies influences by the shale gas revolution?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 22 50
Agree 16 50
Neutral 6 50
Disagree 5 50
Strongly disagree 1 50
Table 15: Response on energy company’s strategies being influential factor on shale gas
revolution
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chart 6: Response on energy company’s strategies being influential factor on shale gas
revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 1.94
Median 2
Mode 1
Standard Deviation 1.076843
Table 16: Statistical Interpretation on energy company’s strategies being influential factor on
shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
38 out of 50 respondents agree that the shale gas revolution have influenced the energy
company’s strategies; while, the fact is denied by 6 respondents and remaining 6 gave a neutral

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perception. The value of median and mode also shows that the central tendency refers a positive
implication on the research question. Lastly, the value of standard deviation is also closer to 1
that illustrates that there is low risk for deviation of the answer from positive to negative. The
literature review also says that after shale gas revolution, other countries also intends to use the
horizontal drilling and fracturing operation for drilling natural gas.
Q10. How far do you agree that developments in existing petroleum producing regions occur
due to shale gas revolution?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 21 50
Agree 18 50
Neutral 3 50
Disagree 5 50
Strongly disagree 3 50
Table 17: Response on developments in existing petroleum producing regions due to shale gas
revolution
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chart 7: Response on developments in existing petroleum producing regions due to shale gas
revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 2.02
Median 2
Mode 1
Standard Deviation 1.203566
Table 18: Response on developments in existing petroleum producing regions due to shale gas
revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
39 out of 50 respondents agree that shale gas revolution influences the development of
the existing petroleum producing regions; while, 3 respondents remain neutral and remaining 8

57OIL AND GAS MANAGEMENT
denied the facts. It is also found from the literature review that shale gas revolution results in
135,000 high-wages of total 1.7 million jobs and also benefited the metal manufacturing
industry, transportation, fertilizers, petrochemicals and construction, infrastructure industry. The
gas revolution also boosts the annual GDP of US by 2% to 4% in 2014. Moreover, the central
tendency also shows that the median and mode indicate positive implication of the research
question. The value of value of standard deviation is also closer to 1 that illustrates that there is
low risk for deviation of the answer from positive to negative.
Q11. Do you agree that shale gas revolution can trigger the problem of climate change?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 26 50
Agree 17 50
Neutral 3 50
Disagree 1 50
Strongly disagree 3 50
Table 19: Response on problem of climate change as a disadvantage of shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chart 8: Response on problem of climate change as a disadvantage of shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 1.76
Median 1
Mode 1
Standard Deviation 1.079682
Table 20: Statistical interpretation on problem of climate change
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and Analysis
The research outcome shows that 43 respondents agree with the fact that the shale gas
revolution raised the adversity of climate change and global warming. 3and 4 respondents remain
neutral and denied the same fact. However, the value of median and mode show the value 1 that
represents that the fact is “strongly agreed” by most of the respondents and the value of standard

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deviation is also close to 1 that represents low risk of deviation of obtained answer from positive
to negative. The literature review also stated that the shale gas revolution results in the main
subject of investigation for Environmental Protection Agency. The revolution also promotes the
supplies of fossil fuel that indicates higher carbon dioxide emissions which causes more global
warming.
Q12. How far do you agree that fracturing methods may lead to the contamination of the
water?
Options No of respondents Total respondents
Strongly agree 19 50
Agree 21 50
Neutral 4 50
Disagree 6 50
Strongly disagree 0 50
Table 21: Response on problem of contamination of the water through fracturing methods as
a disadvantage of shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)

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Chart 9: Response on problem of contamination of the water through fracturing methods as a
disadvantage of shale gas revolution
(Source: Created by Author)
Statistical Interpretation aspects Values obtained from statistical interpretation
Mean 1.94
Median 2
Mode 2
Standard Deviation 0.977502
Table 22: Statistical interpretation on problem of contamination of the water
(Source: Created by Author)
Findings and analysis
The result also shows that majority of research respondents agrees with the fact that shale
gas revolution boosts the problem of contamination of the water; however, only 6 respondents
disagrees with the fact and the reaming 4 respondents remain neutral. The literature review also

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shows that in order to extracts shale gas from rock tones of water and sand is injected in the
earth’s surface that leads to contamination of water. Moreover, leakage of gas also results in
water that contains gaseous particles. This can be further affirmed with the value of the central
tendencies that shows the value of “2” each for median and mode that represents positive
implication of the research question,. Lastly, the value of standard deviation is also closer to 1
that shows low risk of deviation of research result from being negation from affirmative result.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Linking with research objectives
Objective 1: To evaluate the importance of gas revolution for Shale Gas
The important of shale gas revolution is that it provides ample amount of natural gas that
it is able to fulfill the demand of those energy sources for the next 60 years in United States of
America. The formulation of the shale gas in United States has been started from the year 2000
and the source is found in Antrim Shale and Collinwood Utica Shale, Michigan; Barnett Shale
and Pearsall Shale, Texas; Faytteville Shale, Arkansas and Devonian shales, Appalachian Basin.
The Marcellus Shale was more than 35 billion cubic feet per day by the year 2014 and the shale
gas boom took off in 2007 and by 2010. It is also found that share of natural gas reached 26% in
2011 and this amount is 23% higher compared to the total primary energy consumption in the
year 2007. It is also found from the literature review that shale gas share jumped from 5% to
39% in the year 2012. The technology that is use for extracting the shale gas is horizontal drilling
and hydraulic fracturing. The importance that is found is lots of employment opportunity and
befits to other industry like construction industry, metal and infrastructure industry. Other energy
industries are also benefited through this shale gas revolution in terms of technology and use of
these resources.
Objective 2: To investigating implications of the shale gas revolution
There are several implications found related to shale gas revolution. The first is “price
dropping of gas” that shows that in the year 2010, the price of the gas was less than $5.00 per
million British thermal units (MMBTU) for two years. Moreover, the price was further dropped

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in the year 2011 that is $3.95 per thousand cubic feet that further decreased to $2.46 for per
thousand cubic feet. The second implication found is “global LNG market ranking” that
illustrates that qatar comprise of the 14% of the gas reservoir in the world become the third
largest natural gas producer after Russia and Iran and the first being the United States. 30% of
US gas production will be shipped through LNG export terminals and shale gas is expected to
grow significantly and by 2040 this gas sources will be the highest as per as the projection. The
third implication that is found through the literature review and data analysis is “development of
energy policies in the country where shale gas is consumed”. After the shale gas revolution,
policies like Obama's Clean Power Plan, inclusion of shale power sources is introduced in
‘Energy Roadmap 2050’, implementation of 2005 Energy Act along with Environmental
Protection Agency’s Clean Water Act and Intangible Drilling Cost Expensing Rule is taken into
consideration. The fourth implication is “strategies taken by energy companies” that shows that
Exxon acquired XTO Energy for $40 billion and Shell and Chevron have invested in Marcellus
play land, which is the largest producing shale basin in the US after the shale gas revolution.
Moreover, Exxon Mobile, Exxon Mobile and Qatar Petroleum have taken initiative for
transforming LNG import facilities to export terminals. The fifth implication that was found is
“developments in existing petroleum producing regions” and this shows that shale gas revolution
benefited industries like metal manufacturing industry, transportation, fertilizers and
petrochemicals along with construction, infrastructure and service industry. The data from
literature review also shows that the tax revenues of the unconventional sector will rise from
2012 through 2025.
Objective 3: To find out what is the result that Shale Gas attain from this gas revolution in
United States of America

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The implication of “developments in existing petroleum producing regions” shows that
shale gas revolution has raised 135,000 high-wage jobs from the year 2007-2012 in total of 1.7
million jobs. The unconventional sector will rise from 2012 through 2025 with the price of $1.6
trillion and unconventional oil and gas production boosts the annual GDP of US by 2% to 4%. It
is also found that the demand of the natural gas in the European countries can be fulfilled for the
next 60 years. However, there are some critics, who believed that shale gas revolution is actually
not a revolution and it equally creates the chases of climate change and global warming more
adverse when compared to other gas sources. These critics also says that the fracturing
mechanism to extract gases from shale rocks can harm the planet earth and also lead to
contamination of water as tones of water along with sand are forced injected through these rocks.
However, this adversity is highlighted and agreed by majority of the respondents through the
research survey. The secondary research done for developing the literature review also shows
that share of natural gas will rise by 25% by the year 2035 which is equal to 5,1 trillion cubic
meters (tcm) than the current levels and companies like Exxon have also acquired XTO Energy
for $40 billion. This shows that shale gas formulation is actually a revolution.

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