Oncogenic Viruses: Molecular Mechanisms and Impact on Cancer in Humans

This research paper discusses the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic viruses and their impact on causing cancer in humans. It sheds light on the transformation abilities of these viruses and their correlation to immortalize and transform healthy host cells into cancerous cells. The paper also explores the different types of oncogenic viruses, their impact on the body, and the recent advances in viral manipulation of host cellular signaling.

Question 2 Oncogenic viruses
Introduction
Oncovirus is virus that causes cancer, where term is originated from medical science
based on in depth science where it is further found to be also essentially related to cause cancer.
The virus has ability to cause cancer, among humans based on abilities to transform host cells
which varies depending on virus. Research will discuss the efficacy of virus which causes
cancer and are significant increasing aspects of impact in humans, based on their ability to
transform host cells which varies depending on virus transformation power (Lõhmussaa and
et.al, 2021).

Main Body
Oncogenic viruses hold specific characteristics, where molecular mechanisms employed
to further immortalize and transform healthy host cells in cancerous cells. Oncogenic virus are
based on significant aspects, where it has high correlation on further extended technical impact
on body for spreading cancer, and related further diseases in body. The impact of virus on
specific human to human can be analysed by strengthening keen understanding of various types
of viruses and their impact among body temperature rapidly. It can be also analysed that recent
essay will also shed light on molecular mechanisms that is employed to immortalize and
transform healthy host cells in cancerous cells within body ( Schiller and Lowy, 2021).
The oncogenic viruses are divided into broad class, which are RNA and DNA viruses
based on specific aspects based on significant aspects. The acute transformation involves two
different viruses which are replication deficient transforming virus that encodes non
transforming replication of competent helper virus. The oncovirus is virus that leads to cancer,
based on originated from in depth studies where abilities to transform are related to host cells
which varies depending on their individual characteristic. Human oncogenic viruses are
moderate signal transduction viruses which control sell growth further proliferation in their
spread and survival to optimize cellular conditions for viral replication (Lathwa, Kumar and
Raghava, 2021).
The recent advances in viral manipulation of host cellular signalling has high
significance, based on DNA damage responses, immunity and micro RNA targets which
promotes the initiation and further development of cancer disease among body in humans
(Sepich-Poore and et.al, 2021). The oncovirus viruses has varied aspects where Hepattis B virus
chronically infects 250 million people worldwide, resulting in nearly one million deaths annually
among people which also improves knowledge of mechanism deaths. Studies in recent time have
significantly improved knowledge related to multiple pathways, for harnessing host innate
immunity to enhance its replication. There is advantage of developing immune system, where it
stabilizes gut microbial among body to facilitate persistence after vertical transmission (Scott
and Morris, 2021). People infected with hepattibis B virus may develop chronic infection that
can lead to cancer which increases risk of living cancer, based on significant aspects leading into

major health complications. Medical research further shed light on significant new parameters
where Cancer related virus spread in body are fast, when extended specific focus has been found
to be worked on for gaining functional working aspects shaped ( Ferreira and et.al, 2021).
Also research aspects found in recent study of research, further shed light on extended
aspects based on significant working goals where virus affects immunity of off spring. As
oncogenic virus is known to cause cancer in body due to transformation of healthy cells in
cancerous cells the transformation abilities through molecular mechanisms holds importance. It
can be also analysed that RNA and DNA tumour viruses have fundamental contributions to two
major areas of cancer research, where virus has vital impact based on significant cancer biology
aspects. Transforming retroviruses carries oncogenesis derived from cellular genes which has
significant working impact on bodies based on viral replication and transformation procedures.
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12 percent among human cancers, where larger
number of world population harbours have specific significance (Zhao, Wang and Lee, 2021).
EBV infection increases person risk of getting nasopharyngeal cancer ( area in back of
nose) and certain types of fast growing lymphomas such as Burkitt lymphoma. Certain type of
fast growing lymphoma which is linked to lymphoma and some cases of stomach cancer, where
it causes chronic infection and is linked to variety of conditions including cancer. It can be
further identified that ability if EBV to cause cancer is most clearly indicated by development of
B-cell lymphoproliferations in patients who are deficient in T-Cell mediated immunity following
bone marrow of solid organ transplantation within body. It can be also analysed that majority of
cases within post transplant lymphoma, are connected to further determine EBV infections.
HPV has two proteins known as E6 and E7 whcih turn off some tumor suppressor genes
such as p53 and Rb. This allows cells lining cervix to grow too much and for development
changes into additional genes, leading to cancer.
HPV infections turn normal cells into abnormal cells called precancerous cells, where
HPV genome integration has been done in loss of E2 during integration into host genome. It
encodes proteins that regulate viral gene expression, where HPV modulates cell cycle, where
deploying mechanisms escapes host immune response, cellular senescence and apoptosis. HPV

infection leads directly and indirectly to genomic instability, favouring transforming genetic
events and progression to malignancy.
The interplay between host and viral factors plays specific role for strengthening their
complex process that has specific impact on development of cancer disease. It has host and viral
factors where complex process works together to create micro-environment conductive to
oncogenesis aspects based on significant parameters (Borchmann, 2021). Interplay between host
and viral factors is complex process which works in format of conductive to develop specific
oncogenesis pathways, based on established human oncoviruses.
It can be also analysed that oncogenic viruses have specific transformational abilities
within molecular mechanisms which are employed to immortalize and further transform healthy
host cells into cancerous cells (Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. 2020). It can
be also analysed that another virus is human papilomavirus (HPV) which is group of virus that
are extremely common , where there are more than 100 types and at least 14 are cancer causing.
The virus is mainly transmitted through physical contact where most people are infected with HP
based on significant parameters related with infection based on HPV. The HPV types causes
70% of cervical cancers and pre cancerous cervical diseases in human bodies, based on optimum
parameters. It can be also analysed that molecular mechanisms employed to immortalize and
transform further healthy host cells in cancerous cells have been found to be also specifically
crucial. Virus holds huge significance for enhancing immunization in body based on humans
for further productive efficacy within body (Abd-Aziz and Poh, 2021).
The virus associated transformation abilities has specific correlation to immortalize and
transform healthy host cells into cancerous cells for extended time period. Recent research also
has been found to be authentic and significantly crucial for optimizing working vision as per
medical latest research aspects evolving in recent time period (Oncogenic Viruses as Entropic
Drivers of Cancer Evolution, 2021).
Conclusion
Essay has concluded significant factors about oncogenic viruses that are known to cause
cancer, where these will be discussed in context of humans which have specific ability to
transform host cells which are varyingly increasing depending on virus related abilities. Recent
study has developed in depth analysis on critical transformational abilities through molecular

mechanisms that are employed to immortalize and transform healthy host cells to cancerous cells
in body.
REFRENCES
Books and Journals
Abd-Aziz, N. and Poh, C. L., 2021. Development of oncolytic viruses for cancer
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Borchmann, S., 2021. An atlas of the tissue and blood metagenome in cancer reveals novel links
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Ferreira, D. A. and et.al, 2021. A “hit-and-run” affair–a possible link for cancer progression in
virally driven cancers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on
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Lathwal, A., Kumar, R. and Raghava, G. P., 2021. In-silico identification of subunit vaccine
candidates against lung cancer-associated oncogenic viruses. Computers in Biology
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Lõhmussaar, K and et.al, 2021. Patient-derived organoids model cervical tissue dynamics and
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Schiller, J. T. and Lowy, D. R., 2021. An Introduction to Virus Infections and Human Cancer.
In Viruses and Human Cancer (pp. 1-11). Springer, Cham.
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Online
Oncogenic Viruses as Entropic Drivers of Cancer Evolution. 2021. [Online]. Available
Through :<https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2021.753366/full>
Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. 2020. [Online]. Available Through :
<https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-
and-cervical-cancer>