Project Management Techniques and Governance

The assignment is based on a research paper that discusses the importance of project management techniques and governance principles in achieving successful project outcomes. The paper covers topics such as BIM implementation, risk allocation in PPP projects, project portfolio governance, and front-end definition of projects. It also touches on pluralism in project management and the use of system dynamics as a decision-making tool. The assignment is likely to be from a university or college course in project management and requires students to analyze and apply these concepts to real-world scenarios.

Operation and Project
management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1. Review and critique of the implementation of principle of operation management ............3
TASK2.............................................................................................................................................6
P2 Continuous improvement plan that based on review and critique.........................................6
TASK3.............................................................................................................................................9
P3 Stages of PLC with business case, project plan and work breakdown structure...................9
TASK4...........................................................................................................................................12
P4. Effectiveness of PLC in application of project ..................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operation management plays an important role in running overall manufacturing activity
of company. Further, it is consider as important division of management that wholly engaged on
designing and controlling all the procedures of management in order to re-framing and
redesigning the whole procedure from production of goods and service till the delivery of
products to end user. It further includes the process related to assigning the duties responsibilities
among employees so they produced the goods services according to external demand and serve
them to customers within the specified time period (Bouraad ,2010). Apart from it, project is an
temporary enterprise which is generally used in order to manufacture unique products and
services. Under this assignment the company which is preferred i.e. Leyland trucks which is UK
based truck company trace its origin back to original Leyland motors founded in 1896 and
subsequently evolved into the giant conglomerate British Leyland and comprises of almost 1000
employees and more than 24500 trucks are execute in which 50% are exported. Further project,
discuss about review and critique regarding principle of operation management, stages of PLC
and effectiveness of PLC theories.
TASK 1
P1. Review and critique of the implementation of principle of operation management
Operation management described as process under which main efforts is related to
administration and controlling of all business practices in order to increase the production
efficiency and effectiveness among the workforce of organisation. Further, under this operation
management main focus is related to conversion of raw material into finished goods and services
and deliver it to end customers. This will generally help in maximising the profits and
productivity of business. The main criteria is to create balance between the cost and income in
order to attain higher level of operational profits.
Apart from it, operation management is such process under which resources such as raw
material, equipment and technology has been used to make the production process more efficient
and productive and leads to optimum utilisation of resources. Therefore it is important for
Leyland trucks to scan all the changes coming in external environment related to technologies
and innovative operative process and adopt such measures in their products and services which
help in strengthen the brand position and product quality in better and effective manner. Various

issues and disputes under inventory management is related to quality control, work in progress
and handling all the procedures and policies related to managing policies.
Therefore, it is clearly understand that operation management is very critical and crucial
part in every organisation which induces Leyland trucks to concentrate on all the activities of
operations at every division and at the time of manufacturing products Leyland trucks need to
give importance to principle of management on the basis of which they carry out their whole task
and procedures (Bryde , Broquetas and Volm ,2013).
Some of the principle related to operation management are described below:- Reality:- According to this principle operation management need to focus on all the
important issues for which different solution has been evaluated irrespective of using
universal solution for all circumstances. Organisation:- Process used in manufacturing are interlinked with each other under
which all the elements need to predictable and consistent with every circumstances in
order to achieve good outcomes in future. Fundamentals:- Under this Pareto rule is applicable to operations in which 80% success
of organisation is coming from strict compliances of rules regulation and maintenance of
all accounting records and further 20% coming from applying new techniques and
procedures. For example Leyland trucks must adopt such digitalise and innovative
procedures in their auto-mobile that enhance quality standards. Accountability:- Managers are required to set their rules and metrics on the basis of
which they define all the duties responsibilities of their subordinates and check on regular
basis so that goals are met which can be done by efforts of employees in workforce. Variance:- Under this process if there is any time of variance which must be encouraged
in order to enhance creativity if it is managed well. Causality:- According to this principle problems or difficulties are just only the
symptoms which has an effect on underlying causes and if particular solution is not
emerged then problem will arises in future again. Managed passion:- Under this case the priority is given on overall passion of employees
which will be major driver of business for further growth and development and it can be
insert by the company manager if it is not coming naturally. For example employees

working in Leyland trucks required to understand the inner passion of employees and
delegate the work that give maximum outcomes to business. Humility:- Instead of using trail and error process manager must know about their
limitations get help and move on further processing. Success:- Success of organisation is changed over the period of time but under this they
need to consider the overall interest of customers and on the basis of circumstances other
principles has been revised occasionally.
 Change:- Company do not require to stick on particular principles but they need to adopt
different theories and methods in order to adjust with the changing external environment.
For example Leyland trucks need to change their designs of trucks through which they
attract large audiences for further sales.
Therefore, Leyland truck management require to implement all the principles of operation
management in order to increase the overall productivity and efficiency of business. Further
company manufacture trucks under DAF brand in Leyland near Preston, Lancashire and their
aim was to improve the quality standard of goods and services and after using these operation
principle positively they easily enhance their productivity and operations. Apart from it, some
other theories and principle related to it are described below:-
Six sigma methodology:- This methodology is generally used in order to improving overall
quality of operation management by removing or eliminating all the defects and errors of
business through reducing cost, time and efforts. Under this principle main objective is to
remove all the shortcomings and defects coming at overall manufacturing process which allow
them to optimally utilise all the resources for better productivity and effectiveness. Company like
Leyland trucks work under DAF brand manufacturing their three plants in Europe and focus on
developing such strategy through which they make continuous improvement and increase their
production capacity from 18000 to 25000 units which can be possible by using this techniques
only. Two prominent technology used under it are DMAIC and DMADV measures. The term
DMAIC is used in order to improve the overall quality for such products which already exist in
market and DMADV is used in order to introduce new products services in market. Leyland
truck wants to make improvement in their existing products for which they used DMAIC
techniques whose steps are described below:-

 Define:- It is the first phase in improvement process under which project manager
establish plan in order to understand needs of customers. Measure:- Under this step team start to collecting data on both the process as well
measure what customer wants in order to reduce time. Analyse:- Under this analyse the whole situation and team need to find out the root cause
of problems and try to find out what are the possible solutions. Improve:- In this medium select all those alternatives through which they make further
improvements in whole process.
Lean principle:- This principle is generally used in order to understand properly overall value of
customers and make relevant changes for better improvement in future. Five phases used under it
are discuss below:-
Value:- It define whole buyer demand for certain products services.
Value stream:- Once the company define the value next step is to design the value stream
through which specific raw material are converted and finish product deliver to end user.
Create flow:- Stage of flow must be analyse so that product will flow smoothly.
Establish pull:- For the continuous flow in smooth manner then try to regulate it without delay
interruption.
Seek perfection:- Try to adopt such measure through which perfection can be obtained in
productivity and operations.
TASK2
P2 Continuous improvement plan that based on review and critique
Leyland trucks require to adopt continuous improvement plan in order to strengthen their
product segment and for further development also. Further proper implementation of it
facilitating more benefits and advantage when they applying and using continuous development
plans in order the develop the products in better manner. This company focusing on Kaizen for
continuous improvement in their existing products services (Burke ,2013).
Continuous improvement:- This term is described as measure under which main efforts is
basically on improving the overall quality of products and services by removing all the defects
shortcoming arises under it for better accomplishment of objectives. Their are four phases which
are consider as quality model and step involved under it are:-

 Plan:- First main objective is to formulate the proper plan and find the opportunities for
making changes in organisation structure. Do:- Execute and implement all the changes on large scale. Check:- Use all the data and information in order to observing all the changes and
analyse if it make difference or not.
 Act:- Whatever the modification made in whole organisation process will provide better
result and outcomes to business.
Apart from it, there is critique and review of overall operation management regarding the
principle applied by Leyland tractors for continuous improvement plan in respect of their
products and services and for the better improvement in quality which describe below:-
Improvement Current position Target Time frame
Quality Company is working
under DAF brands and
make strategy for
continuous
improvement and
increase production
capacity from 18000
to 25000 units so they
expand their business
easily for meeting the
demand needs of
customers.
Leyland trucks
comprises of large
customers base and
they are happy to get
the products and
services according to
their needs and
specification. By
improving quality they
easily retain large
number of customers
and enhance their skill
and capability.
Time required is
whole production
process until the whole
product come into
process for
rechecking.
Packaging This is consider as
most important
element under which
organisation require to
form such strategy
through which they
Under this main target
of packaging is
specific because
Leyland trucks need to
predict all the
attributes of packaging
After understanding
properly the whole
packaging process of
product firm further
require atleast 5
months for whole

design appropriate
packaging which
attracts large
audiences.
which allow team of
packaging that will
help in meeting all the
desired and proper
style of packaging for
better handling of
products.
procedures.
Designing The designs of trucks
are most popular in
today business world
manufactured by
Leyland trucks.
Mainly the target
customers are mainly
large business
industries under which
they manufacture
different design in
respect of products
services for better
profits.
It is consider as
complex procedure
under which
association prescribed
properly the whole
products which
involve technical
procedure
approximately for the
period of 10 to 12
months in order to
redesigning the whole
product.
Effectiveness of whole continuous improvement plan are describe below:-
this plan help the organisation in different ways by providing them different types of
opportunities and by grabbing this organisation gain profits and following points related to it
are:-
 Productivity enhancement
 Improve quality standard and increase sale of business. Lower cost, time and efforts and increase demand of products.
Usefulness of continuous improvement plan and their effectiveness
In dynamic external environment changes are coming at rapid fast speed in relation to
choice, perception and taste of customers therefore in order to cope with all the challenges of

rivalry and overcome from all the issues and problem company require to establish such
strategies and tactics on the basis of which they make continuous improvement and the quality
standard of goods and services which differentiate their items from other competitors that give
competitive advantages over competitors and leads to better productivity and efficiency.
TASK3
P3 Stages of PLC with business case, project plan and work breakdown structure
Product life cycle of new product development is important phase for whole company
point of view. The term PLC is used in order to predict the overall success of products and
services during the whole period (Cook and et. al ,2011). Further, Leyland trucks focusing on
increasing their production capacity and from using creative ideas they plans to introduce new
design of trucks between 7.5 and 44 tones for the success of product in market continuous
research has been conducted in which both the primary and secondary data has been collected so
they know the recent trends, demand and preferences of customers which help the company in
making improvement in the features, quality, prices and durability which help in satisfying the
requirement of customers. This philosophy generally used at that time period when company
want to launch new and creative product in market which represent the overall profits and losses
required in business. Due to rapid changes in dynamic external environment operational manager
require to frame various policies and tactics which help in betting all the challenges of rivalry.
Product life cycle stages Introduction stage:- Under this stage company is planning to introduce to launch new
products by using different tools and techniques used to fix the price and quality standard
for products. This project generally take time period of 3-5 weeks. Growth stage:- Under this stage different type of marketing strategies has been adopted
in order to promote goods services in which company dealing and aware them towards
new features in respect of new features and benefits they offer in services and company
earn huge profit and productivity. This project will take at-least 4-6 weeks. Maturity stage:- Under this stage company already establish their brand value and due to
huge competition and introduction of new products and services in market at same sector
will reduce the demand and product come at maturity level. This project will take at-least
8-10 weeks for completion.

 Decline stage:- This stage is consider as end stage of product where company require to
come with new innovation and digitalise techniques in respect of their products and
services so that customer attract towards company product which facilitate sustainability
in competitive market.
Figure: Product life cycle Source:- Stages of PLC,2018
This mechanism can implemented or execute properly only when both the manager and leader
boost up the morale of employees so that they put their skills and capabilities in order to
improving the quality standard for products and services. Main criteria of using PLC is to
strengthen the position of product in market.
Work down structure for new product:-

It is generally related to whole project management and system engineering. In this
structure whole work of company is used in dividing the different departments and division in
which work has been delegated or allotted among individuals according to their specialisation
and the whole hierarchy is executed by managers for better outputs which work has been
delegated or allotted among individuals according to their specialisation and the whole hierarchy
is executed by managers for better outputs.
Gantt chart:-
It is define as type of bar chart in which whole schedule of project is described. Further
this chart is used in which task and activities which are performed shown in vertical axis and
time interval on horizontal axis and this techniques is best method in executing the whole project
in most effective manner.

TASK4
P4. Effectiveness of PLC in application of project
Leyland trucks in order to enter into new market segment they require to maintain better
brand image and goodwill through which they increase the market share and profitability of
business. The most essential role of manager is to enhance the skill and capability of business
manager that facilitates best services to customers. Apart from it, employees are consider as most
essential asset of business which enable the proper and systematic arrangement of training
development programmes has been organised in order to develop professionalism and effective
communication at the time of interacting with large target audiences (Eadie and et. al ,2013).
Further Leyland trucks uses various theories and applications for quality improvement
and involves all the employees of organisation for creating culture of trust and empowerment.
Apart from it, the results for Leyland trucks in its full range of KPI which has been staggering.
Therefore they are using Six sigma technique and main advantages company get is rising in

stated time delivery to 95%, 10% reduction in mechanical defects and reduction on injury will
around 55 % and main benefit is improvement in process and targets audience in KPI will also
advance and this will deliver ongoing cycle of improvement. Further, company is planning to
expand their market segments by introducing products services through inclusion of such
features, variety, quality and price by researching on the taste and background of people living
at particular countries which give proper success to business and apart from it, company also
using PLC approach through which they analyse the overall outcomes company get from
particular products and services.
Different strategies and tactics has been establish under PLC stages in which management try to
use such theories and practices through which they easily make improvement in most better and
effective manner. Leyland trucks at the time of improving quality standards and for better
production capacity company require to conduct such type of research under which whole
marketing team frame such plans and procedures which they execute in market in which methods
like questionnaire, personal interview and other methods has used in which feedback has been
taken from customers regarding all the new and innovative changes they are going to made in
respect of all the products and services in which company are currently engaged and this also
give the idea to make further improvement in respect of overall management operations of
business. Apart from it, as a management trainee of Leyland trucks they need to manage all the
stock of inventory and logistics management through which they deliver superior quality of
products and services to end customers that increase the brand value and goodwill of business. In
order to implement project successfully company need to include innovative machinery at the
designing and manufacturing truck to large audiences at affordable price which facilitate long
sustainability and easy accomplishment of objectives and goals.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from whole assignment that operation management is one of the
crucial factor and function of management in which organisation require to established such
strategies and tactics through which they launch new products and services in market by
executing projects properly. Apart from it, Leyland trucks need to research regarding all the
techniques and mechanism which are highly advanced and used at the time of converting raw
material into finished products and deliver to end customer successfully that leads to
accomplishment of long term mission of company.

REFERENCES
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Online:-
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