Project Management Research Paper

This assignment requires students to delve into the history and development of project management research. The focus is on critically analyzing past research trends, highlighting influential works, and exploring the current state and future trajectories of this field. Students should demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of key concepts, methodologies, and contributions within project management research.

Operation and project
management

CONTENTS
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P.1 Review and critique of implementing of principle of operations management...............1
P.2 Continuous improvement plan that based on review and critique...................................4
P3 Stages of PLC with business case, project plan and work breakdown structure..............8
P4 Review and critique effectiveness of the PLC with theories, concept and model..........10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES 12

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is the process of controlling production and other business
activities in the business. Hence company can create various goods and services etc. Through
this firm can provide efficient and effective services and goods to all consumers. Project
management is initiating, planning, organizing and controlling work in a team so that they can
work properly in a team (Antonio Martins and Ramos Martins, 2012). Through this firm can
create different strategies and can perform work in better manner. Report discuses about Leyland
truck which manufacturers trucks. It is found in 2006 in U.K. They have expanded their
operations worldwide. Assignment discusses about reviewing implementation of operations
management principles in organization. It further describes about the continuous improvement in
operations management principles in the firm. It explains about the different applications of
stages in PLC to project producing different documents for completing the project and
application of PLC in a given project.
TASK
P.1 Review and critique of implementing of principle of operations management
Operational management is the controlling of all plans and activities so that firm can
provide good and efficient services to all customers. Through this firm can increase the profits
and can increase the market share. Team in management creates perfect balance between costs
and revenues. Through this firm can increase their operating profits and can easily increase their
production.
In operational management there is vast variety of resources which are used such as
material,staff ,equipments and technologies etc. Manager provides according to all requirements
of all the customers. It also solves different operational problems such manufacturing of plants
and techniques,Information technology problems etc. Through all problems such as quality
management ,work in progress ,quality control and other management policies and plans can
easily be solved. , Hence Leyland truck can work smoothly and successfully. It also helps them
in expanding and diversifying their business.
So Leyland Truck has to emphasis on various operational activities and tasks so that it can run
properly and successfully ( Beringer, Jonas, and Kock,2013). Therefore managers of this
company focuses on al operational activities and task so that they can run smoothly. They have
also created different principles so that firm can run successfully. Many staff members do not
1

properly follows all the principles and hence they cannot provide foods and services in proper
manner( Blomquist, and et. al., 2010).
There are various principles which are followed by the Leyland Trucks,. They are-
Reality: Operational manager of Leyland manager can put emphasis on the issues and problems
of all activities and task relate with different operational activities of the business. By solving
technical problems in trucks it leads to increasing the sales of company.
Organization: Firm has to predict and calculate those factors which can affect procedures and
process of manufacturing. Ad firm's main objective is to earn more revenues and martjket share
it can easily achieve this by putting more emphasis on operational and techniques and
procedures.
Fundamental: Leyland can create new methods and techniques of creating the products so that
they can quickly access all products. By creating nee methods they can manufacture trucks in
efficient and effective manner.
Accountability: Manager have to continuously evaluate the rulers and regulations of the
company. All staff members have to fulfil their own duties and responsibilities so that they can
achieve their objectives. So hence manager can easily evaluate all duties and evaluates that
objectives can be easily be achieved or not.
Variance: It helps in finding variations between actual and standard performance. Hence
it can create different and innovative methods so that it can create innovation. Hence it can run
smoothly and successfully.
Causality: Problems occurred in firm. So operational manager of Leyland manager tries
to find the root problem and thus they can find solution to this problem. Hence firm can run
smoothly.
Managed passion: If staff members of Leyland company are motivated they can work
with more zeal and enthusiasm and hence the can easily achieve their targets and mission.
Through this it helps in increasing the motivation level and hence they can perform better. Hence
firm can easily accomplish they objectives and can increase the market share (Brauers, and
Zavadskas, 2010)
.
Humility: Manager can find their obstacles and can take help from other companies and
other managers so that they can perform right methods and can easily accomplish her objectives.
2

Success: In this all factors are to be changed from time to time so that it can attract many
consumers. Through firm can gain more profits and company can easily increase the market
share (Fernández-Sánchez, and Rodríguez-López, 2010)
Change: Operational manager can easily adopts the different and new changes which can
easily be adopted in the firm. Hence as a result they can adopt various changes and can find
solution to different theories. Through this it can earn more revenues.
If Leyland truck can adopts all the principles then it can run more smoothly and
successfully. It can frequently increase their productivity. They can easily achieve their
productivity. Through this all it helps in increasing the zeal and enthusiasm of all staff members
so hence as a result they can easily increase the market share. Different theories and principle
are described below:
Six Sigma methodology: It is a technique which helps in fulfilling all demand and
requirements of all people. Thus it can attract more users and hence as a result they can attract
many customers in less time. Through this technique there is increase in time delivery of goods
of company,there is reduction in 10% of reduction time in mechanical defects per unit,45%
reduction in injuries and around 10% in minor injuries in limited time period. Through this there
is continuous improvement and there is cycle of improvement in company. Two major principle
so that six sigma can easily be implemented. DMAIC is used to describe the procedures and
second is the DMADV can create new products in market.
Steps included in DMADV are-
Define: In this objective and targets of all the project is to be determined. Company also
find that delivery of goods to different customers.
Measure: In this step performance of present is evaluated.
Analyse: In this firm fulfils the of all issues and problem in product.
Design: In this creating such a process and technique through which customer needs mad wants
are determined. It helps in matching expectation level of all the users.
Verify: Ensures different programmes and procedures through which all customer needs
and wants are satisfied.
Leyland Trucks helps in using this technique so that they can designing or creating different
products and items in business ( Fleming, Q. W. and Koppelman, J. M., 2016),
.
3

. It can reduce all problems and defects from all the products in the company.
Lean Principle: This is the process in which there is no wastage of all material and
resources in the firm (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2012)
. Through it can offer good quality of products to all users. Hence as a result firm can have
different benefits such as increase in time delivery of products to all customers,reduction in
mechanical injuries,and other minor injuries to all customers. There are various principles which
helps in increasing the satisfaction level of all users. So hence there are different 5 stages which
are described below:
Value: In this stage customers and requirements are easily evaluated. Thus they can
create products according all needs and choice of all buyers. So firm finds that duration of all the
vehicles so that it can attract many users.
Value stream: In this company helps in evaluating all demand and requirements. They
monitor that process of delivering goods to all users can easily be evaluated. Hence as a result
they can monitor the whole process of delivering goods to all users. Thus it can provide unique
and different experience to all users.
Create flow: In this all wastage is removed from this processes. Thus all stages flow in a
sequences and hence all stages can run successfully and smoothly. Through this all process and
technologies runs in better and effective manner.
Establish pull: In this stage all the process can be run an efficient and effective manner.
Thus as a result all activities and task run in smooth manner. there are no problems and issues in
this process.
Seek perfection: All procedures and processes runs in flow and effective manner. So
hence there are no issues in any process.
Therefore Leyland Truck have to implement all the principles of the businesses so that it
can run smoothly and successfully (Lenfle and Loch, 2010).
P.2 Continuous improvement plan that based on review and critique
Leyland Truck has to create continuous improvement plan so that their product can be
developed. Through use of continuous improvement there can be different advantages to the
4

firm. The company can create various change in processes and techniques so that it can create
various technologies and procedures.
Continuous improvement: It is the process through which company continuously change
their products and items in company (Mir and Pinnington, 2014)
..
. Hence they can enhance their process, techniques and procedures. Thus Leyland truck can
improve their delivery process and hence they can provide good quality of products to all users.
There are 4 stages through which Leylands Trucks can change their processes and techniques.
They are:
Plan: It helps in finding the opportunists for change and create different plans and procedures so
that changes can be determined in firm.
Do: In this stage it puts pressure on company and impose some changes on the company. So
hence as a result firm has to execute it.
Check: In this results of various changes are determined. Difference between actual and standard
performance is calculated. So as a result they can find their differences and can take corrective
steps to improve those deviations (Pemsel . and Wiewiora,2013)
Act: It changes gives positive impact on the company. Company can increase and implement
that changes in the firm. Change gives negative changes on the firm then start life cycle again.
In the context of above case study firm can create continuous improvement plan for their product
that is Trucks. Plan is :
Improvement Current position Target Time frame
Quality They have a current
production of arising
56700 trucks. Hence
they create such trucks
which are not
according to their
needs and convenience
to all users. As it needs
continuous
improvement so hence
Firm is having
different result so
hence as a result their
main target is
increases the
production capacity
upto 18000 to 25000
units. Hence as a result
it can increase the
satisfaction level of all
They have time till
company monitors the
production level.
5

firm have to changes
their policies and
plans.
consumers. Through
this target it has to
make changes in plans
and policies so that it
can satisfy all needs
and demand of
population.
Promotional strategy They have to create
that strategy so that
they can easily
promote all goods
and products to all
users. They can easily
sell various products
through advertising
various expansion
strategies. Through
this they can easily sell
various products to all
users. Through
technique they can
expand their
operations in Europe
and U.K. Hence they
can maintain unique
position in minds of all
users and hence they
can easily expand their
operations on a large
scale. Hence they can
easily expand their
Company can create
different strategies
such as sales
promotion and direct
marketing to provide
their goods. Their
target is to sell more
goods online so that
they can easily expand
their operations.
Through this technique
they can reach to many
people and hence they
can attract many users.
Leyland Trucks can
capture many user and
thus it can generate
revenues.
It takes approximately
6- 7 months so that it
can create various
strategies and plans
and can promote
trucks.
6

operations.
After sales service Presently it do not
focus on after sales
service to all
customers. Hence it
cannot expand their
product in different
nations.
Its main target is to
sell different products
to all customers. It can
provide after sales
service through
providing of gifts and
other discount-al
offers. It can also send
email messages in
which it can provide
different offers and
thank you notes to all
users. Through this it
can increase the brand
loyalty of the brand.
It takes 7 months to
provide online
service.
Benefits of continuous improvement plans for Leyland Trucks are-
 Increases their productivity
 Increases quality of product
 Deceases costs
 Decrease the delivery time of all users
 Increases the satisfaction of staff members
7

P3 Stages of PLC with business case, project plan and work breakdown structure.
A new product progresses through a sequences of stages from introduction to growth,
maturity and decline (Ramases and Browning, 2014)
. This stage is also known as product life cycle and it is related with changes in the marketing
situation, thus impacting the marketing strategies and marketing mix. This is important process
which manager will take help in framing PLC. This cycle is made for the purpose of attaining the
objective of firm. The process has come activities which divided into some phases for
completion of project. PLC has four major steps which Leyland Trucks company outdraws for
their product development. They are:-
Initiation or conceptualization- It is starting point of project on which new ideas are
generated. This stages help in to begin a strategic requirement for the project that help in
recognized by higher authority. In this stage firm will finding the issues and accordingly they
help in providing solution. For example if company Leyland Truck is having a problem for
producing trucks then manager of the firm will conduct proper research and provide solution for
same.
Planning Phase- It is second stage of PLC in which firm start planning for product and
services which help in draws the initial objectives and establish it. Planning is important in
formation of PLC. It helps in creating different strategies and plans so that it can achieve
required objectives and mission. Hence it leads to success and growth. So hence planning drastic
and different thing is important so that it can succeed in future.
The execution phase- This is also known as implementation stage for PLC In this
Project plan comes into action for the project. This help in maintaining control and make
effective communication as per the need of project. In this progress is regularly checked for
different actual plan. Progress is made and progress is evaluated so that person can improve
themselves. Person performs all activities and it had recorded progress in team work.
Closing Phase- It is one of final stage which help in completing project. This help in
generating the final outcomes to buyers, handling all documentation of project which help in
releasing resources and make strong interaction to all stakeholders. This help in evaluated what
is good or not. Hence PLC is important for the firm Leyland Trucks through which they can able
to produce product development plan (Robichaud, and Anantatmula, 2010)
8

.
Work breakdown structure for new project: It is a system of project management. In this there is
creation of hierarchical structure in which all team members work together. It is disintegration of
work among all team members (Söderlund, 2011)
Gantt chart: It is a chart that shows different schedule of project. It shows all activities and tasks
that are to be performed on X axis interval of time on horizontal axis.
9

P4 Review and critique effectiveness of the PLC with theories, concept and model
Project lifecycle is important so that Leyland Truck scan create unique development of proud
etc. It follows a systematic process of developing new and different products in market. They
can use this process so that they can create development of all trucks (Subramanian, N. and
Ramanathan, R., 2012). Hence as a result they can create different Trucks with different
attributes so that Leyland Truck can give strong competition to other firms. Through project
management lifecycle project manager can create different connections and relations with each
stage and hence monitors the finishing stage of the lifecycle. Hence as a result they can take all
the benefit of all the project. Thus project runs smoothly and in effective manner.
Project lifecycle also gives different advantages to all over firm as through this they can manage
all activities and tasks in the business. Hence company can run in efficient and proper manner.
There are different advantages of PLC for Laylend company. They are-
It helps in reducing the chances of mistakes and failures. So hence the project can run
successfully. As a result company can worth in an proper manner (Subramanian and
Ramanathan, 2012)
.
.
 Company can monitor the ideas and thoughts of all employees by checking that what is
going in their mind. Hence firm can also know the roles and responsibilities and thus
they can easily determine what is going in their mind.
 It helps in providing suitable stage for all the members of team. This helps the company
to evaluate features and figures and thus project can run successfully. Hence as a result
they can accomplish their targets and goals. Thus it leads to growth and success of
Leyland Trucks.
All the activities and tasks can run successfully in Laylend trucks. Through this they can also
maintain unique and good image in front of all users and in market. Hence as a result they can
easily expand their operations in various countries. Through this they can maintain good image
in front of all users and in market. Through this they can easily run their project in any nation
(Turner, R., 2016).
.
10

CONCLUSION
From above report it can be concluded that project management is very crucial for every
company. Through this they can maintain unique position in country and hence as result they
can create strong position in market. Hence the project can run successfully and smnoothly.
Reviewing of continuous organization operational procedures is crucial. Preparing of customers
improvement plan base on evaluating of operational organizational practices. Application of
different stages of PLC so that firm can achieve they short as well as long term goals.
Reviewing of project life cycle in important to choosing of any project. Through this it can
easily expand their operations and thus they can diversify their business in limited time. This
also helps firm in gaining more users. Hence it results in increasing the market share. It leads to
long term growth and development of company. So form can operate in any nation and can attrac
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Antonio Martins, V. and Ramos Martins, M., 2012. Outsourcing operations in project
management offices: The reality of Brazilian companies. Project management journal.
43(2). pp.68-83.
Beringer, C., Jonas, D. and Kock, A., 2013. Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio
management and its impact on success. International Journal of Project Management.
31(6). pp.830-846.
Blomquist, T. and et. al., 2010. Project‐as‐practice: In search of project management research
that matters. Project Management Journal. 41(1). pp.5-16.
Brauers, W. K. M. and Zavadskas, E. K., 2010. Project management by MULTIMOORA as an
instrument for transition economies. Technological and Economic Development of
Economy. 16(1). pp.5-24.
Fernández-Sánchez, G. and Rodríguez-López, F., 2010. A methodology to identify sustainability
indicators in construction project management—Application to infrastructure projects in
Spain. Ecological Indicators. 10(6). pp.1193-1201.
Fleming, Q. W. and Koppelman, J. M., 2016, December. Earned value project management.
Project Management Institute.
Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E. W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and
analysis. International Journal of Production Economics. 135(2). pp.687-701.
Lenfle, S. and Loch, C., 2010. Lost roots: how project management came to emphasize control
over flexibility and novelty. California Management Review. 53(1). pp.32-55.
Mir, F. A. and Pinnington, A. H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking
project management performance and project success. International journal of project
management. 32(2). pp.202-217.
Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-
based organisations. International Journal of Project Management. 31(1). pp.31-42.
Ramasesh, R. V. and Browning, T. R., 2014. A conceptual framework for tackling knowable
unknown unknowns in project management. Journal of Operations Management. 32(4).
pp.190-204.
Robichaud, L. B. and Anantatmula, V. S., 2010. Greening project management practices for
sustainable construction. Journal of Management in Engineering. 27(1). pp.48-57.
Söderlund, J., 2011. Pluralism in project management: navigating the crossroads of
specialization and fragmentation. International Journal of Management Reviews. 13(2).
pp.153-176.
Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy
Process in operations management. International Journal of Production Economics.
138(2). pp.215-241.
Turner, R., 2016. Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.
12

Q.3
13