Leadership and Management for Organizational Success

This assignment delves into the crucial roles of managers and leaders in driving organizational success. It examines various leadership theories and styles, emphasizing their impact on achieving organizational goals. The document analyzes the significance of innovation, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and PESTEL factors in shaping effective management and leadership strategies within a company like John Lewis. It highlights the importance of ethical practices, stakeholder engagement, and adapting to changing economic, social, and technological landscapes.

Management and
Operations

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INTRODUCTION
Operation management is a domain of management which preoccupied with the
scheming and dominant the process of manufacture and designing business operations in the
production of goods and services. It can be the administration of business practices to create the
highest level of efficiency possible within the firm. This assignment based on John Lewis
Partnership, it is an employee owned UK company which operates John Lewis & Partners
department stores, Wait-rose & partners supermarket. This company was founded by John
Spedan Lewis in 1929, in Oxford Street, London and this company is the third largest UK private
company by sales. In this report will be discussed about the roles and responsibilities of a leader
and a manager, the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situations
(White, 2016). Different theories & models and the impact of business environment factors upon
operational management will be explained.
TASK
P1. define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and manager
Introduction of the company- John Lewis is an employee owned company, was founded in
1929 by John Spedan Lewis. This firm direct department store, home stores, supermarkets and
convenience stores in UK. It operate its business through three segments such as Wait-rose, John
Lewis, and Group. This organisation offers clothing products, home and garden products,
cleaning and storages products and various others. The company's stores number around 35, as
well as 10 home shops and it runs 346 Wait-rose branches or John Lewis Partnership is owned
by its 68,000 staff and partners. The management structure of the company
Manager- Manager is a person who manage the organisation by designing appropriate policies
and strategies. In John Lewis, a manger is an individual who mange the work of the firm
according to the pre discovered aims and objectives of the organisation. For the successful
accomplishment of the objectives, the task of the manager is to develop and establish the relevant
strategies and policies and to plan the working of the employees or staff according the aims and
objectives of the company (Nakayama and Bucks, 2012). Manager refers to somebody who is

responsible for directing and controlling the work and staff of a business or of a department with
in it.
 Leader- Leaders refers to those individuals who are help in encouraging employees
towards their particular aims and objectives so that they can attain them through
completing their target. The leaders play an essential role in encouraging workers through
their leadership and communication skills and inherent in them the vision of the
company. They provide motivation to the employees and make their work in a manner to
achieve the objectives. The aim of leader is to motivate and inspire the workers in order
to their performance which as a result increase the efficiency and productivity of the
company (Kristiansen, 2013). Leader refers to somebody whom people follow and
somebody who guides and directs others.
Comparison between the roles and characteristics of leaders and manager
Mangers Leaders
 Role of manager is to administer that
innovation which are made by leaders
so as to achieve success.
 Managers helps in developing the key
employees and maintaining the
relationship between employees and
employers.
 The major role of them is to make plan
related to organisational growth by
creating ideas for the betterment of the
company.
 The mangers of the firm controls the
working style of the employees.
 Managers usually work for the
company, unlike leaders who work for
the welfare of the employees and for
personal satisfaction.
 Function of leader is to innovate things
in a new manner.
 Whereas leaders is to help employees of
the company to develop the new
products that are helpful to the
consumers.
 The major role of leader is to provide
motivation so that can complete their
task in given period of time van help in
organisational growth.
 Leaders frames trust in the employees of
the organisation.
 Leader focus on providing a sense of
encouragement rather than imposing
authority over others. They are more
driven towards the achievements.

The functions of mangers and roles of leaders within an organisations are as following:
Planning- It is the essential and important function of mangers of lewis because they
plan to set the goals of the organisation that help in increasing the revenue and sales of the firm.
The managers design and establish strategies to make improvement in production process and
the leaders motivate or encourage them to achieve or accomplishment of these goals and
objectives.
Organising- In Lewis, the manger of the company organize and utilize the resources,
such as raw material, organise training & development sessions etc., of the company in an
appropriate manner to fulfil the company's aims. The role of leader is to efficiently allocate the
resources to the employees such as provide training to staff and employees to make improvement
in their skills according their performance.
Directing- The manger direct the task and work to the employees of Lewis and the leader
create the team and divide their work according their skills or directing them that how the work
will be accomplished (Kumar and Chandrakar, 2012).
Staffing- It is important function of the manager to recruit the best candidate in the
company and organise induction or orientation program to them. In Lewis, leader play an
important role to motivate and allocate the work according their efficiencies or abilities.
Coordinating- To make coordination between the various department of Lewis is an
another function of the managers. Marketing and finance department also serves the company
with the better better benefits of produce the clothing products of high quality in better prices.
The role of the leader to make or develop coordination in the activities with the help of
communication and good leadership skills (Parisio, Rikos and Glielmo, 2016).
Controlling- The manger formulated or design strategies but the implementation of these
strategies are done by leaders. In Lewis, the company controlled and monitored by the mangers
but the leaders analyse the outcomes of the performance of the employees according to the
standards that are generate by managers.
Different management theories
Classical management theory- This theory is based on the beliefs that the worker in an
organisation only have physical and economic needs. In Lewis, this theory is best suited because

the organisation is only concerned about the productivity and there are not different needs rather
than physical and economic needs. The manger of the company only focus on to fulfil these
needs and make strategies for increasing the productivity of the firm.
Theories and approaches of leadership
There are several theories of leadership that are defijned as below;
Action centred leadership- In Lewis, this theory focus on the leadership that good leader and
manager should have a proper control of the three main areas of action centred leadership such as
team, task and individuals. According to this theory, leader and manager is prosperous if they are
both are capable to attain result, build morals, improve quality of work and develop the profit
and productivity if the company.
Trait Theory of leadership- This theory is related to the traits and skills of leaders which guide
the employees and team in an effective manners. In Lewis, this theory suited very well because
there are higher requirement for the goods and effective manpower has to be make control
strictly. In the organisation, the leader properly lead the employees and help them in achieving
the organisational target and objectives and manage the workforce by using their leadership
qualities and traits (Xu, Ouyang and Hua, 2012).
P2. Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in
different situational context
Situation 1: Manager of Lewis is allotted a new work through the senior administration and he
has to get the task done by his group employees under a set period of time (Lahou and et. al.,
2012).
Classical Theory of management- It is also known as scientific management theory which is
given by Fredrick Taylor which work to enhances worker's fruitfulness in context attaining
organisational aims and objectives and find out better result. By using this theory the manager of
the company can complete its task in a specific time period. In Lewis, this supply the standards
tool for the ability involved in the scientific management and employees on the planned
structure of the result. The manager of John Lewis can applies the classical theory on
management for enhancing the skill and abilities in the firm. The management of the company
can decide to operating their business activities and operations in the company which provide
the benefits for motivating workers in order to provide better outcomes which provide
satisfaction. In Lewis, the leader can provide or allocate the work according to the abilities of

the employees and motivate them by using different ways of motivation such as by organising
motivational sessions, by reward and others. Uses the classical theory of management through
which management makes the policies to enhance the productivity.
Situation 2: Cause of employees turnover, the top management of Lewis has distinct to set up
training & development program in context of improving skills the workers so that they can
consider their future growth and work more fruitfully towards attaining the organisational
objectives.
Behavioural Theory of management-
McGregor, Theory X and Y: In John Lewis, in this situation, the manger of the company can
use this theory because the manger of the company better understand the human aspects to
workers and employees. In an organisation they only work to fulfil their physical, economical
and social needs. And the issues are also related to these needs and by using this theory, the
manger can organise training and development sessions to make improvement in the skills of the
employees so that they can fulfil the need of future growth. The concept of Theory X and Theory
Y was formulated by social psychologist Douglas McGregor. The leader can play different roles
to reduce the turn over by using this theory, they can provide training in those sessions and
programs which are conduct by the manager and encourage or motivate employees and resolve
the issue and provide satisfaction to employees (Fang and et. al., 2012). With the help of this
theory, they precede the plan of action which takes into intellection the skills and quality of
employees and the leaders. This help them to transform style of leadership by which they can
improve their skills and help in enhancing profit and productivity towards achieving the
organisational goals.
Situation 3: In context of improving the organisational images at market place, the top
management of the company make decision to concentrate on retaining their effective and
efficient workforce and has asked the manager to encourage manpower.
Contingency theory of management- This theory is related to possible operations that will be
deriving on the administration actions. This theory is formulated by Fred Fielder who believed
that this theory helped in a certain crisis. In lewis, this theory can applied by the management
and take decision according to the situation or analysing the condition. In this situation, the
manager can identify the best employees and retain them (Torkildsen, 2012). They can retain
them by providing them financial benefits such as incentives, increment in salary etc. and non

financial benefits such as promotion, gifts, etc. The leader can play an important role in this
situation by motivating or providing training and motivational sessions. By designing good
policies or using different promotional channels, they can improve the organisational image. By
providing reward, training and other benefits, the firm can make their employees productive,
efficient and loyal.
P3. Apply different theories and models of approach
There are three different theories of management that helps them to analyses the situation
of the firm and also helps to increase organisation's performance with the help of different
medium.
Situational leadership theory- This theory and model is developed by Paul Hersey and Ken
Blanchard. In Lewis, it indicates to when the leader and manager of the company must adjust
their styles to fit the improvement level of the followers. There are four leadership style of this
theory, they are as following:
Illustration: Situational leadership styles

Source: Situational leadership styles, (2018).
Telling: In Lewis, in this style the leader of the company tell the employees that what they will
do in different situation or how to do. In this style the leader take decision according to the
situation and the advice from other team members will not be consider.
Selling: In this style, the leader of Lewis take the judgment by themselves after getting the
stimulation from team members and evaluating their inputs in to their own decision making.
Participating: This is the their style and the leader lead the tea or members of the team take
decisions after discussing with entire team. Leader will not be responsible for taking decisions
but they will be a part of this process (Saieva, 2013).
Delegating: In Lewis, in this style, leader will not be a part of decision making process the
whole process will be conducted by the team members. They are responsible for the output and
results.
There are four maturity levels, they are as following:
M1: The team member have lack cognition, skills and temperament to accomplished task.
M2: The member of the team have will and enthusiastic but lack of ability.
M3: Team member have the skills and capability to complete the task but have nott will to take
responsibilities.
M4: In this level, the group members are skilled and have will to complete task (Ayeni, and
Ibukun, 2013).
The manager of Lewis can apply it according to the experience of their employees. By
applying this theory the management of the company can help in bringing motivation among the
employees while making decision. So that they can take decision in different situation or
according to the situation.
System leadership theory- This approach is characterized as the ability across company and
geopolitical extremity. In Lewis, this system can be best applied to the organisation when it
search to demand the leadership theories in the business concern of the company and choose
something fresh or unique. This theory help Lewis, if it use new strategies for promoting
creativity and innovation in the organisation. It encourage the employees to think differently
while performing a particular task and this theory focus on the welfare of the firm. By using this
theory, they can helps the leaders of the firm to look in to the broader approach where they are

capable to develop the organisation as well as stakeholder which are affected by the change of
the system leadership and structure of the company. With the help of this leadership practice,
they can specifies the image of dynamism and complexities of the environment and also help in
bringing framework while building ideas.
Contingency theory- This model defines the purpose of the company to influence the decision
taken. For the contingent position, it is parasitic on the best point. This theory is developed by
Fred Fiedler and it states that impressive leadership calculate not only on the style but also on the
power over the condition. In Lewis the leader and manager of the company can use this theory to
make control and overcome the situation. This help the firm to build a good team spirit and
meliorate the encourage to the worklers so as to avoi8d the conflict that arise between the
employees. This theory does not include employees to be effective in entire situation.
P4. Explanation of the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and
managers play with reference to the chosen organisation
Operations management refer to a filed of administration which help in formulation and
controlling process of manufacturing the business operations, activities and function in the
manufacturing of products and services.
JIT(Just In Time)- It is an another approach that can be follow by Lewis to manage the
inventory of the firm. This approach is configured to modification efficiency, cut costs and
lessening waste by getting products only as they are required. The manage of the company play
an important role in it by managing the production of the company. In John Lewis, the manager
and leader can conduct market research to identify the needs of the customers so that they can
only produces products according to their demands and reduce the waste and manage the
inventory (Fayol, 2016). With the help of it they can provide goods and services according to
the consumers demand and manage the production or reduce the wastage.
Continuous improvement- It is an ongoing process to make development in the goods, services
and processes. In John Lewis, the leader can provide or conduct meeting, conference and training
programs to provide the information about the new technologies so that workers and employees
can make improve in products and services. The manger can design new strategies and process
for improving the goods and services. They can identify the scope and measuring the success of
the company. With the help of continuous improvement, the manger of John Lewis can use new
technologies which help it in making improvement in its existing products and servioces.

P5. Explain the importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
with reference to the chosen organisation
Importance of operation management
 It sort the organisation employ the resources in effect and efficient manner.
 The attribute of the goods and services are developed on constant basis.
 This management help Lewis to eliminate the wastages.
 In John Lewis, with the help of operation management, the raw material is regenerate into
processed products in low cost.
 Operation administration help in the success of Lewis by reducing or stopping the wastes
of raw material. It add value in the success of John Lewis by rising the quality of the
products and services.
In context of making improvement in the efficiency of the organisation, the modular of
the presentation for the resolution of the outcome includes:
Government regulations- If the manger of the company design the strategies and policies of
Lewis, they can make improvement in the effectiveness of management of operations in an
impressive way to attain the organisational objectives and aims. The leader of the company can
applied them and provide information to employees to accept them so that they can help in meet
business objectives (Mohammadi, Mozafari and Solimani, 2014).
Quality control- It refers to the management of effective quality of goods and services. The
manger of the company can provide better quality product to the employees of Lewis to make
control on the quality of the product and they can help in meet business objectives. Th leader can
provide the guidance related to use material and produces good quality products so that the
organisation can achieve its business objectives (Lahou and et. al., 2012).
TQM( Time quality Management)- It defines a administration conceptualization to long term
success by client gratification. In John Lewis, all the associates of the company can participating
in developing processes, goods, services and civilizations of the workplace. In this approach the
manager of Lewis create strategies and generate plans to provide satisfaction to the consumers.
For this, they can use market research and know about the consumers need and provide
satisfaction to them by producing goods according their wants. This provide the long term
success to the company. The leader can conduct training program to make important in the
employees skills so that they can fulfil consumers need s (Ayeni and Ibukun, 2013).

P6. Assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational
management and decision making by leaders and managers with reference to the chosen
organisation
Corporate culture- It indicates to the impression and behaviours that determines how the
organization's workers and administration make involvement and maintain external business
transaction. If John Lewis achieve its business objective in given period of time it influence the
decision making of manager and leaders in a positive manners.
Corporate Value- They are fundamental beliefs of a person and organisation. The core values
can innovation, caring, loyalty, integrity and commitment. In Lewis, the manager and leader can
make innovation in the products or services of the company. It create positive impact of the
decision making and operation management because the manger and leader innovate new
strategies and applied them in the organisation the increase the productivity of the firm.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- It is a business concern conceptualization that protect
to the property improvement by transfering economical, ethnical and environmental benefits.
The leader of the company must ensure the company properly follow the ethics order to
encourage the benefit of the stakeholders. Stakeholders are basically person, group or an
organisation that has curious or interested in a company. Employees, customers, creditors,
directors, government are the stakeholders of John Lewis.
PESTEL factors- In it there are political, economic,social and technological factor. Change in
political factor and economic condition such as increase the revenue of Lewis make affirmative
effect on the decision making of the company. In social factor, if the change will occur in
lifestyle and taste or preferences of customer needs. It increase the profit and productivity of the
company. Technical factor is relate to the techniques, If Lewis use different promotional
technology such as social media, it attract more customer than it positively impact the decision
making of leaders and managers of the company (Fang. and et. al., 2012). Economic factor is
related to the interest rate, Inflation, tax rate etc. If change in all these economic elements this
affect the economic condition of the company and determination of the leaders and director as
well. Environmental component refers to various laws such as pollution act, carbon emission etc.
If the firm use recycling process and reduce wastage, it can make development in its economic
condition. By following environmental laws it provide a safe environment to the society. Legal

factor include legislations such as equality law, employment law etc. By following all these laws,
the firm run its business properly.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned document, it can be terminated that to sustain an effective
working environment within a firm both manger and leader plays a vital role. They have
different characteristics, features and roles which helps an organisation in achieving aims and
objectives in a desired manner. There are different management and leadership theories which
allow managers & leaders to perform their duties in a desired manner. Different approaches of
operational management helps in reducing expenses and costs of company due to which high
revenues and profitability can be maintained.

REFERENCES
Books & Journals