Defining and Comparing Role and Characteristics of Leader and Manager
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This document discusses the differences between a leader and a manager, their roles and characteristics, and how they contribute to the success of an organization. It also explores theories and models of leadership. The content is relevant to the subject of Operations and Management.
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OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS P1Defining and comparing role and characteristics of leader and manager....................................1 P2 Application of role of leader and function of manager apply in different situational context.. .2 P3 Theories and models of leadership.............................................................................................4 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
P1Defining and comparing role and characteristics of leader and manager Manager and leader both are different from each other and major difference is that leaders have people who follow them and manager have people who work with them. Leaders lead an entire organization and pave way of growth for the firm. On other hand, manager focused on getting work done through others. Thus, it can be said that both entities are completely different from each other in terms of multiple parameters like focus area and activities they perform. Difference between leader and manager is explained below. BasisLeaderManager MeaningLeader lead people and motivate entiregrouptowards achievement of the firm targets (Bosworth, 2016). Manager manage human resources at the workplace and ensure that in better way work done through others. ApproachLeaderpreparevisionand mission for the firm and try to achieve that by leading human resourcesinbetterway.They prepare plan and tactics which is latterimplementedbythe managers at workplace. Manager prepare plan about way in which strategy prepared by the leader can be implemented effectively at the workplace. AttributeLeadershavegoodforecasting power because from long time theyobservemarketandcan make better idea about its future movement. Manager use his own mind to identify roadblocks that can be observe in effective implementationoftheplanatground level. SubordinateLeadersubordinatesare managerswhoreceive instruction from them. Manager subordinates are the employees who actually work at ground levelfor benefitofthefirm(Peus,Braunand Knipfer, 2015). StyleLeader believe in transformation of business operations and due to Manager followtransactionalleadership styleunderwhichitgiverewardand 1
thisreason,theyfollow transformational leadership style in the business. punishmenttoemployeesaccordingto their performance. AimLeader main aim is to accelerate business growth and open new sourcesofrevenueinthe business. Manager main aim is to make an effort towards achievement of objective. M1 There is difference between role of leader and functions of the manager. Major functions of the management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. Under this manager plan way in which strategy can be implemented that is prepared by top leaders. Manger organize resource and if required hire more individuals and add them to workforce (Buengeler, Homan andVoelpel.2016).Ultimately,operationphasestartandmanagergivedirectiontoits subordinates and control their activities if deviate from target. Role of leader is different as they just prepare strategy and look after its implementation. Apart from this, they conduct meeting with varied stakeholders to explore and develop new opportunity. So basic difference is that leader explore and capitalize opportunities. On other hand, manager work on ground level and ensure that explored opportunity is made profitable for the business firm. D1 Contingency theory of leadership best suit to all leaders. This theory state that leader must not follow specific leadership style as with change in situation leaders must change their way of dealing with subordinates (Crites, Dickson. and Lorenz., 2015). P2 Application of role of leader and function of manager apply in different situational context Tesco is one of the leading retail chain in the UK which is struggling in the industry as low profit is earned in the business. Other retail chains like Lidl and Aldi are giving stiff competition to the business firm. In such situation role of leader and function of manager play crucial role in business success and overcoming problems. Leaders or top managers are responsible for taking 2
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in to consideration current business problems and addressing them in systematic way. Apart from this leader also play crucial role in exploring new opportunities in the market so that boost can be given to the business expansion. In order to sort out current problem of low profitability leaders f the Tesco acquire firm Booker which is operating in wholesale business. Due to acquisition Tesco receive new client base from where it can make purchase product at cheaper rate then competitors (Powell. and Butterfield, 2015). Such kind of thing will increase business profit. One of the main problem for Tesco is lack of control on business expenses and due to this reason cost of business operations increase sharply and lead to earning of less profit in the business. It is observed that leadership of Tesco work on logistics operations and control cost to some extent. Thus, in this way leaders play an important role in streamlining firm business operations and exploring new opportunity for its growth. In other words, it can be said that leaders play their role effectively in improving business conditions.Leaders play an important role in making effective utilization of human resources in an organization. Leader of Tesco reconciles personal goal with an organization goal and accordingly time to time assign role and responsibilities to the employees at the workplace. By doing so effective utilization of HR is done at the workplace. Leader time to time carry out meetings with the managers and subordinates and guide them about ways in which they can manage business operations in better way. By doing so it ensure that entire workforce is working in right direction. Now it is turn of the managers to ensure that Booker acquisition will help a lot to the business firm. Managers have to decide that which products out of Booker portfolio need to serve to the customers in shelf so as to satisfy their needs and profit can be maximized. In order to ensure this manager, need to perform varied functions which are discussed below.Planning:One of the main problem in front of Tesco was that it need to make amendments in the Booker business operations so that traffic needs can be addressed in better way. Thus, in this regardmanagers have to prepare plan under which products of Booker that need to shown in the store to traffic need to be determined. In this regard, manager have to prepare and plan promotion plan under which schemes and offers will be prepared that motivate people to buy product that are nearly offered to them (Powell and Butterfield, 2017).Attracting attention of customers towards new product is very important for success of marketing campaign. 3
Organizing:Human resources effective utilization is done by creating proper hierarchy. Tesco reorganize its marketing team so that in better way marketing of the Booker product can be done in the market. At this stage all resources are organized by the manager as he identifies the resources that must be available in the business to ensure achievement of the business objectives. In present scenario resources is marketing team which will suggest platforms where and way in which advertisement must be given.Staffing:Employee turnover is the common problem and if there is absence of any marketing strategist in the team because of resignation of leave then in that case manager have to hire new one from external sources. By doing so effective implementation of marketing strategy towards achievement of target can be determined.Directing:One of the main reason behind poor performance of the Tesco is that employees were not getting proper direction from the managers.Hence, in order to address this problem multi-level hierarchy was prepared so that employees can be directed in better way by the managers.After preparation of plan and organizing as well as arranging resources that were short earlier next stage is directing under which manager direct its subordinates to perform specific task. Within manager hands varied teams operate which perform different tasks. Manager meet each team senior employees and accordingly allocate work to the team members. Goal in this stage are determine for entire team and for each employee (Hanse and et.al., 2016). It depends on the manager whether he individually determined goals or allow employees to participate in the decision-making process by following management by objective concept. If one will consult with the subordinates then in that case it can determine goals in better way and can also receive their full support.Controlling:It is the last function that manager of the business firm performed and under this it consistently monitors present business conditions. According to the business conditionmanagermakedecision.Mentionedentitytimetotimecheckwhether performance is in line to expectation or it is deviating from its target (Tan. and Lang, 2015). If manager think that performance is not according to expectation then in that case strict action is taken but it to ensure that determined target will be achieved on time as expected. 4
P3 Theories and models of leadership There are number of theories of leadership that is follow by the leaders across the globe. Some of theories of leadership is explained below.Great man theory:Great man theory believed that leaders are by born and since birth they have qualities like charisma, confidence, intelligence and social skills. All these skills and quality make one good leaderTrait theory:This theory state that leaders inherit certain quality and traits which make them better leaders (Mencl,Wefald and van Ittersum, 2016). These traits are by born within human being which make it good leader.For example, if any individual by born have higher patience level then it can handle employee conflicts in better way.Contingency theory:This leadership theory state that leaders must not adopt specific leading style. They must change their leadership according to change in situation. If business condition demand that leader need to be liberal then have must show liberal behaviour. On other hand, if situation demand strict behaviour then in that case leader must show strict nature to the subordinates. By doing so in every situation leader manage work and subordinates in better way.Mentioned theory have great use for the managers. If any organization is unable to make effective utilization of human resources then in that case leaders follow contingency theory and under this threaten those who not perform well and motivate those who perform well by giving financial and non-financial rewards.Situational theory:Situational theory is almost similar to the contingency theory and it state that manger must not follow any specific style consistently.Behavioural theory:This theory believed that leaders are not born as they can also be made. If one learns to become a leader through teaching and observation then in that case it can emerge as great leader (Nie and Lämsä, 2015). Relationshiptheory:Thistheorystatethatleadermustformconnectionwithits subordinates and must assist them at every moment when they required him. Such kind of leaders can bring group solidarity and can better lead entire team or organization. This theory is mostly followed in banking sector where it is very hard task to persuade client to make investment. In such kind of situation, branch manager goes with the subordinate and assist him to create customer. Such kind of things promote group solidarity in the entire team. 5
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Models of leadership The authoritative leader:In this model leader form vision and mission and employed people that can deliver good quality of work at the workplace. Leader focused on inspiring employees to do some creative at the workplace so that determined goals can be achieved in proper manner (Viscomi., 2017). Authentic executive:In this model leader behave naturally and whatever he thinks communicate to the front person clearly whether someone take it is wrong way. Such kind of leaders are very supportive but bluntly make comment on any incident. Forerunner executive:In this model leader set example of himself in front of his subordinates and indicate that if he can do specific act then subordinates can also do same thing. By placing any example leader lead its followed in better way (Neubert, Hunter and Tolentino, 2016). Coaching leader:In this leadership model one not just focus on giving leadership to the subordinates but it also lay down emphasis on training subordinated so that they can execute their task in better way at the workplace. Coercive leader:It is the sort of leadership under which leader interfere in working of subordinate and most of time guide its subordinate about way in which he must work at the workplace. Such kind of think demotivate subordinates some times to work under leadership of leader. REFERENCES Books and Journals Bosworth, K.A., 2016. The manager is a politician. InLocal Government Management: Current Issues and Best Practices(pp. 17-23). Routledge. Buengeler, C., Homan, A.C. and Voelpel, S.C., 2016. The challenge of being a young manager: The effects of contingent reward and participative leadership on team‐level turnover depend on leader age.Journal of Organizational Behavior.37(8). pp.1224-1245. 6
Crites, S.N., Dickson, K.E. and Lorenz, A., 2015. Nurturing gender stereotypes in the face of experience:Astudyofleadergender,leadershipstyle,andsatisfaction.Journalof Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict.19(1). p.1. Hanse, J.J. and et.al., 2016. The impact of servant leadership dimensions on leader–member exchange among health care professionals.Journal of nursing management.24(2). pp.228- 234. Mencl, J., Wefald, A.J. and van Ittersum, K.W., 2016. Transformational leader attributes: interpersonal skills, engagement, and well-being.Leadership & Organization Development Journal.37(5). pp.635-657. Neubert, M.J., Hunter, E.M. and Tolentino, R.C., 2016. A servant leader and their stakeholders: Whendoesorganizationalstructureenhancealeader'sinfluence?.TheLeadership Quarterly.27(6). pp.896-910. Nie, D. and Lämsä, A.M., 2015. The leader–member exchange theory in the Chinese context and the ethical challenge of guanxi.Journal of Business Ethics.128(4). pp.851-861. Peus, C., Braun, S. and Knipfer, K., 2015. On becoming a leader in Asia and America: Empirical evidence from women managers.The Leadership Quarterly.26(1). pp.55-67. Powell, G.N. and Butterfield, D.A., 2015. The role of androgyny in leader prototypes over four decades.Gender in Management: An International Journal.30(1). pp.69-86. Powell, G.N. and Butterfield, D.A., 2017. Linking leader anti-prototypes and prototypes to gender stereotypes.Gender in Management: An International Journal.32(2). pp.128-140. Tan, M. and Lang, D., 2015. Effectiveness of nurse leader rounding and post-discharge telephone calls in patient satisfaction: A systematic review.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports.13(7). pp.154-176. Online Viscomi., C., 2017. [Online].7 new types of leadership models for innovative thinkers. Available through:<https://alistemarketing.com/blog/types-of-leadership-models/>. 7