Operational Management and Project Life Cycle

This assignment explores the concept of operational management in organizations, focusing on the project life cycle. It discusses various methods and principles used to implement operational management, such as six sigma and lean principles. The project life cycle is a crucial aspect of managing projects, from initiation to closure. This document provides a detailed overview of the project life cycle, including its phases, and how it can be applied in real-world scenarios.

Operations and Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles..........3
P2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based on the review and critique of operations
management principles...........................................................................................................7
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
P3 Develop Project life cycle, business case, project plan, work breakdown structure and
Gantt chat..............................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................16
P4 Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC in application to the chosen project 16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFRENCES ................................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Organisation management is also known as business management and enterprise
management. It refers to procedure which is related to getting peoples together at a common
platform or place and encourage them to work together to achieve a predefine goal and objective.
Effective organisation management help in a planning and controlling resource and labour in
appropriate manner. It includes various activities like organizing, planning, leading, controlling
and mentoring to attain organisation goal and objective in appropriate manner (Turner, 2014).
Organization taken for this assignment is Hotpoint company which produce, market and sell
various range of home appliances. Products offered by company are fridges and freezers, gas and
electric cookers, washing machines and electric friars. Now they are trying to enter large screen
TV market and their minimum size of TV is 58 inches. Topics covered in this repost are review
of effective operation management principles, preparation of improvement plan, develop PLC
and review it.
TASK 1
P1 Review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles
Operational management is referred to area which is obsessed with designing of product
and controlling of production process of goods and services. It also involves activities which
insure that business operations and functions are conducting in an effective manner. It includes
various activities such as planning, organisation, controlling and supervising the production
process to ensure that manufacturing of product is done in appropriate manner. Hotpoint
company use six sigma and lean principles to evaluate marketplace and production process
before launching new TV ranges. For this they are launching 58 inches’ television as minimum
size TV of new launch television range. Along with this, respective company is facing several
issues while conducting their business operations and functions for launching new range of TV
and that are related to Quality of products, Delivery process, Cost of manufacturing and
Promotional activities.
Six Sigma:
It is concerned as disciplined, data driven approaches and methodology use for
identifying and removing defect from any type of process or procedure. Which is related to
process of any activities from manufacturing of products and services to transaction of products

and services (Jacobs, Chase and Lummus, 2014). This concept includes five steps which are
define, measure, analysis, improve and control. Hotpoint company conduct six sigma analysis at
their workplace which help them in collecting appropriate information related to process of
manufacturing. Which is related manufacturing 58 inches TV in marketplace. The respective
organisation has to used such principle in their organisation to remove defect or issues while
launching new television at marketplace. To get efficiency in the works and processes it is very
much necessary to use various tools and techniques to amend the quality of products.
Description of Six sigma in context of respective company is mentioned below:-
Define- In this step an organisation able to identify problems, issues or goal of project
which is need to be direct or addressed. All the issues and problems should be defined in an
effective and efficient manner so that aim and objectives of project can be fulfilled. In context of
Hotpoint they primarily focus on the crucial problems or concerns that may be hamper the
productivity of an organisation. According to respected company at this stage Manager Research
able to identify problems or project goal and then make strategies accordingly.
Measure- At this stage an organisation able to measure issues and process form where it
can be produce. There are various techniques which are used for measuring performance of
organisation which helps in better achievement of results such as they set standards with help of
benchmarking to get optimum kinds of results. In respective stage manager of Hotpoint company
measure process, issues and then collect information which is required. By this they also able to
resolve issues related to Quality of new TV, Delivery process, Cost of manufacturing and
Promotional activities. This will also help them in developing strategies related to it in effective
and impressive manner.
Analysis- At this stage research manager of Hotpoint company evaluate data and identify
whether it is relevant or not. Each and every data has to be analysed in better manner and
relevant matter should be included while implementing six sigma principle in business. For an
organisation it is very much necessary to analyse each and every aspect before implement in
organisation. If data is not relevant they plan strategies to identify appropriate data which is
essential for conducting work in appropriate manner.
Improve- At this stage of six sigma research manager of respective company make
efforts to conduct required modification in data which leads to succession of change in
appropriate manner (Larson and Gray, 2015). If there is any modification required they will do it

according to the requirement. This requires proper improvement for six sigma principles so that
effective outcome can be achieved. By measuring gaps in the performance in each and every
aspect organisation have to by using tools and techniques to get optimum kinds of outputs.
Control- It is a last step of this procedure, in it manager of respective company apply
appropriate solution of problems and task in organisation to accomplish the task in effective and
proper manner. It is very much necessary for an organisation to control each and every aspect in
an organisation after implementation of the new policies and regulations to achieve
organisational goals and objectives in positive manner to remain always competitive in
marketplace.
When respective company critically analysis six sigma they identify various advantage
and disadvantage. Advantage such as through it they able to monitor various process in effective
manner and by it moral and motivation of employees also arise. Along with this there are several
disadvantage like not every staff or manager are interested in mathematical statistics.
Lean Principles:
In an organisation lean principles help in framing and creating an effective and efficient
workplace. Through it research manager of Hotpoint company able to identify able to identify
issues, problem and demand of customers and employees. By this they able maintain effective
workplace and able to deliver appropriate things to customers. Lean principle is one of most
important part for an organisation to check the quality of products and services by maintaining
the quality of them in proper manner so that desirable goals and objectives should be achieved in
proper manner. Through this they also able to resolve issues which they may face while
developing 58 inches TV i.e. related to cost, quality, supply and promotional activities. In
context of Hotpoint by help of that The lean principles help research manager of respective
company in launching 58 inches TV in appropriate manner. Below is explanation of major five
lean principle in respect of Hotpoint company:-
Determine value- It refers to value of products and services for which a customer will
pay for their usage (Harrison and Lock, 2017). At this manager of respective company identify
what is value of product they will offer to customers in order to attract them and earn more
profitability. This will help company in identify need and demand of customers and help them in
deciding price of product which can be afford by their target audiences in appropriate manner. In
order to for an organisation to manage quality and attain sustainability have to determine and

evaluate the value so that they can by setting standards get optimum kinds of results to remain
always stable in the market.
Mapping of value stream- At second step of lean principles respective company manager
design a framework or guidelines in order to achieve objective and goal in appropriate manner.
Along with this, manufacture products according to customer and deliver to them at appropriate
manner. In this removal of activities are done which is are useful and appropriate for attaining
goal and objective in effective manner. When manager of respective company remove unwanted
and useless process they able to reduce production cost and also short duration of production
process. After create or set the standards it is very much potential for an organisation necessary
to map the values that organisation want to stabilise in their product and services so that
important steps should be taken to remain always competitive in marketplace. Along with thys
also need to develop strategies related to Quality of new TV, Delivery process, Cost of
manufacturing and Promotional activities.
Create flow- When all unnecessary step get remove form procedure, then other steps of
process will conduct in appropriate manner without any hurdle and interruption by which
process will complete in proper time without any delay (Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012).
Along with this for avoiding delay in work and for reduce wastage respective company provide
training and development session to employees by which they able to work in proper manner.
For an organisation it is very much important to determine the flow of products and services in
order to get optimum kinds of output by checking each and every important attribute.
Establish pull- At this step of lean principles manager of Hotpoint Company evaluate the
stock which is required to conduct process in appropriate manner. They take care of stock level
that it should not be too high and not even too low, it must be appropriate according to demand
and need. Which help them in fulfilling demand of customer in effective manner. In that step
organisation evolve their stock and necessary attributes to eliminate the gaps in the production
process to remain always competitive in market.
Pursue perfection- It is related to production process which is use by respective
company. It is not necessary to use traditional method, a company can modify and do innovation
according to the requirement and need. By doing this Hotpoint Company able to accomplish
their goal and objective in appropriate manner. By managing quality it is very much potential to

bring perfection in their products and services in order to check the major attributes to come with
new ideas and thought.
By using Lean Principles the respective company able to increase their productivity and
reduce time of production. Along with this they able to improve quality of products and
production. They also face some limitations such as it in long term communication required.
The major problem or concern that face by organisation that they fail to give one of best
services to their consumers and with they not able to maintain the level of quality in their
products and services that hinders the self interest of an organisation in achieving desirable goals
and objectives. The anther major concern with the project is to not accurate results while deliver
services to the ultimate consumer base.
Total quality management:
TQM is an kind of structured approach used by firms to improve the overall performance
of an organisation by deliver right kind of knowledge and information to remain always
competitive in the marketplace. This will also help respective company in developing new TV by
avoiding issues related to delivery, quality, promotional activities and supply of respective
product.
P2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based on the review and critique of operations
management principles
Meaning of continuous improvement plan:-
Continuous improvement plan is refers to ongoing process which help in improving the
procedure, product or services, in order to achieve goal and objective in appropriate manner
(Nicholas and Steyn, 2017). Along with this, it helps in continuous improvement in business
strategies, outcome and also develop and maintain relationship with customers, employees and
suppliers. Research manager of Hotpoint Company conduct analysis and design continuous
improvement plan which help them in attaining goal and objective in appropriate manner.
Continuous improvement plan which is developed by respective company in order to launch 58
inches television in effective manner is given below:-
Plan
(principles of
operations
management)
Do Check Act

Quality Evaluate quality of
product by using Total
quality management.
Improvement in quality
is one of major concern
in front of organisation
to give one of delighted
experience to
consumers.
At this stage manage
of respective company
use total quality
management technique
to analysis and
maintain quality of
product which is going
to launch in target
market. This method
or approach is majorly
focus on quality of
products and services
which is going to offer
to customers.
At this manager of
Hotpoint company
evaluate and analysis
actual product quality
to standard quality of
products. If they find
any issues then they
plan new strategies to
solve and resolve
issues (Gunasekaran
and Ngai, 2012). to
improve the quality of
products it is very
much necessary to
collect and implement
the one of best
strategies and tactics
with objective of
manage and deliver
one of best quality.
Delivery Conduct delivery
process according to
Six Sigma. Deliver
products and services
with the accuracy is one
of major for the firm to
maintain the loyalty of
consumers.
This process help
manager of Hotpoint
company to conduct
whole process in
appropriate manner
(Fleming and
Koppelman, 2016).
This technique is use
from stating that is
manufacturing of
television to the end
By using this process,
the respective
company able to
manufacture television
with standard quality
and also able it to
deliver in appropriate
manner to their
customers. By this
they able to satisfy and
fulfil need and demand

that is delivering to
customers in
appropriate manner.
of customers. For
accuracy in the
delivery of products
and services to
ultimate consumers it
is very much important
to use a system from
which product deliver
to right consumer.
Cost Decide cost which
shows value of product.
Fix one of best cost for
the product and services
is necessary so that
everyone can purchase
products easily. They
fix one of best cost use
Total quality
management that helps
to reduce the waste and
manage it that
automatically reduces
cost.
At this stage manager
of respective company
able to decide price of
television which they
are going to launch in
market. Method which
respective company
use to decide is
premium pricing in
which they decide
price that show value
of product (Olson,
2014).
When respective
company manager uses
premium pricing
method for fixing price
of product they able to
create and develop
value for their
television at their
target market. To fix
one of best cost
attribute is important
for an organisation in
comparison to the
competitors to get
optimum kinds of
outputs.
Promotional activities Design and develop
promotional activities
which help in attracting
customers in huge ratio.
To communicate in best
At this stage manager
of Hotpoint company
decide promotional
method in order to
attract huge portion of
By using appropriate
promotional activities,
the respective
company able to attract
customer in proper and

manner with the
potential consumers
they use various tools
and techniques to
remain always
competitive.
customers. For this can
use promotional
method like
advertising in
newspaper, television,
distribute pamphlet
and many others.
huge ratio (Ramasesh
and Browning, 2014).
By develop appropriate continuous improvement plan the respective company research
manager able to manufacture 58 inches’ television in effective manner and also able to attract
customers in proper ways. Along with this it help company in improving their process and
product quality in continuous manner in order to fulfil need of customers in appropriate manner.
By continuous improvement plan respective company able to improve and overcome their
problems and issues. Through which they able to achieve their goal and objective in effective
and appropriate manner. So tools and techniques are very much important to amend in existing
works and systems by using various kinds of models with objective of improving the quality of
products and services.
TASK 3
P3 Develop Project life cycle, business case, project plan, work breakdown structure and Gantt
chat
As per the given situation, Hotpoint company decide to launch new range of large screen
television and 58 inches TV is minimum size television from respective range. For this manager
of respective company plan and develop strategies which help in attracting more and more
customers. By conducting process in effective manner they able to collect appropriate
information and data which is necessary for conducting procedure. The research manager of
respective company develop and implement creative and innovative techniques in order to
launch new television range product into market. For this manager adopt appropriate plan for
launching 58 inches television, some major plan which is develop by manager of Hotpoint
company is describe below:-
Project life cycle:

Project life cycle represent four step procedure which is used by almost all project
manager for achieving goal and objectives in effective manner by attaining all stage of process in
appropriate ways (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013). It provides a framework and guidelines for
completing task in appropriate manner and leads to attaining succession of work. Four major
stage of project life cycle is initiation, planning, execution and closure. To build one of project it
is very much necessary to frame a systematic path by which organisational goals and objectives
should be achieved. In context of Hotpoint they choose a four step model by which they move
forward to stabilise in marketplace by determining their goals and objectives. All steps of the
project management are very much important in which evaluation is very much necessary to
obtain desirable outcomes.
These step of PLC help respective company manager to develop plan and strategies in effective
manner and attaining objective and goal in proper manner. The evaluation of project life cycle in
context of Hotpoint Company is mentioned below:-
Initiation- At respective stage manager of Hotpoint Company conduct evaluation and
analysis, then identify problems, issues, opportunities and brainstorm with a workplace. That can
be attain by them through solving problems, identify and grab opportunities, develop new ideas
and many others. The manager of respective company uses autocratic leadership theory by which
Illustration 1: Project life cycle
(Source: Project life cycle, 2019)

they evaluate their workplace and identify issues and opportunities. With the help of that stage
organisation can be determined the goals and objectives and accordingly start their work to
remain always competitive in the marketplace. It starts their project by distributing their roles
and responsibilities.
Planning- In this particular stage manager of Hotpoint Company able to plan strategies
in appropriate manner and convey to their staff. Due to which employers and employees able to
achieve goal and objective in appropriate manner (Van, L.N and Martinez, 2012). The planning
can be done in two ways strategies planning and implementation planning. In that stage all major
attributes should be planned by determining the roles and responsibilities of each and every
individual with the goals and objectives should be elaborated in much detail to get optimum kind
of results in organisational development and enhancement.
So manager of respective company develops appropriate strategies and plan which help in
attaining goal and objective. For evaluating Hotpoint company use goal setting method.
Execution- This is second last stage of project life cycle and also known as monitoring
and controlling stage. At this stage manager of respective company execute plan and strategies
which they develop to attain goal an objective in order to earn profitability. After determining the
roles and responsibilities it is very much necessary to execute the plan in positive manner. With
the help of that stage organisation can easily find out the gaps in delivering right kind of value to
the ultimate consumer base and then elaborate major concerns so that necessary improvements
should be executed in positive manner. They execute plan in appropriate manner in order to
achieve and fulfil objective. For execution of plan and for evaluation superior of Hotpoint
company use force field method.
Closure- At this stage team or group get disperse after completion of task or a project in
effective and efficient manner (Morris, 2013). It is one of important stage in which organisation
ready to wind up the project by comparing the estimated with the actual results. In context of Hot
point they framed the desirable outcomes and then evaluate from previous one to achieving
organisational goals and objectives. Before disperse team members handover all documents
related to project or task to their senior or shareholder of the respective company. For dispersion
of term or group Hotpoint company manager use 5 stages of team development strategy.
Business case:

Business case is refers to the data which contain all necessary information related to
company. Information are like about company, their mission and vision statement, company'
objective, strategies to accomplish goal and many other. Business case are very much important
to plan and coordinate each and every attribute in proper manner that have all kind of knowledge
and information. In context of Hotpoint they with the help of business case plan and coordinate
each and every attribute.
Business of Hotpoint company is given below:-
Company Overview
Hotpoint Company is an organisation which
produce, market and sell various range of
home appliances. Such as fridges and freezers,
gas and electric cookers, washing machines
and electric friars. Now respective company is
going to launch large screen TV ranges whose
minimum size television screen is 58 inches.
Vision and Mission
Vision statement of respective company is to
improve and enhance lifestyle of their
customers (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013).
Mission statement of Hotpoint company is to
provide appropriate quality of home appliances
which make their life easy.
Objectives
The objective of respective company is to
provide new range of large screen television to
their customers which minimum size is 58
inches.
Strategy
Manager of respective company make
strategies and plan to attract customers in
appropriate manner and produce products
accordingly which satisfy customers.
Project plan:

Cost Cost which is required by respective company to conduct process of
manufacturing large screen television is near about £18,000- £ 20,000.
Communication
For communicating new objective of company the respective company
manager conduct meeting with their employees and discussed about
objective and procedure (Ramasesh and Browning, 2014). For
communicating with customers they use appropriate promotional
method which help in attracting customers and encourage them to
purchase product.
Quality
To maintain quality of product the respective company use appropriate
strategies, methods and techniques which reduce wastage and produce
product in standard quality. Manager of Hotpoint company try to
maintain standard quality of product.
Scope
This refers to activities which is related to achieving goal and objective
in appropriate manner. For achieving goal respective company hire
manpower according to requirement and adopt new technology which
manufacture product in appropriate quality and with minimum wastage.
Work breakdown structure:
Work breakdown structure refers to the process in which work is divided into small
components or parts (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016). This help a company in conducting work
in more appropriate manner by fulfilling achieving goal step by step. It also provides framework
to company in estimating cost of products and services in appropriate manner. With the help of
WBS organisation can bifurcate their works and activities in proper manner and then distribute
the roles and responsibilities to each and every individual to reach at desirable goals and
objectives in proper manner. Work breakdown structure create by Hotpoint Company is given
below:

Gantt chat:
It is developed by Henry L. Gantt in year 1917, it is a horizontal bar chart which is used
for managing project. It provides graphical illustration of programmes which help in planning,
coordinating and conducting specific task of a project in appropriate manner (Olson, 2014).
Simple Gantt chat may be design on graph paper but complex can be developed at project
management application such as excel and so on. Gantt chat which is develop by respective
company is given below:

TASK 4
P4 Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC in application to the chosen project
Above mentioned theories and method is essential for attaining long scale and short scale
projects. Large scale projects are those which required wide amount of resources, assets, money,
manpower and many other things (Morris, 2013). Requirement of resources is also depended
upon project type, it is for profit or non- profit purpose. Whereas small scale projects are those
which required less resource, manpower, time, money, assets and other things for completion of
task or project. Superior of respective company use various theories and method for conducting
project life cycle in appropriate manner. Such theories and strategies are autocratic leadership
theory, forced field method, goal setting method and 5 stages of team development strategy.
Manager of respective company use autocratic leadership theory to initiate the evaluation by
which they identify problems and opportunities for an organisation. Goal setting method is use
to plan strategies and objective in order to attain opportunities and overcome issues or problems.
Whereas for execution respective company use forced field method and closure of team they use
cc. All these methods and strategies are essential for conducting large scale and small scale
project in appropriate and effective manner (Nicholas J.M and Steyn, 2017). By conducting
project life cycle in appropriate manner respective company able to achieve goal and objective in
appropriate manner. By the help of PLC manager of Hotpoint company able to launch 58 inches’
television in appropriate manner at target marketplace.
It has been evaluated that project life cycle is one of most important aspect to determine
the roles and responsibilities of each and every individual to remain always competitive in the
marketplace. With help of various kinds of leadership styles organisation can be able to

determine the best leadership style and their measures to achieve organisational goals and
objectives. There are some kind of theories and models that helps to manage quality and
coordination within the respective organisation and it will also help them in launching new 58
inches television, that are as follows:
Total quality management:
TQM is an management approach that helps to gain the long term success by giving
consumer satisfaction. In that all members of an organisation participate and give their
contribution to improve the processes in respective products and services. In context of Hotpoint
they by applying the TQM model they able to get one of best attributes in their products and
services that helps to gain competitive advantage. Along with this it will also help them in
develop new TV with best quality through which they can attract more and more customers
encourage them in attaining their target by gaining advancement at market.
Benchmarking:
Benchmarking is an chain of activities to measure and evaluate the performance of an
organisational products and services in against the set standards. With help of benchmarking
organisation can be in best manner set standards and work accordingly to achieve in positive
manner. In context of Hot point by adopting benchmarking they able to perform well as per the
set standards and values which help them in developing or manufacturing more effective quality
television for their potential customers. Through this they also able to attract potential customers
and encourage them to purchase as well as it will also enhance goodwill of respective company.
By using autocratic leadership style respective company able to take quick decision for
any situation and also feel motivated and encourage to conduct task in respective leadership
style. But along with this there is certain limitations that is it generate situation of conflict certain
time. When Hotpoint company use goal setting method there are certain pros and cons which
they face. Pros are they able to decide their priority in effective manner and they able to know
their strength and weakness. Some corns which they face are it bring thought of failure and
depression within a person. By using force field method manager of respective company able to
identify obstacles and then make plans and strategies accordingly. But this method required
participation of all employees which seems as a hurdle. When respective company use 5 stage of
team development they able to form team or group in effective manner but it is time taking to
identify appropriate person for specific project and task.

Like every things and factors has pros and cons product life cycle also has various
advantage and disadvantage. Advantage are like by PLC respective company able to conduct
planning of new large screen range television, it also helps superiors in removing or avoiding
barriers which may occur at different stages. By avoiding this employees of respective company
able to manufacture large screen televisions range in effective and appropriate manner
(Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012). Disadvantage of project life cycle is that it is time taking
and every step of project life cycle required different strategies and methods. So it can be said
that for an organisation it is very much important to evaluate each and every attributes and
deliver the right kind of value to the ultimate consumer base.
CONCLUSION
Form the above mentioned topics it can be evaluate and conclude that by operational and
project management an organisation able to conduct their day to day activities in effective and
appropriate manner. There are various methods and principles which an organisation uses to
implement operational management in proper manner, such as six sigma, lean principles and
many other. A company also develop continuous improvement plan which help them in
improving their quality of products and process. Along with this they also develop and conduct
various activities such as develop business plan and case, conduct project life cycle, design work
breakdown structure and Gantt chat and many others. The project life cycle is effective for an
organisation in attaining long scale and short scale project in appropriate manner.
REFRENCES
Books and journals
Fleming, Q.W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management.
Project Management Institute.
Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E.W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and
analysis. International Journal of Production Economics. 135(2). pp.687-701.

Harrison, F. and Lock, D., 2017. Advanced project management: a structured approach.
Routledge.
Jacobs, F.R., Chase, R.B. and Lummus, R.R., 2014. Operations and supply chain
management (pp. 533-535). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Larson, E.W. and Gray, C.F., 2015. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge:
PMBOK (®) Guide. Project Management Institute.
Morris, P.W., 2013. Reconstructing project management. John Wiley & Sons.
Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2017. Project management for engineering, business and
technology. Routledge.
Olson, D., 2014. Information systems project management. Business Expert Press.
Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-
based organisations. International Journal of Project Management. 31(1). pp.31-42.
Ramasesh, R.V. and Browning, T.R., 2014. A conceptual framework for tackling knowable
unknown unknowns in project management. Journal of Operations Management. 32(4).
pp.190-204.
Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy
Process in operations management. International Journal of Production
Economics. 138(2). pp.215-241.
Turner, J.R., 2014. Handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-
hill.
Van Wassenhove, L.N. and Martinez, A.J.P., 2012. Using OR to adapt supply chain management
best practices to humanitarian logistics. International Transactions in Operational
Research. 19(1-2). pp.307-322.
Online
Project life cycle, 2019. [Online].Available
through<https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/what-is-the-professional-services-project-life-
cycle>