Project Management Techniques and Methodologies

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of project management techniques and methodologies. It covers various aspects of project management, including the project life cycle, work breakdown structure, earned value project management, and more. The assignment also discusses the importance of sustainability indicators in construction projects and the future of operations management.

Operations and
Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1
TASK 1.............................................................................................................................1
P1 Critical review regarding implementation of operations principle in organisation
context......................................................................................................................... 1
M1 Development of operation management related to lean principles and six sigma 3
TASK 2.............................................................................................................................4
P2 Continuity in improvement plan based on review and analysis..............................4
M2 Effectiveness of continuous improvement plan applying appropriate concepts.....5
D1 Continuous improvement plan assist for achieving improved efficiency.................6
TASK 3.............................................................................................................................6
P3 Stages of PLC with business case, project plan and work breakdown structure....6
M3 Rational for the project methodologies within the PLC...........................................9
TASK 4.............................................................................................................................9
P4. Effectiveness of PLC in application of project........................................................9
M4 Use of appropriate concepts in the PLC which differentiate between small and
large project............................................................................................................... 11
D2 Evaluation of PLC through theoretical and practical exploration..........................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 12
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................14
...................................................................................................................................... 15

INTRODUCTION
Operations management is the area of administration that is liable or responsible
for managing and designing the production of a services and goods in order to
accomplish long term goals and objectives of company. On the other side, project
management is an effective process which fall into five aspects such as initiating,
thinking, executing, monitoring and closing the work. It is also identified as a knowledge
which draws on different areas like integration, scope, quality, time, human resources,
procurement, communication, stakeholder management and risk management. Thus,
operation and project management are important and beneficial part for the business to
complete their all work time to time (Antonio Martins and Ramos Martins, 2012).
Further, it also assist in achievement of desire and predetermined goals of an
organisation. In the present report, give company is Leyland Trucks. It is the heavy duty
truck manufacture and leading medium firm in the UK. This amassment is divided into
four parts which are includes implementation of operations principle related to lean
principles and six sigma. Continues improvement plan theories and stages of product
life cycle and its effectiveness in the organisation is also include in this project.
TASK 1
P1 Critical review regarding implementation of operations principle in organisation
context
Leyland Trucks is the manufacturing industry in United Kingdom. It was
established by Bryan Sitko, Peter Jukes and Denis Culloty in 1993 headquartered at
Leyland, Lancashire, England , UK. They provides different heavy trucks such as
PACCAR, DAF LF, DAF CF, DAF XF and many other commercial vehicles. In the
organisation, 950 workers are employing with aim to maximise their sales and revenues
as well as reducing employees turnover. Revenue of Leyland Trucks is Approx £850
million.
Operations management is identified as a specific area of management that is
liable for handling and planning the production process of a services and goods with
motive to execute long term goals and targets of company (Beringer, Jonas and Kock,
2013). It is also essential for completing entire work and activity in limited time period.
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According to the Antonio (2012) “Operations management is identified as an
entire activities in relation to the creation of services and goods via transformation of
outputs and inputs”, while operation administrator of Leyland Trucks company play an
essential role and responsibility in the process of management. This process includes
planning, staffing, organising, controlling and leading.
In order to provide materials, it is the role of business manager is to analysis 10
important decision about operations managements which are design, location strategy,
capacity and process planning, managing quality, human resource and job design,
layout strategy, inventory, maintenance, scheduling and supply chain management. All
these are important and significant for the manufacture industry to gain maximum
amount of money in limited time period (Blomquist and et. al., 2010). There are different
principles of operations management which are shown under this:
Reality: It is identified as a tendency to emphasis on the technique or toll rather
than the specific issues. In this problem related to inventory that could not be analysed
with a lean activity.
Organisation: In this entire aspects of production that must be established into a
logical whole. It is also define as an interconnected process of manufacturing. In this
business manager play to change their business operations as per the employees
requirements.
Fundamentals: In this role of manager is to maintain inventory records in an
accurate manner (Brauers and Zavadskas, 2010). Further, all records are maintained
accurately, Leyland Trucks easily accomplish long term goals and targets.
Accountability: Under this, employees of the manufacturing industry not take
their full dedication for which they are doest not keep accountable. It is the manager role
to analysis goals and establish metrics.
Variance: In each and every process variance are inherent. When the business
goals and objectives is to decrease cost, variances must be calculated and monitored
(Brauers, and Zavadskas, 2010.). So it is essential for the company to save their time
and reduce additional cost of products.
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Causality: In this managers face different problems which are often symptoms-
late quotes, urgent shipments, expediting, etc. Thus with the help of this principle
Leyland Trucks managers easily solve all root causes.
Managed passion: Nothing drags a drives an organisation fallen like workers
just putting in time and passion for their work or jobs.
Humility: Under this principles, managers of the Leyland Trucks are habitually
advanced with circumstances, it this way they are not familiar.
Success: It is a role and responsibility of managers is to satisfy basic needs and
wants of the customers. Main part of the success is to identify and know customers-
external clients are more essential than internal audience.
Change: It is important and foremost part of the business development and
success. Under this manager play vital role in modifying products, services, process
and many other elements.
M1 Development of operation management related to lean principles and six sigma
For development of operations management, Leyland Trucks manager apply
different tools and techniques which are determined as below:
Lean principles and Six Sigma methodologies :
Lean principles: It means developing maximum value for audiences with minimum
resources (Burke, 2013). Leyland Trucks is a leading medium company that knows
clients value and emphasis its key procedures to incessantly maximise it.
Identify value: It is a manager role to identify customers needs and wants
related to heavy truck products. Further, they analysis, product price, expectation, and
many other aspects.
Map the value stream: Under this, values is determined. It is a next step
involved in taking particular commodity from raw materials as well as rendering to them
to the end customers. Thus, wastage of the addition products is automatically
decreased.
Create flow: Wastages are removed in this process, so that company tries to
provide their all products in smooth way. It is essential for the organisation to gain
higher profitability and productivity.
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Establish pull: With enhanced flow, time to clients and market that can be
improved in dramatic manner. In this Leyland Trucks apply Just in time approach in
delivery or manufacturing goods.
Seek perfection: In order to accomplishing above all steps is a better opening,
but this process is perhaps the very essential in making lean planning and improvement
activity of corporate culture of company (Fernández-Sánchez and Rodríguez-López,
2010).
Six Sigma Methodologies: It is an adaptive and new set of method that great toward
enhancing the effectiveness and performance of corporate process. It is a best
methodologies that renders business tools and techniques to enhance the capability
and efficiency of business process. There are mainly two type of six sigma
methodologies such as DMAIC and DMADV. Both are essential but Leyland Trucks
apply DMAIC tool which cover different parts are determined as below:
Define: In this managers analysis the project targets or objectives and clients
either internal and external. It is important for the company to accomplish their specific
targets.
Measure: It is the role of managers is to evaluate the process in order to
determine actual process performance. With the assist of this, they easily tries to gain
maximum amount of profit.
Analyse: Under this, business manager play vital role in analysing the root origin
of the defects in process of moving products one place to another (Fleming and
Koppelman, 2016).
Improve: Under this, manager of manufacturing industry enhance entire process
by reducing all defects and issues properly.
Control: In this methodologies, administrator of the organisation control and
monitor future performance of company.
TASK 2
P2 Continuity in improvement plan based on review and analysis
Continuous development plan: It is identified as an effective process and
activity of documenting and tracking the knowledge, experience and skills that gain both
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informally and formally work or activity, beyond any kind of initial training ( Garel, 2013).
It is also define as an ongoing activity to enhance process, products or services. This
plan includes different sources and its implementation which are determined as below:
Provider
Date
Source Extant performance
level
Betterment in
strategies
Expected Outcome
or results
Promotional
outcome
Absence of marketing
practices, audience of
the Leyland Trucks
are not capable in
order to to purchase
heavy trucks as data
or information related
to commodity are not
acquiring by buyers in
an accurate manner.
Leyland Trucks
should use proper
promotional scheme
in order to advertise
their heavy trucks
and trade them in
marketplace. Heavy
truck products are
located in this way
that it pull in
consumer more to
purchase
(Gunasekaran and
Ngai, 2012).
By using or applying
an effective
promotional scheme,
Leyland Trucks is
able to pass on value
and welfare of their
heavy trucks to
buyers effectively
and they can get
maximum data
regarding their
heavy truck.
After sales
services
Leyland Trucks is not
rendering accurate
after sales facility to
target clients. They
do not yield any kind
of warranty on truck.
It is highly required
or needed by
Leyland Trucks with
aim to open
maximum number of
service centre to
Each and every
individual has
different perception.
By enhancing in
scheme and
supplying accurate
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Service centres of the
Leyland Trucks are
less due to which
buyers face different
difficulties.
gain maximum
value of customers.
Feedback and
commend should be
understood from
existing and target
clients so that proper
services that can be
rendered to them.
services, Leyland
Trucks is capable to
acquire best
response of
audience. It is also
acknowledged that it
will pull in large
number of
customers.
M2 Effectiveness of continuous improvement plan applying appropriate concepts
Continuous improvement plan is very essential and beneficial part for the each
and every enterprise in order to maintain their all activities in proper manner. Kaizen is
one of the best and foremost concept which is used by the Leyland Trucks in order to
improve their all activities and functions easily (Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017). This
aspects support the business entity to make coordination between managers, owners
and the operators of a specific program to talk about possible improvements. Kaizen is
one of the best think is that large number of persons or employees who actually realize
creating from raw materials at nuts-and-bolts level can become included in the concepts
of introducing improvements. An individual who gather truck suspension part will have a
moderately better plan regarding how the activity they perform on could be enhanced.
Therefore, Leyland promote everyone or employees to be contribute in the decision
making process. For example: The company implemented Kaizen in an excellent way
by introducing robotic paint spray kiosk for truck chassis (Lenfle and Loch, 2010). It was
the grate leap progressive- Leyland was the biggest and first assembly plant worldwide
to apply robots on a turning transporter to colour its chassis. Kaizen is a best approach
for the company to maximise their performance and effectiveness in an effective
manner.
D1 Continuous improvement plan assist for achieving improved efficiency
Kaizen is one of the important and essential method which is apply by the
Leyland in order to increase their effectiveness and performance. It is a continuous
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improvement plan technique which is beneficial for the organisation to motivate and
encourage their workforce while working and performing business activities. It is also
useful for the truck industry to easily attract large number of the customers as well as
maximise their revenues and sales. This tool also support the business managers to
enhance entire activities and function appropriately (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). There
are some importance of such concepts which are determined as below:
 Kaizen reducing the wastage is different areas in the organisation.
 Transformation and elimination of present procedures.
 Discovering issues at business source and overcoming them at them.
 It encourage company to improve performance and effectiveness of organisation.
TASK 3
P3 Stages of PLC with business case, project plan and work breakdown structure
Project-life-cycle: PLC describes the time period over which a project is
brought, implemented to marketplace and eventually decreased from the market
(Project Life Cycle, 2018). This concept is divided into four parts such as introduction,
growth, decline and maturity (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013). Project-life-cycle idea is
applied in marketing in order to determined when it is proper to reduce prices, advertise,
develop new packaging and explore innovative places. In order to completing project,
manager of Leyland apply different steps which are shown under this:
Business case: It is identify as a first part in order to develop heavy truck
products. This aspects includes entire information of the company. Leyland Trucks is
the leading organisation in UK. It was formed by Bryan Sitko, Denis Culloty Peter Jukes
in 1993 at Lancashire, Leyland, England, United Kingdom. They renders heavy trucks
products such as DAF LF, PACCAR, DAF XF, DAF CF and other commercial vehicles.
In the company, 950 employees are working with purpose to increase their revenues as
well as decrease employees turnover. Revenue and sales of Leyland Trucks is about
£850 million. Company plan to develop their new truck products in marketplace, so in
this they needed to apply project-life-cycle (Ramasesh and Browning, 2014). It is best
approach for innovating new products to the customers and in the marketplace.
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Project plan: I is one of the best and appropriate part. This plan includes project- life-
cycle. This aspects includes four stages which are determined as below:
(Source: Project-life-cycle, 2018)
Concept stage: Under this stage, company identify the needs and requirement
of the projects for the company. In this phase project objectives are identified. Leyland
promote their heavy truck in an effective and efficient manner (Robichaud and
Anantatmula, 2010). For example: Leyland may tout the truck's voice recognition
software, compact size, fuel efficiency, speed or parking facilitation tool. In this stage,
business bank on wealthier buyers purchasing the truck at its expensive element in
exchange for purchasing the greatest and latest products.
Planning stage: In this phase, the project is classified into manageable aspects
of activity and planned resources, cost and time. Leyland emphasis on differentiation of
brand and its innovative features. In this sales of heavy truck is high and expectation
level of the company is also maximum. Further business entity tries to maintain quality
of their products. Along with them, they can easily maximise their sales and revenues in
an effective and efficient manner. This stage mainly shown how many products are
sales and how to gain large number of profit.
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Illustration 1: Project Life Cycle

Execution stage: Under this stage, work and activities are monitored, controlled
and implemented in an effective and efficient manner (Söderlund, 2011). Heavy truck
products are completely launched and motive of Leyland is to capture large number of
market share of their specific products. In the marketplace, there are different
competitors of the Leyland which are existing in marketplace and render same kind of
services and products. Company require to invest their amount of money to change and
improve their commodity.
Transfer stage: It is a last stage of the project-life-cycle which identified as a
demobilisation and close-out. It is also a part of project-life-cycle which is essential for
the enterprise to accomplish project objectives . Under this, market related to product
will initiate. It reasoned, because of leaving of customers to other brand. Further,
Leyland slash the vehicles price in order to make an effective way for its innovative
models.
Work break-down structure: It is last process which is essential and beneficial for the
organisation in order to divide their all work and activity in different groups
(Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012). With the help of this technique, company easily
maintain their entire work in an appropriate manner. Work break-down structure of the
Leyland are shown as below:
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Illustration 2: Work Break-down Structure
(Source: Work Break-down Structure, 2018)
M3 Rational for the project methodologies within the PLC
Project methodologies is cover different aspects such as business case, project
plan and work break-down structure. All these are highly essential and valuable for the
organisation to develop an effective product in marketplace. With the use of this toll,
they easily innovate their new heavy truck to the customers (Turner, 2016). Project-life-
cycle is more beneficial for the Leyland by which they can easily increase their sales
and turnover in given time period. It is also essential for developing strong image and
goodwill in market as well as accomplish long term goals and objectives of company.
TASK 4
P4. Effectiveness of PLC in application of project
Effectiveness of the PLC: Project-life-cycle is one of the essential and valuable
tool for the organisation to accomplish their predetermined goals and targets in given
time period. With the help of appropriate plan of PLC, Leyland easily increase their
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effectiveness and performance without any difficulties. Company should tries to apply
this concepts for aim to maximising sales and revenues.
Designing and implementing PLC: It is another part of the project-life-cycle
which is appropriate for the business. It is the role and duty of project manager is to
design and implement an effective project which attract large number of the customers
towards business products and services (Turner, 2016). In the organisation, maximum
number of workers are employing with motive to increase customers base.
Cost saving techniques: This tool is beneficial and valuable for the Leyland
because of them, they easily reduce their project cost and maximise sales for same
(Brauers and Zavadskas, 2010). This techniques is highly essential and valuable to
save their time and cost as well as maximise sales. It assist in development and
implementation of better and effective project that support to gain maximum amount of
money.
Different techniques: It is another important for the company to increase their
effectiveness and performance by applying Gantt chart, Work Break-down structure and
many other tools which help them to divide their entire activities and function in different
groups. Further, it also for gaining large number of competitive aid and benefits. This
aspects also help to identify time duration of completing all activities appropriately.
Different theories, models and concepts: It is another useful and valuable for
the company to accomplish long term objectives and targets. In order to execute an
effective project, Leyland easily maintain their all work or activities properly. Project-life-
cycle is a best model for the manufacture industry to gain more benefits and
advantages without any difficulties. This model includes project starting, project
organizing definition planning, project execution and project close-out (Brauers and
Zavadskas, 2010). All these are highly useful for the project manager to do their all
tasks and activities with full dedication.
Practical and Theoretical framework: It is a last part which is used by the
Leyland to complete their project task in appropriate manner. Project management tool
is useful for the organisation to recognise opening and closing time of activities
appropriate way. So that it is valuable for the business entity to make an effective
project as per the requirement and needs of business.
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M4 Use of appropriate concepts in the PLC which differentiate between small and large
project
Practical and theoretical framework are useful for the organisation in order to
prepare an effective project in limited time period. It is essential for the organisation to
apply an effective tool such as Gantt Chart. It is useful for the company to differentiate
their all activities and work as per the need of business (Beringer, Jonas and Kock,
2013). For example: Leyland expand their project at different level, so in this they
required appropriate aspects which assist in the achievement of long term growth and
success in marketplace. Along with them, small project are also applied by the
departments of the business entity which assist to gain maximum amount of money in
limited time period.
D2 Evaluation of PLC through theoretical and practical exploration
There are mainly two methods for evaluation of product-life-cycle with the use of
practical and theoretical exploration. These are determined as below:
Project management tool: It is one of the main and foremost element which is apply
by the Leyland (Blomquist and et. al., 2010). Main toll of project management is Gantt
chart which is essential for them to complete their all activities as per the time duration.
Gantt chart of the product life cycles is shown as below:
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Project leadership: It is a first in an innovative series which is important for launching
to explore and explain relevant and new terms applied in project management. It is a
role of manager to leading a group towards the effective projects (Antonio Martins and
Ramos Martins, 2012). So it is essential for the administrator of Leyland to easily
determine their all new products and services in marketplace.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be concluded that operation and project
both are important part of the management. These are beneficial and valuable for the
organisation to easily accomplish their long term objectives and goals in limited time
period. Operation management principles which are mainly related with lean principles
and Six Sigma methodologies. Different tools and concepts are used by the company in
order to innovate their new truck products in marketplace and to the target customers.
Along with the, business entity use Product-life-cycle which includes different stages
such as introduction, maturity, decline and growth. In order to implement this process,
manufacture industry cover certain process such as business case, business plan, work
break-down structure, Gantt chary, practical and theoretical aspects.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Antonio Martins, V. and Ramos Martins, M., 2012. Outsourcing operations in project
management offices: The reality of Brazilian companies. Project management
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Beringer, C., Jonas, D. and Kock, A., 2013. Behavior of internal stakeholders in project
portfolio management and its impact on success. International Journal of
Project Management. 31(6). pp.830-846.
Blomquist, T. and et. al., 2010. Project‐as‐practice: In search of project management
research that matters. Project Management Journal. 41(1). pp.5-16.
Brauers, W. K. M. and Zavadskas, E. K., 2010. Project management by MULTIMOORA
as an instrument for transition economies. Technological and Economic
Development of Economy. 16(1). pp.5-24.
Brauers, W. K. M. and Zavadskas, E. K., 2010. Project management by MULTIMOORA
as an instrument for transition economies. Technological and Economic
Development of Economy. 16(1). pp.5-24.
Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey,
USA.
Fernández-Sánchez, G. and Rodríguez-López, F., 2010. A methodology to identify
sustainability indicators in construction project management—Application to
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Fleming, Q .W. and Koppelman, J. M., 2016, December. Earned value project
management. Project Management Institute.
Garel, G., 2013. A history of project management models: From pre-models to the
standard models. International Journal of Project Management. 31(5). pp.663-
669.
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outlook and analysis. International Journal of Production Economics. 135(2).
pp.687-701.
Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H. R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to
planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Lenfle, S. and Loch, C., 2010. Lost roots: how project management came to emphasize
control over flexibility and novelty. California Management Review. 53(1). pp.32-
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Ramasesh, R. V. and Browning, T. R., 2014. A conceptual framework for tackling
knowable unknown unknowns in project management. Journal of Operations
Management. 32(4). pp.190-204.
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Robichaud, L. B. and Anantatmula, V. S., 2010. Greening project management
practices for sustainable construction. Journal of Management in
Engineering. 27(1). pp.48-57.
Söderlund, J., 2011. Pluralism in project management: navigating the crossroads of
specialization and fragmentation. International Journal of Management
Reviews. 13(2). pp.153-176.
Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic
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Turner, R., 2016. Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.
Online
Project Life Cycle. 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<http://2020projectmanagement.com/resources/project-lifecycle-and-
methodology/what-is-the-project-life-cycle>.
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