Operations and Project Management for Bosch and New Imperial Motors

This report focuses on the importance of operations and project management for Bosch and New Imperial Motors. It explains the principles of operations management and analyzes the extent to which the operations management of the organization in the case study meets the requirements of the organization. It also discusses the project methodologies and tools used in the case study and the importance of continuous improvement as a philosophy.

OPERATIONAL
AND PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction to chosen organization ............................................................................................3
Explanation of operation vs operations management .................................................................4
Analysis of the extent to which the operations management of the organization in the case
study meets the requirements of the organization .......................................................................5
Continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the Lean principles..............................6
Plan for Continuous Improvement...............................................................................................7
Recommendation.........................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
PART 2..........................................................................................................................................10
Overview of the case study........................................................................................................10
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to the selected project, including
supporting documentation for each stage .................................................................................10
Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used...............................................................13
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC in application to your project using
the appropriate theories models and concepts...........................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
This report helps in understanding about importance of operations in functioning of an
organization. Effective management of operations help organization in boosting productivity and
profitability of organization. Operations plays vital role in success of any business as it helps in
achieving desired goals and objectives. This report also focuses on effective management of
projects within organization and different steps which can be taken to execute plan to complete
the project. For effective understanding about operations and project management, chosen
businesses are Bosch and New Imperial Motors which are considered as one of the major
manufacturing companies in UK.
This report is further divided into parts where first part focuses upon importance of
effective management within organization and importance of operations for organization. Second
part of report focuses upon project management and it is associated with Cross-rail project which
is one of the biggest infrastructure project in United Kingdom. It also involves information about
project life cycle and its various stages which helps in completing the project effectively and
efficiently.
MAIN BODY
PART 1
Introduction to chosen organization
The company Bosch Ltd. Is one of the famous and recognized organization which
focuses upon manufacturing technological appliances and it operates in global environment.
Bosch manufactures and deals in various households appliances such as vacuum cleaners, hair
dryers etc. Bosch is a German multinational engineering and technology organization and its
headquarters are situated in Gerlingen. It was founded by Robert Bosch in 1986. This
organization focuses on utilizing various principles of operations management which can help in
making operations of organization effective and efficient
Explanation of operation vs operations management
Operations of any organization explained as process which are effectively managed by
any organization in order to achieve organization goals and objectives. Concept of operational

management focuses upon planning of operations in systematic and effective way which are
associated with manufacturing etc. In Bosch, managers focuses upon managing activities of
organization related to operations and ensuring that products of organization should be effective
and productive in terms of performance. In order to attain the growth and the effective
management functions there is been seen that all the productions of goods and general services
are being provided . Mainly operations implies all the conversions of the procure resources with
all the outputs through which all the intended areas are being implied and managed. It helps in
creating and delivering all goods and services which are being made for the client and also for
the customers. Their is analyses that all the complex and the other operational processes and
areas attain and manage the responsibility through which the growth, determinant functions and
their adaptability are considered. For all the effective functioning of the companies there is been
served that organization is working appropriately and they are thereby trying to manage the value
of the work and the money in adequate methods.
Operation management is generally the concerned areas through which all the
improvement, management and the designs in general systems are managed. It involves all the
methods and their core elements through which the implicated services and their nature is
incorporated. This includes all the departments and their organisational functions as for like
finance, marketing, human resources etc. all these helps in attaining the deliverable services.
Operational management helps to involve and know about the success and the growth of the
company. Their main aim is to promote and administer all the business practices through which
the high level efficiency is being created and the endurance with the major alliance with
conversion of the material and all their finished goods are incorporated. This maintain the
management and the functionality through all the finished goods and products. In all the
organization their seems to be important to attain the allocation of resources and the effective
management to be done appropriately. As Bosch and New Imperial Motors focus on the
strategies through which they effectively manage all the functions and the work and also to adapt
the nature and the advancements within the vary culture and the working principles.
review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles within the
chosen organization
There are numerous principles of operations management which are utilized by
organization to achieve goals and objectives. Such principles are implemented by organization to

make its operations effective and efficient. In context of Bosch manufacturing and delivery of
appliances is one of the key operations for its effective and efficient performance. Such process
help organization in boosting overall productivity and profitability of organization.
Manufacturing and delivery of technological appliances are important for boosting profits.
Principles of operations management are mentioned below:
Reality
Operation management have to ensure that all the issues related to operations should be
resolved by taking appropriate steps. Managing operations effectively helps organization in
reaching to its desired outcome effectively.
Organization
This principle is associated with importance of effective operations process in
organization and its impact upon productivity and profitability of organization. This principle
focuses on providing quality products and services to consumers while ensuring efficiency in
manufacturing. It focuses on various policies and norms which employees have to comply with
and helps in regulating work in effective manner. This principle focuses on generating higher
revenues and providing better experience to consumers by the help of products and services. In
context of Bosch, organization have to ensure that their operations team should work effectively
and learn how these technological appliances can be made more effective by the help of
innovative technique.
Variance
This principle focuses upon understanding about various ideologies that variance are
inherent inside each and every process which is performance within an organization. This
principle of operation and management helps in understanding that cutting of cost help
organization in maximizing its profitability. Bosch focuses upon managing their distribution and
operation effectively and for effective management such principle require effective
implementation.
Change
This principle focuses upon implementing innovative changes which can help in getting
solutions for issue and helps in performing operation in effective and systematic manner. Bosch
have to focus on implementing changes in organization in order to achieve desired goals and
objectives. This principle is important in designing and manufacturing innovative appliances

which can help Bosch in achieving competitor advantage over its competitors. This principle also
help organization in proposing innovative ideas which are important for growth and development
of organization.
Humility
This principle implies that all the managers in the company should tend to attain a proper
work within in the given time period there should not be any limitations, error in the work. All
the management should effectively do their work and avoid all the trials. As through this all the
organization manages to maintain the work and save the time and also the financial cost. Bosch
by applying all the reduction of the errors and also by creating the positive outcomes should
manage the long terms growth and success and imparts to address the work to be done properly.
Accountability
Through this principle it can be addressed that in all the companies their serves to be
important to mange all the accountability. All the accounts are needed to be recorded and
managed in systematic manner so as to avoid any issue in future programs. The managers of the
company are needed to manage the balance and also to keep a regular check through the gurantee
in the accountable areas. Bosch hires the efficient managers who manages all the work in the
specific time period and also mandates to keep all the records of the work and their data in a
systematic manner. This removes all the obstacles and creates a perfect and manageable work.
Quality control
All the organisations should manage a proper quality control as in general manufacturing
functions it is been served that no issue can be seen as in regard to the control in the quality.
Their should be made an efficient teams which focus on observing the quality of the goods and
the services. This is a holistic method which focus on giving the logistics, warehousing, material
management and other applications. Bosch have the teams which carefully monitors all the raw
materials and also try to analyses all the logistics with the supply chain and the finished goods in
order to attain the management and the function of the company and their working.
Success
The success in all the companies are needed to be measured which implies that all the
products which are made by the organization should be proper and satisfactory. As all the
companies are serving the finished goods and services to other just for managing the proper and
effective methods there is been seen that in all such areas where there is required that products

when go to the reach of the customers will make them satisfied and happy. The customers are
needed to attain and come again to buy the products. Bosch should manage the work and the
nature in accordance to the principles of working. It is been seen that they focus on the customer
satisfaction and the products.
Causality
In this principle the main element is to manage and solve all the issues and the problems
in order to maintain the issues and also to eliminate the issues and the problems faced by the
company. Their is applied that all the manufacturing execution system with the enterprise
planning system focus on attaining the growth and the requirements for the standard metrics. this
is made to remove the inefficiency and also to underline the major issues and factors. Bosch
focus on removing all the brisk and the eliminate the problem in order to manage the growth and
their variable factors. This applies with the standard of management in order to gain the growths
and to eliminate the major factors and risk.
Knowing the competition
This principle opt the method in which they analyses all the nature and the competitive
areas through which the practice and the work is underlined. All the company will have to know
about the products, services and the customers through which the management can be effectively
be made. For all the companies there is needed to manage the advancement and also focus on
managing the growth and their functions. Bosch manages the functioning through variable
channels in which they always try to give better then their competitive companies and gain more
growth.
Collaboration with consumer
All the consumers are needed to focus in all the in depth and all the nature of working.
This principles implies that all the nature and the major elements are needed to be covered and
all the operational activities are managed. Their is implied that in order to maintain the stability
the company should focus on all the improvement and their attainable factors. Bosch focus on
improving their quality and services with all the change in time so as to gain more growth.
Analysis of the extent to which the operations management of the organization in the case study
meets the requirements of the organization
It is important for Bosch to adopt various principles which are associated with operations
management which can help in making their activities smooth and effective. There are various

point which should be considered by an organization for making changes in operations and these
points are mentioned below:
Every organization focuses upon cutting its costs which helps organization in boosting
their revenues. Principle of variance focuses upon boosting the operations by adopting such
steps. Organization have to focus on implementing such principle by effectively analyzing
activity of manufacturing and understanding surroundings to understand general needs.
Another principles focuses upon enhancing the quality of products by making production of
organization effective. Bosch have complicated manufacturing process which affects their
productivity and in order to overcome such complication organization have to implement such
principles. Various steps are taken to enhance the productivity of organization by adopting
robotics in production of appliances.
It is important to deliver quality products to consumers which helps in satisfying its
consumers and Bosch focuses on innovating process which helps in making operations procedure
smooth and helps in overcome any inconsistencies.
Rationale for the project methodologies, tools and leadership within the PLC for the given
project
The project methodologies used within the Bosch project included lean principle. According to
principle it is important to identify the value which helps in satisfying the consumers. Other
principle focuses on managing the value of products which helps in boosting productivity and
profitability of organization. It also focuses upon reducing the wastage of resources which can
help in making operations of organization effective and efficient. Creation of flow is one of the
principles of lean which focuses on achieving productivity in organization. Another principle
focuses on understanding about needs and preference of consumer and providing products to
them which can help in fulfilling their needs. It also focuses on implementing changes in areas
which are identified as threat by organization. This would help Bosch in making suitable changes
while ensuring effectiveness and efficiency.
Analysis of the project methodologies and tools used
Agile methodologies – This approach is used to plan and manage the business effectively. This
approach is considered as one of the adaptive approach which is also utilized to identify the
issues within organization and fixing such issues and problems. It also assists in implementing
changes in various stages.

Rational unified process – This process consists of various stages such as inception,
elaboration, construction and transition. It is explained as approach which is utilized to get
feedback comments from users regarding development stages.
Project leadership – Every project effectiveness depends upon leadership as it helps in
completing the project within its desired timeline. It would also help in boosting performance of
employees. Effective leaders always focuses on providing appropriate guidance to its employees
which can help them in achieving goals and objectives while ensuring effectiveness and
efficiency.
Continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the Lean principles
It is important for Bosch to implement necessary change in operations process which can
help in delivering quality products and services. It is essential for organization to ensure
continuous development in products which helps in satisfying needs of consumer. It is known as
process of insistent analysis while focusing on improving the standards of performance for
boosting quality of products. Lean principles is considered as strategy which helps in achieving
effectiveness and efficiency.
There are various lean principles which are contributing in growth and development of
Bosch and this principle focuses upon implementing framework which is responsible for
reducing wastage while production and manufacturing of products.
Plan for Continuous Improvement
Every organization focuses on making continuous changes which can help organization
in fulfilling needs and preferences of consumers. Implementing changes according to need help
organization in gaining competitor advantage over its competitors. From above analysis it is
important for Bosch to make innovative changes in organization by developing an effective plan.
Requirements for continuous improvement are mentioned below:
BASIS METHODOLOGIES PROPOSED METHODOLOGIES
Cost In context of firm they implies on
principles of variance which is assort to
cut up the costs. Moreover, this
This principles enhance by
organisation to assort by techniques
helps to cutting up costs in

principles is applies on current situation
for better diversity rather than
decreasing costs.
manufacturing. Eventually, firms must
assort use to this technology in
advancement like automation where
cut up costs of monitoring process of
training employees.
Quality
On principles of organisation is not
better effectively implemented by the
company which is enhance to affecting
the interconnectivity of activities which
enhance failing of quality.
The company must ensure that each
activity is flexible enough where
connected towards another product
desired results. To seeking for better
quality company must need to
customise their product manufacturing
process by using Total Quality
Management where it ensure process
of better quality at their offering.
Delivery
The principles of better reliability that
allows innovation repeatable as per
enhance better delivery process in
effective manner.
Through this principles which must be
applied towards firm where in order to
accomplish better solution in timely
basis. About the similar company
might use techniques like Six Sigma
where it allows to guide about how
process to get adding in costing.
Pros of Six Sigma
 It helps in boosting sales of organization and assists in satisfying consumer by providing
products and services according to their needs and preferences.
 It helps in adding value to business of organization as it helps in improving desired
outcome of organization. Six sigma is also helpful in making supply chain operations of
organization effective and optimizing it according to need of organization.

 It is also effective in reducing the wastage of resources as efficiency of project depends
upon utilization of resources. Six sigma approach focuses on reducing the wastage and
ensuring that variance should be identified before any production.
Cons of six sigma
 It needs longer time period to implement and it also requires efforts from every employee
of organization.
 It is also considered as complicated process due to its implementation. It needs good
amount of statistical data which is required to understand variance and also requires more
time. This process is also considered costly in comparison to other approaches.
This approach is helpful in making effective plans for operations and would help in
evaluating and analysing issues within organization. This process is helpful in identifying areas
which need change and implementing changes according to need of organization.
Recommendation
From above assessment it can be analyzed that there are various recommendation which
is important for Bosch to implement and which can help in improving operation management of
organization. It would help boosting productivity of organization and it would also help in
improving performance of employees. Some of these recommendation are mentioned below:
 Organization have to focus on implementing innovative changes in organization which
would help in making organization structure effective. It would also help in transforming
operational process of organization.
 Bosch have to ensure that products should be effectively delivered to consumers as it
would help in boosting revenues of organization.
CONCLUSION
This part of report concludes about the importance of operations management in an
organization and how does it helps in achieving desired goals and objectives of organization. It
also concludes about different lean principles which are utilized by organization to make its
operation effective. Bosch which is one of the multinational organization which is taken under
this report and concluded about using these lean principles in making organization operations
effective.

REFERENCES
BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Choi, T.M., Guo, S. and Luo, S., 2020. When blockchain meets social-media: Will the result
benefit social media analytics for supply chain operations management?. Transportation
Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 135, p.101860.
Ganesh, S., Su, Q., Pepka, N., Rentz, B., Vann, L., Yazdanpanah, N., O'Connor, T., Nagy, Z.K.
and Reklaitis, G.V., 2020. Design of condition-based maintenance framework for process
operations management in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing. International
Journal of Pharmaceutics, 587, p.119621.
Mišić, V.V. and Perakis, G., 2020. Data analytics in operations management: A review.
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 22(1), pp.158-169.
Sabbaghtorkan, M., Batta, R. and He, Q., 2020. Prepositioning of assets and supplies in disaster
operations management: Review and research gap identification. European Journal of
Operational Research, 284(1), pp.1-19.
Zhang, F., Wu, X., Tang, C.S., Feng, T. and Dai, Y., 2020. Evolution of operations management
research: from managing flows to building capabilities. Production and Operations
Management, 29(10), pp.2219-2229.

PART 2
Overview of the case study
This part is based on case study of stopping employees from leaving the premises to eat
their lunch or buy their lunch. This part of report is based on organization Birmingham Law
society which is a professional association of professional lawyers and it is one of the oldest
organization in Wales. Company objective is to reduce absenteeism during lunch hours and this
part focuses on proposing an effective solution for such issue. This project is based on providing
healthy food to employees and keeping them in office premises for their lunch. This project
focuses on analyzing various options and taking one of the options to achieve desired goals and
objectives. In terms of Birmingham law society organization have to reduce the absenteeism of
employees and they can utilize option of providing lunch to their employees.
An explanation of each stage of the PLC that applies to the selected project, including supporting
documentation for each stage
Effectiveness of any project depends upon effective execution of various project life
cycle stages. Completion of project is divided into various stages which helps in achieving goals
and objectives which are desired from project. Execution of project helps organization in
boosting revenues and different stages which are involved in project life cycle are mentioned
below:
Project Initiation
This is considered as first and initial stage of project where managers focuses upon
designing any product or service which is favourable for consumer and can contribute in
satisfying needs of consumer. In context of Birmingham law society it focuses on providing legal
help to its consumers as it have best lawyers to represent its clients. This project focuses on
providing food services to employees to reduce absenteeism during working hours. Organization
focuses on providing healthy food to its employees. In this stage managers have to analyse its
surroundings and ensure that demands of organization should be met by this project. During this
stage, a initiation plan is developed which helps providing direction to project. Managers of
organization focuses on taking initiatives which can contribute in growth and development of
organization. Evaluation time during this stage is between one month to two month.
Project Planning

This stage focuses upon planning about project and planning about need of resources
which are going to be utilized during project. This stage helps in understanding about scope of
growth and development for organization and planning about path which should be followed for
completion of project. In this stage, Birmingham law society focuses on understanding about
requirements of project and distributing goals into smaller parts. Managers of organization have
to focus on effectively leading the project which is important for its effectiveness. Organization
have to first understand about need of space for in house food service and ration which is
required for preparing food. Three months is required for planning of project.
Project Execution
This stage focuses on executing the strategies which are proposed for completion of
project. This stage focuses on ensuring effectiveness and efficiency during execution of strategy.
It includes creativity which can help managers in making decision which are effective for project
execution. Effective execution also helps in boosting the performance of organization and helps
in completing project effectively. It includes plans and strategies which are required for making
changes in organization. This stage includes project deliverable, performance of project and
various other documents related with project. In context of Birmingham law society,
organization have to test its food before providing it to employees because it would help
organization in determining quality of food and setting standards of food items. Organization can
utilize six sigma and lean production principles during this stage to understand need of change.
Project closure
This stage focuses on closing the project and need of project is also mentioned at the end.
Organization focus should be on providing food to employees which is healthy and safe for
them. It would help in achieving objectives of organization and satisfying its employees by
providing them food in house. In this last stage, all documents related to project is handed over
to top management which can help them in understanding its effectiveness and efficiency.

Business case
Vision and Objective – Vision and objective of Birmingham law society focuses upon
providing food to employees which is healthy and safe from them. It would help organization in
achieving business objective. Major reason behind providing food in organization is to reduce
absenteeism of employees from office during working hours.
Executive Summary – Birmingham law society focuses on providing in house facility of food to
employees and improving environment of organization. It will help in satisfying needs and
preference of employees and assisting employees in saving their time. Organization focuses on
hiring experienced catering company for in house services of food.
Resources – Resources which are required for completion of this project is labour, time,
resources etc.
Cost – Cost which is going to be incurred during completion of this project is 12,000 pounds.

Advantages – Advantage behind providing healthy food to employees is that it would help
organization in satisfying its employees which have direct impact on its performance. It would
also affect organization as it helps in boosting overall productivity and profitability of
organization.
Work breakdown structure – This framework is utilized to distribute work into various tasks
and activities which would help in completing the project within desired timeline. It can be used
by organization to achieve its objectives while ensuring effective utilization of resources.
Review and critically evaluate the effectiveness of the PLC in application to your project using
the appropriate theories models and concepts
Performance management
This process is explained as technique of rewarding employees and managers which can
help in boosting their morale and encourage them to work effectively towards goals and
objectives of organization. There are various advantages and disadvantages associated with
performance management which are mentioned below:
Advantages
It is explained as providing rewards based on performance of employees. It would also
help managers in evaluating performance of employees and also help in motivating employees to
work effectively and efficiently. Such approaches are utilized by managers to boost performance
of employees. It would also help in boosting overall productivity and profitability of
organization.
Disadvantages
Certain disadvantage of this approach is that it is time consuming and for this it needs
effective evaluation of employees and managers. Decision made during this approach can be
biased.
Key performance indicators
It is explained as the approach which is taken to analyse performance of employees and
setting the standards of performance which is required to achieve goals and objectives. There are
various key performance indicators which are used by organization.
Revenue Growth – Whenever there is boost in revenues of organization then it would help
organization in boosting its growth and development. Birmingham law society can use this

approach to analyse its performance and implementing changes which are required within
organization.
Customer satisfaction – Satisfying consumer also help organization in determining its
effectiveness. It would help in boosting performance of organization.
Project Monitoring and Evaluation
This stage follows right after completion of project as it would help in analysing the
effectiveness of project after effectively executing every stage of project life cycle. In current
scenario, main focus is to providing healthy food to employees of organization and in order to be
effective managers have to ensure that quality of food should be up to desired standards. It can
help organization in achieving its business objectives and satisfying its employees by such
service. Managers have to focus on analysing and understanding other issues within organization
and focus on taking appropriate steps to resolve such issues. Goal of providing food to
employees is possible by providing in house food service to employees. It would help in
satisfying its employees which would affect organization productivity and profitability in
positive manner.
Importance of reliability and validity
Reliability is explained as process in which scores of test are consistent and can be used
for further evaluation. Validity is explained as use of test scores for evaluation and using such
test for meaningful results. Reliability and validity are important for valuation of project as it
helps in completion of project and also assists in achieving organization goals and objectives.
PLC Cycle
The three key limitations of the project, scope, time, and money, are determined early in the
project life cycle in predictive life cycles, also known as completely plan-driven. These projects
go through a variety of phases that are either consecutive or overlapped. Now, from the
beginning of the project, extensive planning may be done for the entire project. Each phase
usually entails a different set of tasks. As a result, the project team's makeup and skills
requirements may change from phase to phase. In circumstances with high levels of change or
application sectors such as IT, adaptive life cycles, also known as change-driven or agile
approaches, are applied. Adaptive approaches are iterative and incremental as well, but the
distinction is that iterations are much shorter (usually 2 to 4 weeks) and are time and cost fixed.
It is possible for processes within iterations to run in parallel at times. The first phase of the

Project Management life cycle is project initiation, which is when the project begins. It gives a
summary of the project as well as the tactics needed to achieve the targeted outcomes. It is
during this phase that the project's feasibility and business value are determined.
The project manager convenes a meeting to learn about the client's, stakeholders', and
stakeholders' needs, goals, and objectives. To gain a deeper knowledge of the project, it is
necessary to go into minute detail. After deciding to proceed, the project can move on to the
following step, which is putting together a project team. The period in which project-related
processes are implemented, tasks are assigned, and resources are allocated is known as project
execution. The process also entails creating deliverables and meeting customer needs. The task is
completed by project managers or team leaders allocating resources and keeping team members
focused. The project team will begin developing project deliverables and working to meet the
project's goals and objectives as specified in the project plan. This stage determines whether or
not your project will be successful. The project's success is mostly determined by the project
execution phase. During the project execution phase, the finished project, or deliverable, takes
shape. There are four different stages of project life cycle which are mentioned below in context
of Birmingham law society:
 During initiation stage, organization is focusing on providing healthy food to its
employees which can help them in achieving its business objective and reducing
absenteeism in organization.
 During planning stage, participative leadership is utilized to ensure that operations of
organization should be effectively performed.
 In execution phase it is being ensure that all the activities and tasks involved in the
project should be fulfilled with desired timeline.
 In closure stage, effectiveness of project is measured and how it has contributed in
achieving the goals and objectives of organization.
CONCLUSION
This report concludes about the project management in an organization. This report also
concludes about the importance of various project life cycle stages and how these stages help
managers in completing the project within desired timeline. It can be concluded that these stages
help managers in dividing the work into smaller tasks and activities which helps them in
completing the project while maintaining effectiveness and efficiency.

REFERENCES
BOOKS AND JOURNALS
de Oliveira Rezende, M., and et. al., 2021. Lean & Green and the life cycle stages of
constructions: literature mapping and trend analysis. Journal of Lean Systems. 6(3).
pp.38-61.
Haghighi, R., 2020. The Systematic Risk Behavior in the Life Cycle Stages of Companies and
the Moderating Effect of Managerial Ability. Iranian Journal of Accounting, Auditing
and Finance. 4(2). pp.1-18.
Hasan, U., Whyte, A. and Al Jassmi, H., 2020. Life cycle assessment of roadworks in United
Arab Emirates: Recycled construction waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, warm-mix
asphalt and blast furnace slag use against traditional approach. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 257. p.120531.
Heidari, M. R., Heravi, G. and Esmaeeli, A. N., 2020. Integrating life-cycle assessment and life-
cycle cost analysis to select sustainable pavement: A probabilistic model using
managerial flexibilities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 254. p.120046.
Kaewunruen, S., Sresakoolchai, J. and Zhou, Z., 2020. Sustainability-based lifecycle
management for bridge infrastructure using 6D BIM. Sustainability. 12(6). p.2436.
Kirov, A. V., 2021, February. A methodological approach formation to assessing the compliance
degree with the requirements and the achieving it cost at the product life cycle stages. In
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1047, No. 1, p.
012019). IOP Publishing.
Kiseleva, T. V. and Maslova, E. V., 2020, May. Generalization of experience and classification
of risks of IT services by the stages of the life cycle. In IOP Conference Series. Materials
Science and Engineering (Vol. 865, No. 1). IOP Publishing.
Pelusi, A., and et. al., 2020. Effects of elutriates from contaminated coastal sediments on
different life cycle phases of planktonic diatoms. Marine environmental research. 155.
p.104890.

Santos, R., and et. al., 2020. Development of a BIM-based environmental and economic life
cycle assessment tool. Journal of Cleaner Production. 265. p.121705.
Wang, Z., Akbar, M. and Akbar, A., 2020. The interplay between working capital management
and a firm’s financial performance across the corporate life cycle. Sustainability. 12(4).
p.1661.