Operations & Project Management

This report discusses operations management and project management principles in the context of Rolls-Royce's manufacturing of engines for Civil Aerospace entities. It explores the implementation of principles such as mass customization and flexible specialization. The report also covers the continuous improvement plan and recommendations for Rolls-Royce. Additionally, it provides information about the HS2 project and its goals.

Operations & Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PART 1............................................................................................................................................1
1..............................................................................................................................................1
2..............................................................................................................................................1
3..............................................................................................................................................2
4..............................................................................................................................................3
5..............................................................................................................................................3
6..............................................................................................................................................4
7..............................................................................................................................................5
PART 2 ...........................................................................................................................................5
1..............................................................................................................................................5
2..............................................................................................................................................6
3..............................................................................................................................................6
4..............................................................................................................................................7
5..............................................................................................................................................8
6..............................................................................................................................................9
a. ............................................................................................................................................9
b. ..........................................................................................................................................10
c. ..........................................................................................................................................10
d. ..........................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Operations management is considered as managing business practices for developing the
huge level of effectiveness into entities. This is mainly related with transforming materials into
final products for enhancing organisational profitability. On other side, project management is
define as the practices to initiate, plan, execute, control and close the work for attaining
particular objectives as well as meeting particular success criteria at specific time duration
(Binder, 2016). As per the scenario, the undertaken organisation for this report is Rolls Royce
manufacturing as well as distributing cars and aerospace vehicles having headquarter is in
England, Goodwood, UK. This report covers operation vs operations management, execution of
operation management principles and continuous improvement principles. Moreover, a business
case, project, work breakdown structure and gantt chart are prepared. Apart from this,
effectiveness of PLC using appropriate theories, model and concepts are also discussed in this
report.
PART 1
1.
Roll Royce is growing firm that deals into producing as well as distributing cars and
aerospace vehicles. This is an engineering magnum that performs effectively towards increasing
its designs through utilizing proper and advanced technology. Moreover, an organization is
recently facing various problems with their engine manufacturing for Civil Aerospace entities
such as Boeing (Rolls-Royce Reveals Blade Problems in Newest Engine, 2019). These problems
related manufacturing are essential for entities so that they can able to maintain superiority as
well as sustainability into marketplace.
2.
The differentiation between operation and operation management are discussed below:
Operations Operation management
Operations are considered as that practices
and process which are effectively performed
through entities to attain its goals (Heizer,
Render and Munson, 2017). Also it is
Operations management is considered as
procedures of efficaciously plan, organise,
direct and control function of organisation at
end of operations such as manufacturing,

effectual in respect of maximising
organisational productivity and profitability.
production and others.
These are generally result oriented. These are process oriented.
3.
Operations management is boarder as well as vital aspects for an entities so it is crucial
that this are to be performed effectively. There are various directing principles into the practising
areas that is important for entities to comply. Moreover, there some principles that need to be
executed into whole operation management for maximizing firm's work. Few prominent
principles are described underneath:
 Flexible specialization: It is considered as an organizational strategy to increase their
competitive advantage into market area. Therefore, the company is inclusive of
technology as well as machinery that can be utilized in various ways. Also, firm is
adapting this plan of action for obtaining talented staff (Heldman, 2018). Moreover, the
positive aspects is that it permit firms to be flexible in their operations such as in
manufacturing engines and perform simple changes that will increase their competency
even into dynamic circumstances. Where as negative aspects is that, the cost of that may
be higher in respect of adopting operations management principles.
 Mass customisation: This is regarded as the methods of delivering customised goods or
services according to requirements of clients. This is an accumulation of flexibility as
well as customisation that permits entities to incurs low unit costs. As respective
organization are manufacturing engines for Civil Aerospace firms so through mass
customisation they can able to low down its cost. So, the positive aspects is that, it is
highly economical for firm to comply in respect of money, that will required through
them for formulating products based on the orders provided to them. On other hand the
negative aspects is that, the extend to which the diverse demands through clients is very
much higher which increases difficulties for firm. Six sigma: This is considered as a systematic approach which is utilise for obviating
defects. It usages statistical methods for improving quality through reducing variability
into procedure of business, from production to engineering as well as purchasing. So,

respective organisation can utilise this principles so that they can able to manufacture
their products and maximise their efficiency. This have various aspects that are explained
below:
◦ Define: In this an entities have to define the consumers requirements into
marketplace.
◦ Measure: This is associated to effectively measure the whole business performance as
well as their offerings in respect of marketplace demands.
◦ Analyse: It is considered as the vital stages. In this the inclusive analysis is performed
in context of methods which are needed for meeting the consumers requirements.
◦ Improve: In relation to customers demand, an entities improvise their process for
matching the results of above step.
◦ Control: It is considered as a last step in which respective organisation can able
observe as well as measure the efficiency of improved process in relation of
consumer demands.
So, respective principle aids Rolls-Royce to develop the effectiveness of products and
services.
As per the above mentioned principles, various principles of operations management are
reviewed and critique are: Principle of Humility: This is considered as an essential principle that refutes the defects
as well as trial manufacturing method. Into this, firm's manager have to acknowledge its
whole limitations in task as well as have effective approach for external or internal
assistance. Mass customisation may also assure that entities can able accomplish the
consumers needs or not. Within Rolls-Royce, this particular principle is being adapted
appropriately as they can acknowledges their default designs even have established R&D
extension for dealing with same. So, the positive aspects of this is that it aids firm to
identify the default designs.
 Principle of reality: This principles performs upon theory that operation management of
firm should has proper emphasis on issues instead of techniques utilised for dealing with
same(Kerzner, 2017). Also, the flexible specialisation principles properly match with
particular aspects as this also needs that company have to modify for matching the
preferences of consumers. In respect of Rolls-Royce, instead of concentrating upon issues

with production, an entities have to emphasis upon jet engines replacements with once
new Trent 1000. it clearly shows that respective principles is not comply properly into
entities as rather that fixing their departments are concentrating upon new process to
resolve the issues.
4.
There are various needs into entities that can be efficaciously addressed through their
operations management. It is very crucial as it will aids company to analyse overall aspects that
the organisation can get success along with areas which required improvements. As Rolls Royce
facing various problems with their engine manufacturing for Civil Aerospace entities such as
Boeing so they have to applied some principles of operation management such as mass
customisation, flexible specialisation and others. These aids them to perform their operations in
more flexible manner so that effective quality highly economical engines can be manufactures
with less defects.
5.
Continuous improvement is considered as the procedures that is effectively adapted
through entities as measures for assuring consistency into effective performance and increased
quality into procedures as well as goods of firm. This will be useful for Rolls-Royce to assures
effectualness in its designs, durability and performance.
Moreover, the vital components of production that is crucial for entities to properly know
the lean principles concept (Maylor, Turner and Murray-Webster, 2015). This is regarded as
procedures of changing production methods in such a way that reduces the wastage. It is
distinguished into five aspects which are discussed underneath: Value identification: This is considered as the initial principles that is an effective
analysis of whole components which perceived valuable to consumers. Value stream mapping: This is considered as the process for assuring effectual dispersal
of values into entities. Flow Creations: In this, the procedures effectiveness can be performed into entities is
increased along with waste reduction at each stages. Pull establishment: This is considered as the aspects of lean principles which is needed
by Rolls-Royce for further analysis of needs as well as consumers demand and
effectually changes its operations.

 Perfection seeking: This is considered as the last principles in which wastages get
reduced in such a ways so that they can contributes in facilitating more effective products
or services appropriately.
Kaizen: Kaizen is one of most important concept refers to the various kinds of business
activities that helps to improve all business functions and involve all the employees from
the CEO to assembly line workers in order to bring out best outcomes. In context of Rolls
Royce organisation to amend the operation management needs to evaluate various
aspects in order to remain competitive in marketplace. With the help of this model,
organisation can easily identify areas of improvement in order to develop new strategies
as for Rolls Royce, this strategy can be in the terms of effective manufacturing of new
models of car. Keizen model also assist in eliminating waste so that firm can manage cost
of their products and services. By using respective tools organisation can be able to put
one of their best resources in areas that needed potential improvement so that optimum
outcomes should be achieved. Furthermore, this model can assist Rolls Royce to achieve
sustained continual improvements for their targeted activities and business process as for
producing Effective Quality engines and so on.
Time plan: Time plan is the systematic activities established by organisation in order to
evaluate the quality of their products and way it can be improve potentially. In context of
Rolls Royce, they systematically by evaluating the areas to bring major improvements
and adaptation of tools and techniques that directly contribute in development in areas of
working in potential manner.
6.
In relation with evaluation of operations management principles implementation into
Rolls-Royce, there are various effectual areas which needs continuous improvement for
enhancing the whole organisational performance as well as their procedures. Therefore,
continuous improvement plan is described below:
Plan Do Check Action
Effective
Quality
engines are
As respective
organisations are
manufacturing engines
Rolls-Royce develop
an appropriate team for
assuring that
As an outcomes, with the
application of this they can
able to resolved the

manufacturin
g for Civil
Aerospace
for Civil Aerospace
firms. So, because of
lack of appropriate
product testing the
quality of products is
ineffective. So, for
instance respective
organisation adapts total
quality management
techniques as the
assures whole quality
regarding aspects into
procedures are
addressed effectually.
Moreover, it is applied
so that they can able to
recognise defects in
engines and improve the
outcomes effectively.
techniques used are
performing effectively
or not. As this aids
them to ensures that
the quality of product
get enhanced.
Moreover, as they are
using total quality
management which is
helpful for regularly
improve their work by
identifying mistakes
and defects may be
resolved effectively.
problems and get profitable
results such as effective
quality of engined can be
served to the Civil
Aerospace companies
appropriately and
efficaciously. Moreover,
attain their objectives.
7.
As per the implementation of operations management principles which are mentioned
above, so some recommendation are given to Rolls-Royce are discussed below:
 Rolls-Royce should concentrate towards applying mass customisation principle into its
manufacturing procedures as through this they can able to perform customisation while
producing engines for Civil Aerospace entities as it aids them to provide its product at
lower prices.
 Moreover, Rolls Royce have to be flexible in their operations such as in manufacturing
engines and perform simple changes that will leads towards increasings their competency
even into dynamic circumstances and attain objectives effectively.

PART 2
Project Initiation
1.
HS2 trains connects about 30 million individuals and it direct serves to Lancaster, Leeds,
Liverpool, Lockerbie, London Euston, Manchester Airport, Manchester Piccadilly and others.
The HS2 will support the transition to a net zero carbon of United Kingdom economy. Its
journeys of longer distance will facilitates a lower carbon alternatives to car or plan. Moreover,
this will be a greener path for travelling, offering few of lower carbon emissions per passenger
kilometre. In addition to this, HS2 affects means that there will be less traffic as well as
minimised carbon emissions. It improves the existent network of railway through realising
capacity for local passenger as well as freight services (About HS2 project, 2020).
2.
This is regarded as a formal document that is related with project work for accomplishing
the objectives (Meredith, Mantel and Shafer, 2017). Moreover, this is useful in rendering vital
information for heir staff as well as consumers. So, the business related to HS2 project are
discussed below: Executive summary: To introduce HS2 train for attaining their objectives effectually.
Thus, its vital intent is to formulate appropriates plans for their new projects that
facilitates zero carbon Britain. Goal: The main goals to introduce high speed rail travel with low carbon. The importance of new product: This facilitates a new backbone to rail network, bring
people together as well as helpful in minimising overcrowding. Target market: The target market for this product is UK.
 Budget: In order to implement their plan in efficacious way, requirement is £ 95, 000 in
a year.
Project planning
3.
PLC is regarded as methods by which specific projects is performed from initial to end.
Moreover, this is standard techniques by which team may accomplish their project effectually.
Explanation of PLC in respect of HS2 is mentioned below:

 Project initiation: This is initial phases that aids to states project needs for initiating new
task. It assists entities to represent the ideas of project that authorises many documents
required for activities (Morris, 2013). In respect of HS2 their management will identify as
well as develop purpose, goals and vision as that will help them in accomplishing target
in successful manner. This will also help respective company to attract their project
manager so they invest more capital on its quality for effective formation. Along with
this, brainstorming technique will be needed by company to meet the factors as well as
plan effective sources for completing project. Project planning: Herein, project are find as well as how they are performing in entities
are stated to perform marketing investigation to know users choices and needs. Also,
planning to introduce their new HS2 trains with aids of effective procedures. Moreover in
respect of respective company they will conduct planning related to the new project
which they want to execute through project life cycle. Project implementation: Herein, project practices are executed effectually for attaining
objectives. It consists many individual’s funds as well as time period for attaining project
task. For this, respective firm need to develop or formulate budget through examine and
researching of whole users as that will help in estimating expenses. One of the main
actions that would be need to taken by project manager of HS2 is providing training to
their employees so that wastages of limited resources can be used in an optimum way.
 Project closing: When task has been accomplished then it have to close project. There are
various practices that needs to be comply into this phase such as checking the overall task
as they accomplished according to plans or not. Moreover, it render benefits to entities to
achieve their project. At this stage HS2 company management will evaluate and ensure
that implementation of project is done effectively or not. If it is done properly then they
will close the project and if it is not then they will start from initial stage. HS2 could
follow Basecamp technique for determining full closure as well as quality of project.
Within this, strategic leadership must be use because it is essential for the HS2 in
assessing effectiveness and modify plan.
◦ It has been analyze that project management is very much important for an
organisation but it is important to plan and coordinate each and every aspect in proper
manner. in context of HS2 organisation they by collecting relevant knowledge and

information from various sources such as relevancy of project, competitors, time
period required to accomplish the project and many more is collected in potential
manner. In that regards after accumulating all the information the plan the project
and assign roles and responsibilities to each and every individual so that they can give
one of their best efforts. In that series they by align roles and responsibilities after that
measure results with help of Kaizen, continuous improvement plan that provides
accurate knowledge and information to organisation about accessibility of outputs in
potential manner.
4.
Work break down structure is regarded as a framework where project work are divided
into small units as well as works are assigned to all persons so that they may able to perform task
in effectual way (Müller and et. al, 2014). Therefore, this assists to manage large project as well
as attained results. So, for this, it is required to prepare WBS in which divided the overall task in
sequentially form brief plan to end development. Also, its emphasis will be facilitated into
testing of each process related with alternatives designs as well as final methods that is formed
according to their project needs.
5.
Gantt Chart is regarded as a graphical bar diagram presentation which represents initial
and closing period of delegating project work, status as well as person's accountability for
particular project. This assists to represent its overall practices against time periods (Schwalbe,
2015). Also, according to Gantt Chart, accountability is assigned for all practices which is

needed for project. Moreover, the huge slots of times are facilitated to alternatives testing of
process as well as formation for final methods of HS2 project as this needs exact improvement
such as layout, base, designs and others.

6.
There are various project methodologies which is required for performing project work
effectually. The methodologies such as six sigma, TQM and others assist in decreasing cost and
enhancing profit effectively for gainful outcomes. Similarly, HS2 projects required few
leadership style such as autocratic, democratic etc. to develop future plans and attained
objectives in more effective and effectual way.

a.
For an enterprise, designing as well as implementing project life cycle is an useful or
effective practices. As it will help an enterprise in management and monitoring of entire activity
of project systematically. It is important for HS2 project to critique as well as review their
project life cycle effectively. In order to review as well as critique the effectiveness and
importance of PLC, Waterfall model could be use. The utilisation of many techniques, system as
well as action plan at the time of performing its project work that is developing HS2 trains that
facilitates advantage to them. So, PLC effectualness may be described with assistance of model
that are discussed below:
Waterfall model:
This is formed to ensure HS2 Project outcomes. It aids them to have control over
practices and operations that are related to project and their work. It has some stages such as: Requirements: Herein, project manager needs to explain as well as plan activities for
respective project. So, for ensuring the effectiveness of PLC the respective organisation
have to efficaciously utilised Six sigma on specific variables. As for leadership,
democratic style have suitable affect and more involvement of staff towards project. Analysis: Herein, analysis the ideas of business as well as concepts of products for
scrutinizing the feasibility related to finance and technologies. So, business ideas of HS2
train is analysed. Design: Herein, the document of project properly by utilising sources of data,
programming languages and others. So, the project document related to HS2 train is
designed with the assistance of some languages and data sources. Coding: Develop codes through using logics, models and so on with the aids of which
initial stages is explained. For develop the HS2 train they formulate some codes with the
help of few models. Testing: To ascertain system as well as quality of project are analysed and its problems to
resolve this. As PLC is developed so for this they have to determine the system and its
quality through testing them and if any problems identified then solve them. Operations: To maintain as well as support HS2 project in order to keep it updated as
well as organised.

 Maintenance: To perform all the activities to develop, improve, change as well as
enhance final goods.
It has been analyze that water fall model proved very much beneficial for respective
organisation in evaluation of the steps and attributes for successful completion of a project in
order to gain desirable outcomes. In that regards by using respective stages organisation can be
able to visualise and examine different aspects that need to be develop. In context of HS2 to start
a new project organisation by using respective stage should be able to demonstrate results in
potential manner.
b.
All theories, concepts and models explained above has distinct used into small as well as
large scale project (Sears and et. al, 2015). So, proper analysis of this discussed below:
METHODOLOGIE
S SMALL SCALE PROJECTS LARGE SCALE
PROJECTS
Six Sigma
This methodologies procedures is
similar, moreover, intensity varies
crucially into small projects. For this,
into small project such as establishing
designs for any modular homes and
etc, it is used upon the technologies or
equipment utilised in that.
Within large scale project such
as HS2, this models can be
utilised upon all aspects such
as designing, services,
procedures and others in such
as manner that this assures
whole development into cost
as well as methods.
Basis
In the small projects that is only
placed “Getting it done” basis that
only focus on completion of the
project.
On other hand in large scale
projects they maintenance
plays very much important
role as in respective projects
tools and software life cycle is
long in duration.

In that regards it has been analyze that there are huge difference in large and small scale projects
as it varies on basis of their leadership style due to variation in their motive also. So it is very
much potential to plan projects in very proper manner for achieving desirable outcomes.
c.
There are various techniques which can be usages to assures tenure, quality as well as
scopes within implementation of project (Turner, 2016). Whole these techniques assists HS2
projects to render gainful outcomes. For evaluating the quality TQM as well as lean
manufacturing techniques are applied. Also, the respective project scope is assessed by
monitoring and time duration is measured with assistance of Gantt Chart.
d.
PLC is vital as it aids to launch new ideas in the market places. The essential benefits of
PLC assists in formulating effective decisions, anticipating service users and many more.
Similarly, it has some limitations in context of changing marketing situations and others.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report, it has been concluded that it is vital for organisation to adapt
operation and project management as this assures effectual operation and various projects. In
respect to operation management principles, this is helpful for them in accomplishing their
needs. Also, the continuous improvement plan aids in assuring effectual as well as continuous
development in context of quality, safety and cost. In addition to this, the execution and critique
of PLC permit firm to examine, plan, execute the project in appropriate way with the assistance
of Lean principles, total quality management and others.

REFERENCES
Books and journal
Binder, J., 2016. Global project management: communication, collaboration and management
across borders. Routledge.
Heizer, J., Render, B. and Munson, C., 2017. Operations management. Sustainability and Supply
Chain Management, 12th Ed., USA.
Heldman, K., 2018. PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley &
Sons.
Kerzner, H., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and
controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Krishnan, V., 2013. Operations management opportunities in technology commercialization and
entrepreneurship. Production and Operations Management. 22(6). pp.1439-1445.
Maylor, H., Turner, N. and Murray-Webster, R., 2015. “It worked for manufacturing…!”:
Operations strategy in project-based operations. International Journal of Project
Management. 33(1). pp.103-115.
Meredith, J. R., Mantel Jr, S. J. and Shafer, S. M., 2017. Project management: a managerial
approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Morris, P., 2013. Reconstructing project management reprised: A knowledge
perspective. Project Management Journal. 44(5). pp.6-23.
Müller, R. and et. al., 2014. Understanding project success through analysis of project
management approach. International journal of managing projects in business.
Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.
Sears, S. K. and et. al., 2015. Construction project management. John Wiley & Sons.
Turner, R., 2016. Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.
Online
Rolls-Royce Reveals Blade Problems in Newest Engine. 2019. [Online] Available Through:
<https://www.mro-network.com/manufacturing-distribution/rolls-royce-reveals-blade-
problems-newest-engine>
About HS2 project. 2020. [Online] Available Through: <https://www.hs2.org.uk/>