Leadership Styles and Theories in Organizations

The provided document is an essay-style assignment that explores different leadership styles and theories, including Path-Goal Theory, Contingency Theory, and Handy's Culture Typology. It highlights the importance of effective leadership in achieving organizational goals and improving employee motivation and performance.

Organisational
Behaviour

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is determined as the understanding in which an individual
establish connection with each other in a group. It is also considered as an approach which
analyse the behaviour of individual, group or structure or business enterprises with an intention
of implementing knowledge towards developing the operations of firm (Ashkanasy, Becker and
Waldman, 2014). 1Spatial plc is the chosen organisation for this particular report. The company
operates its organisational function by three different departments such as Geospatial, cloud
services and Central costs. The company incorporated in the year of 2005 and it has the strength
of 170 employees. The company deals in Integrate for ArcGIS, 1Spatial Cloud, 1Spatial
Management Suite, Elyx Suite, FME, Geocortex, G-Cloud Services, consultancy, support and
training. Its clients include national mapping and cadastral agencies, utility and
telecommunications companies, and government departments, including census bureaus. This
assignment includes the influence of power, politics and culture on performance of teams and
individuals that impacted the behaviour of an organisation. Along with this, it also covers
different motivational explanation, theories and their consequence on maximizing effectiveness
of workforce productivity to attain overall targets of the firm.
TASK 1
P1) Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.
Organisational behaviour is considered as the key element, which has a huge influence on
the operations of an organisation. Organisational behaviour is the procedure of distinguishing,
value, explicate and prognosticate the various aspects of behaviour of employees in regards to
any kind of human action and task which are allotted by the organisations to the staff people in
considering the final objectives of the firm in appropriate way. Organisations are incorporated
for accomplishing some goals and objectives in respect to reaching at a significant position
within the market place. Politics, culture and power are determined as the most important
component in a firm that has a huge influence on the performance and the behaviour of people
within the business enterprises. In respect to analyse the culture of a firm, Handy's culture
typology is consist to be the widely applied method (Demir, 2011). This concept is established
throughout Charles Handy in the year of 1999 as to determining the culture of different kind of
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organisations. Culture incorporate through various aspects like beliefs, expectation and values,
which is essential for a business to adopt change as in order to achieve a significant position
within the market place. Handy has determined the component of appreciation in various
aggregation that are evaluated as under:
(Sources: Handy's Culture Typology, 2018)
Power Culture: This element emphasises on analysing the power and strength of a firm.
In today's modern market environment, rivalry is on its peak within the market and business
firms are widely focused on strengthen their power through implementing appropriate sources
with the work place. Power is considered as the strengthening of an individual or an
organisation. As a medium scale business 1Spatial plc is concern on classifying their firm in
different segments or departments and delegate some cognition to the individuals Power can be
utilised by the people in respect to attaining some benefits for the firm or its operations.
Role Culture: This also considered as an essential element which incorporates the role
and responsibilities that are performed by the management or higher authorities of firm. In an
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Illustration 1: Handy's Culture Typology

organisation different people have different role and the roles are assigned by the firm as per the
capability of an individual (DiPaola and Tschannen-Moran, 2014). The employees and
management of 1Spatial plc are very much focused about their assigned roles as these are
needed to be attained by the people in respect to completion of the organisational task in
appropriate manner. Within the working environment of 1Spatial plc the work is allotted as per
the position or knowledge base of an individual, such wise HR manager of 1Spatial plc has the
quality to manage all the beginning by utilizing them at potential manner. This develops value in
achieving a sustainable position within the market.
Task Culture: This is also an another essential aspect which is significantly based on the
task that are essential for firm to meet with the organisational aims or objectives. As a small
software company 1Spatial plc is concern with assigning right task to the right person in respect
to completion of the task in systematic manner. As per this theory teams are build as per the
similar skills and capabilities of people as to accomplishing some major targets and operations.
Person Culture: Human resources are considered as the key source that keeps wide
impact on the operations and performance of firm. In this kind of culture, workers are goal
oriented and they are widely concern on achieving career objectives of their own at the place of
the overall business aims. In 1Spatial plc, HR manager is focused towards hiring knowledgable
and highly educated individuals within the working environment in order to sustaining higher
competitive edge within the market. As to determining the skills and uniqueness of employees,
management of 1Spatial plc is putting their employees in multiple tasks as per their skills and
knowledge base.
An organisational enterprise can be defined as a abstraction of individual in which each
individual work for some similar set of aim and targets. Power and politics are the most essential
aspect that performs vast role in setting up some plans and policies as to providing a systematic
frame to the firm or its operations. In the working environment of firm, HR is consist to be the
most essential part as the HR is responsible for all the operations that are held at work place. HR
is responsible to create some policies and rules as to providing a systematic direction to the
employees to accomplish the goals in an appropriate manner (Gelfand and et. al., 2012). In
1Spatial plc, the HR administrator is centred around making some affirmative and perverse
cognition that has coordinated effect on the execution of the organisational operations. The
business provide some power to the administration or top regime in regard to administrating
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organisational operations or functions in suitable way. In the organisational ventures
administrators and top level regime are in charge of taking choice as to analysing the potential
element of an organisation.
Political relation is also considered as the crucial term that has direct or indirect influence
on the functions of business. Politics incorporate as the leading issue of each size of
organisations like small, medium and large, which occurs due to professional issues,
dissatisfaction, lack of knowledge etc. The company majorly operates in small segment and , the
major motive of 1Spatial plc is to expand their organisational functions in respect to sustaining a
higher position within the market. In 1Spatial plc, HR manager is concerned with determining all
the aspects of politics and remove them in respect to conducting all business operations with the
proper collaboration of employees. The HR manager of 1Spatial plc is focused on establishing a
good and familiar with the work place or their colleges in order to attaining desired aim of
motive.
Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts
to exchange ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted aims or
objectives. Politics are also considered as a part of organizational life, thus organizations are
made up of various interests that need to be aligned. Within the working environment politics
majorly arises due to segregation of power among the employees.
In today's, modern business environment, organizations are requires skill in order
handling conflicting agendas and shifting power bases. Effective politics is not based on winning
at all costs but it is inherently depend of maintaining relationships while achieving results.
Although often portrayed negatively, business firms politics are not inherently bad in nature.
Instead, it’s important to be aware of the potentially destructive aspects of organizational politics
in order to minimize their negative effect. As a small size organisation 1Spatial plc is based on
assigning power to right employees in order to reducing the chance of conflicts that impacts on
the overall operations of the firm.
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TASK 2
P2 How content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals
Each business concern, work for several purpose and they set some aims or targets that
are needed to be attain by organisation in order to attaining significant and competitive position
within the commercial centre. In a small as well as large business enterprises, HR manager is
responsible for managing all the resources within the work place through providing them a
significant direction to move forward towards right way (Graham, Ziegert and Capitano, 2015).
The major focused area of organisational manager is to motivate employees for contributing their
significant efforts in the operations of firm. This develops significance in fulfilling the business
tasks in between the specified time duration. In the competitive business environment,
organisations are worried on applying different motivational theory as to encourage employees
for keeping in mind the end goal to empowering staff people for providing their huge efforts in
achieving potential position within the market. As a small British software company, 1Spatial plc
is focused on expanding their organisational operations at wide geographic scale with keeping in
mind the end goal to achieving high benefits and development. Business expansion is
additionally powerful in expanding the clients base of an organisation. The motivational theory is
arranged among two noteworthy parts, for example, content theory of motivation and procedure
theory of motivation, that are portrayed as under:
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(Sources: Theory of Motivation, 2018)
Content Theory of Motivation:
This is an effective theory of motivation that is focused on exciting or stimulating people
at work place so that they can work with more collaboration and coordination. This theory is
divided among different aspects which are associated as below:
Maslow's need hierarchy theory: This is also known as one of the most fundamental
theory of encouragement that is altogether connected by associations as it analyse the wants and
needs of people inside the workplace through applying the tools of pyramid which is
significantly based on the essential needs such as food, shelter and cloths are included. This is
particularly successful in actualizing all business exercises in compelling way.
Alderfer's ERG Theory: This theory of motivation is arranged in between of three basic
parts like development, existence and relatedness needs. Development need relies upon
individuals advancement through their creative and gainful aptitudes (Wayne and et. al., 2013).
Existence needs are the fundamental core of people that is needs to be fulfilled through the
relationship with respect to achieving development and improvement. Connexion or relatedness
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Illustration 2: Theory of Motivation

requirements are involve as the social and external needs which is fulfilled by directing fitting
and welcoming relationship with their partners, low-level and top level specialists.
This theory is based on maslow's five human needs among three categories like existence,
relatedness and growth. These three are associated as below:
Existence Needs: This need encompasses of all those requirements that are interconnected to the
physiological and safety aspects of human beings and are the consequences of survival.
Relatedness Needs: This Encompass on social and external esteem; relationships through
significant others such as family, friends, co-workers and employers. This also means to be
recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family.
Growth Needs: The growth requirements are cover Maslow’s self-actualization needs and a part
of esteem requires that are internal to the individual, such as a feeling of being unique, personnel
growth, etc.
Herzberg's motivational hygiene theory: This hypothesis relies upon different
components, such as supervision, organizational conceptualization, acknowledgment, ,
representatives pay, interconcetion among subordinates or managers, facultative, working
environment and development (Hammer and et. al., 2011). This is extensively used by higher
experts and supervisor with a particular true objective to engage with their employees for
working up their ability and working limit at work put.
Process theory:
This explanation is based on the execution of motivation towards the working
environment as to encouraging employees for their potential efforts. This theory is also separated
within different aspects that are described as under:
Adman's equity theory: This theory rely upon human equality as it is essential for every
business enterprises focusing over giving equivalent chances to their employees in every
department of firm keeping in mind the end goal to encourage the individuals as to making
affirmative work place environment. According to this theory, any sort of separation ought not
be occur inside the working environment of firm.
Vroom's expectancy theory: This theory is fundamentally rely upon the people,
professional as well as personal goals and objectives, every individual has their own particular
arrangement of objectives and targets which are driving them towards the development of their
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own and additionally professional life (Hershcovis, 2011). This kind of components are viable in
encouraging individuals as to contribute their potential attempt to reach at significant results.
Goal setting theory: In this explanation, the objectives of people are connect with the
goals of a business in which they are working. This sort of theory are compelling in achieving
high development through actualizing the attempt of employees.
Maslow's need hierarchy theory is the most powerful theory of motivation that is applied
by small and sizeable organisational enterprise as it fulfil the basic desires of people within the
work place. 1Spatial plc is focused towards keeping up some potential techniques for
implementing all organisational operations in correct manner so it is simple for an organisation
to achieve objectives in most efficient manner. Every people who are a signifiant part of any an
organisation are employed for building up their potential certainty and self-assurance for future
to at high point in their profession.
The content and process theory are recognised as the most essential tool that has huge
influence on the overall operations of an organisation. 1Spatial plc is a small business
enterprises which is widely concern on enhancing high growth and profitability through
developing the operations of the firm at wide scale. The company is widely concern on
strengthen their workforces in regards to developing their offerings and operations at commercial
centre. Content and process theories are applied by the management of the firm in respect to
encouraging their employees through providing them easy facilities and extra benefits. this also
helps the firm in attaining competitive edge through motiving employees within the work place.
TASK 3
P3) The measures of creating an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
In the modern work place situation, the rivals are focused on providing high competition
in the manner for putting their strength within the market place through developing their
operations and functions. Team building is determined to be the potential aspect of a business
system as it is essential for an organistaion to create teams in respect of accomplishing the targets
and goals of firm through the collaboration of employees. Teams are effective in attempting
organisational objectives in most appropriate manner as in the team people with similar skills
and knowledge are involved. This create value in completion of the organisational task in most
effective and efficient manner (Hoever and et. al., 2012). Team building is also effective in
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reducing the work load from employees as in this assigned tasks are attained through the
collaboration of each individual who are involved in a team. As a small software company,
1Spatial plc has categorised their operation in different departments in respect to reducing the
chance of conflict or issue, so it is important for company to develop teams in regards to
enhancing the operations and performance of firm in most effective manner. Teams can be
incorporated in two different kinds such as effectual or ineffectual team, which are associated as
under:
Effective team: This can be evaluated as the important part of team, that performs most
effective role in developing the productivity and performance of firm by accumulating people
with equal quality and skills in effective way (Williams and Grossett, 2011). Such type of teams
are particularly booming within the working environment for increasing the working moral of
employees for performing a task. The people belong from this kind of groups, for example,
functional team, project team, cross functional team, matrix team etc. are based on A-one
comprehension or understanding with their colleagues. The acquisition level of people in
effective team are good as compared with other team members. They collaborate after analysing
the concerns and conflict which are engaged for completion of the operations of the firm. The
important motive for structuring the effective group is that these are majorly powerful in guiding
all organisational operations and activities in effective manner.
Ineffective Team: This sort of squad are not much essential for the tasks and exercises of
an organisation. The real purpose on making inadequate unit are to play out any unnecessary and
least profitable task and duties. The person through this groups are not stressed out in regards to
the benefits of their employees and colleague. In this, workers are not having appropriate
acquisition for any kind of duty and task. The co-workers are not associated with organisations
and they are not prepared to choosing diverse issues and battle that are tremendous influencing
firms effectiveness and benefit.
IN today's competitive business environment, associations are focused on making unit
and groups as to actualize all organisational exercises in right way to keep in mind the end goal
in order to achieve higher growth and profitability (Hoon Song and et. al., 2012). As a medium
size British software company, 1Spatial plc deals in variety of items and facilities. The
organization is centred around making different sort of units as to deal with the activities of an
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organisation along with creating worth in accomplishing business objectives and goals in
effective manner.
Tuckman's Theory
Assorted theories are applied by firm as to develop changing unit, in that Tukman's
theory is reasoned as the valuable theory in developing appropriate units or teams. 1Spatial plc is
concerned on carry through the necessities and requirements of an individual by retaining long
term business operations. The aspects of Tuckman's theory is associated as under:
(Source: Tuckman's team building theory, 2010)
Forming: It considered as the initial form of team building and working. In this segment
unit are specified in which people with relative abilities were designated and duties or
obligations are allocated. In this, directors and higher authorities provide guidance and direct to
their subordinates with a particular ultimate objective to finish business tasks in right way.
1Spatial Plc is focused on arranging an effective gathering for expanding high development at
business era.
Storming: In this phase, individuals from different groups are mainly concerned toward
portraying duty and task that assist in providing reasonable help in attaining organisational
objectives. 1Spatial plc is employed in friendly and flexible working environment and concerned
on taking thinking and suggestion by their managers and employees. They are considerably clse
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Illustration 3: Tuckman's team building theory

to the organisational operations and having enormous learning with respect to the place where
alteration is essential (Hülsheger and et. al., 2013).
Norming: In this phase, team members share a sort of basic goals and goals that are
necessary to accomplish by organisation in systematic manner. This lineament as an effective or
tried process that is recognised by managers and top authorities. 1Spatial plc is focused on
subsidence diverse problems and conflicts that has few negative influence on the activities of the
firm.
Performing: This is also an essential stage in which team members are putting their
knowledge undertakings for achieving needed targets and objectives that are typical in nature for
each individual. As a small software company, 1Spatial plc administrations is particularly based
on expanding their organisational exercises and activities at large area.
Adjourning: This involve as the final element of this theory or decide in the wake of
accomplishing aims and goals. This stage execute most basic aspect in evaluating the direct of
individuals with a particular end objective to providing training to building up their capacities
and learning base.
TASK 4
P4) Concept and philosophies of Path Goal Theory of leadership styles .
Path Goal Theory:- It is a basic model which is propounded by Robert House in 1974
and it is somewhat connected with Victor's Vroom Theory. This is based on the principle that
action of managers greatly acquire affected with opinion of employees among his execution and
try. The role of 1Spatial Plc. leader is to assist team member in achieving rewards by removing
obstacles and clarifying its path so that goals and objectives can be accomplished in an effective
and efficient manner. This can only be possible by providing full support, information and other
resources which are needed by workers to carry out particular task. The model is classified into
three categories which are discussed below:-
1. Identify features of workers and workplace environment.
2. Chose a leadership style3. Emphasize on motivational factors that help employee in wining
Employee Characteristics: Leader's behaviour can be interpret on the basis of employees
needs such as perceived level of ability, affiliation, degree of structure & desire for control etc.
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The key responsibility of leader is to assign task to individuals on the basis of their skills and
experience so that they can accomplish goals in structured and thorough manner. Leaders must
understand the actual need of employee so that they can know how they can motivate their
employee and extract best out of them (Lu, 2014).
Task and Environmental Characteristics:-
With the application of this theory, 1Spatial Plc can strongly focus on overcoming
obstacles. However, in case if any obstacle is too strong than leaders needs to look into
personally and help workers in selecting a suitable path to work around it. Some of the common
difficult task challenges are listed below: Design of Task: The outline of the task may require leader's help. For example: If any
task is complex or ambiguous, then the role of leader is to provide full support by
clarifying all roles and responsibilities related to specific task. Formal Authority System: On the basis of task authority, leaders can give control to its
group members. This help in building strong relationship between employee & employer. Work Group: Any task can be achieved in a proper manner, if it is carried out by all team
members i.e. each team member should contributes equally and effectively towards
accomplishing organizational objectives. If in case team is non-supportive, then leaders
needs to encourage their members so that they can work incredibly hard towards attaining
specific goals or tasks (Sliter, Sliter and Jex, 2012).
Leader Behaviour or Style: Leader adjust their style according to their behaviour of
employee and characteristics so that they can extract best out of them. Path Goal theory is
propounded by House and Mitchell and they identify four main leadership style which are
discussed below: Directive: Here the role of leader is to provide guidelines and let their group members
know what leader is expecting from them and set standards accordingly. This style is
highly effective when employees are unsure about any task or where there is lot of
ambiguity/contingency. Supportive: Leaders with this leadership style are friendly with their co-worker and keep
inspiring them in frequent basis. Furthermore, they are also concern about employees
diverse needs and tries to fulfil it in an appropriate manner.
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 Participative: Here, leaders focus on involving their sub-ordinates in decision making
process. This makes them feel important and valued and also inspire them to contribute
effectively towards accomplishing firm's overall goals and objectives. Achievement: Under this, leaders set certain challenging goals for their team members
and encourage them to achieve it by doing their best. Leaders believes that workers is
enough responsible for performing any challenging task and successfully achieving it as
well.
Contingency Theory:
A contingency theory is an organizational theory which claims that there is no best way
to administer an organisational operations, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the
optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation. 1Spatial Plc is
using this theory in respect to taking appropriate decision that is effective for the growth and
development of organisation at wide scale.
CONCLUSION
According to the previously mentioned report, it has been concluded that the major
focused area of each business enterprises is to expanding their business operations at wide scale.
It helps in expanding the aptitudes and capacities of the workers. Authoritative culture is
characterized by utilizing Handy's social typology in which 4 kinds of culture are characterized,
i.e., control, part, errand and individual culture which exceedingly impact the conduct of
representatives. Substance and process speculations of inspiration helps in expanding the
inspiration level of representatives. Alongside this, diverse sorts of groups are required in the
association keeping in mind the end goal to enhance its execution.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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