Organisational Behaviour: Analysis of Culture, Politics, Power, Motivation, and Teamwork at Marks and Spencer

This report analyses the impact of organisational culture, politics, and power on individual and team behaviour and performance at Marks and Spencer. It also evaluates content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques that can enable effective achievement of organisational goals. The report further analyses effective and ineffective teams and the concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour. The report does not mention any course code, college, or university.

Organisational
behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
PART-1............................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
Analyse the organisation's culture, politics and power to influence team and individual
behaviour and their performance............................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
How content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques can enable
effective achievement of goals in an organisation. ...............................................................3
PART-2............................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
Analyse what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team............................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour........................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is an academic study of how people interact within groups. Its
principle are applied primarily in attempts in order to make business operation more effectively.
The study of this includes areas of research dedicated to improve job performance, promoting
innovation, encourage leadership and increase job satisfaction. Organisational behaviour can be
refers as a application of knowledge about human behaviour related to other elements of business
such as, structure, social system and technology. (Balwant, 2018) Marks and Spencer is a huge
British multinational retailer company with headquartered in London, England. Company was
established by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1884. company specialises in selling
beauty, home products, food products and clothing. In this report there will be an analysis on
organisational politics, cultural and power that will influence individual and team behaviour and
their performance. Evaluation on content and process theories of motivation with motivational
techniques that will enable effective achievement of companies goals. There will be a analyse on
relevant team and group development theories in support of development of cooperation within
effectiveness of team. Lastly, there will be an evaluation about concepts and philosophies of
organisations behaviour information and influence behaviour in context to marks and Spencer.
MAIN BODY
PART-1
TASK 1
Analyse the organisation's culture, politics and power to influence team and individual behaviour
and their performance.
The influence of politics, power and politics on behaviour of organisation and individual
behaviour has a major impact. These are main factors of any enterprise's overall performance.
There are various factors involve in these that will cause affect on behaviour of team, individual.
Such factors are mentioned below.
Culture
An organisation culture refers to a proper way to behave within business premises. This
culture consists of sharing beliefs and values that were establish through leaders than
communicated and reinforced through various methods, behaviours, ultimately shaping
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employee perception and understanding. It is a group of internal behaviour and values in an
organisation. (Erthal and Marques, 2018) It involves ways of thinking, future expectations,
beliefs and experiences. Organisation culture is also intuitive with a repetitive habits and
emotional response. Company has to maintain a particular set of standards which will increase
overall efficiency. It defines environment of workplace within company. In context to Marks and
Spencer organisational culture has a influence on employee working behaviour as a result on
acceptable behaviour and attitudes in different jobs in enterprise. There are types of culture
which influence behaviour of organisation and individual are mentioned below.
 Power- In some of the companies, power generally relies within the hands of some
people who are managing employees under them. Marks and Spencer includes power
culture in enterprise because they maintained their coordination among different
segments in company. (Oriade and et. al., 2021)This results in high loyalty of employees,
as they follow decision made by their managers.
 Task culture- This culture involves different teams to perform for a particular tasks.
Marks and Spencer follows this culture when they includes this for particular project.
Company form teams of employees in order to accomplish that particular project. This
will enhance their employees confidence and increase motivation to complete given task.
Politics
Organisation politics are refers to self-serving behaviours that employees are using in
order to increase probability of obtaining a positive outcomes in organisation. (Lam and Xu,
2019) It is influence by individual and may serve personal interest without any regard to their
effect on company itself. It generally includes employees engagement in activities that are
intended to advance of their own interest above the good of organisation and their colleagues and
bosses. Politics is important since, it provides an understanding of informal processes of conflicts
and also to co-operation in enterprise and their impacts on overall performance. In context to
Marks and Spencer politics can lower the outputs of an individual and eventually it will affects
the productivity of an organisation. Individuals who play politics at workplace pay less attention
towards their work. As they are more interested in pulling leg of others. There are different types
of politics such as.
 Weeds- It is a dynamic and informal network in nature. Sometimes it lead to misleading
and unethical activities which bond operation of company. (Lampaki and Papadakis,
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2018) It help in understanding conditions of weed, as enterprise should understand
situations of informal network.
 The Rocks- It refers to a stable political environment in company. It is a formal
interaction among employees such as title, role, expertise or to any accessible resources.
Decision making should be handled through a proper authorised managers which can
focus on organisation's stability.
Power
Organisational power is a ability that person can have to influence behaviour of another
stakeholder in their company. (Halford, 2018) The power can be measured by an extent that they
can use to influence to get that stakeholder to do something that person will not prefer to do. It is
responsible for ensuring employee's compliance and commitment in organisation. It also aids in
avoiding resistance among employees to ensure their coexistence in harmony, which led to
increase in productivity. Organisational power is a potential ability of a person or group that
influence other person or group. It is also an ability to get things done according one wants to be
done. There are various types of organisational power such as.
 Reward power- This involves perks, better role, rewards, training opportunity and many
monetary benefits like incentives. These powers has an ability to influence people and
motivate them in order to perform well. In context to Marks and Spencer it includes
various rewards for their employees which than become more motivating factors for
them. It provides non-monetary and monetary rewards according to situation needs.
 Coercive power- It is a power, which can dismiss the suspend, demote, employment or
fire employees in company. (LE YI, 2020) As enterprise can punish their subordinates so
that they can complete their deadlines on time. In context to Marks and Spencer situation
managers who can implement coercive power so that their staff members can perform
according to the desired way. Employees need to follow all rules and policies because of
the threat.
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TASK 2
How content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques can enable effective
achievement of goals in an organisation.
Motivation is a process of influencing and guiding behaviour of people so that they can
perform in a desired direction.(Marshall and Nielsen, 2020) It is a best element that encourage
employees in company which led to result in higher engagement and retention of employees. In
context to Marks and Spencer motivate their employees so that members can feel satisfied at
workplace and can achieve desired goals. With this process Marks and Spencer will become a
successful organisation. There are various types of motivation which are mentioned below.
 Intrinsic motivation- This type of motivation method comes from within individuals. It
is a internal factor which generally satisfy needs of one self. Marks and Spencer has a
positive work environment in order to make their employees dedicated and happy
towards work that is intrinsic motivation. It also involves a motivational factors for
personal development growth in order to achieve target goals.
 Extrinsic motivation- In this motivation the external factors influence mind of people in
order to achieve targets. It includes factors such as, bonuses, incentives, reward and
salaries that will motivate their employees to give their full potential. In reference of
Marks and Spencer, company is providing various external factors to motivate their
employees. Some of the motivational theories are mentioned below.
Content theory
Content theories of motivation describes as a system of needs that will motivate
individuals actions. It is theory that explain employees behaviour in a way that they often do.
There are various types of level are mentioned below.
 Basic/ physical needs- This is a first need that includes a basic requirement such as,
water, shelter, food and clothes. (Hattie, Hodis and Kang, 2020)In context to Marks and
Spencer, company is providing a basic salaries and wages to their employees which are
necessary needs for living.
 Security needs- Fulfilment from basic needs people evolve their needs for security at
workplace and also in their personal life. In context to Marks and Spencer, organisation
is providing a safe environment, formal appointment letters and health insurance to their
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employees which will give them a feeling of security about their job place in company.
This way it will create a stability in employees lives.
 Love and social belongings needs- This is the third need of theory that generally
suggest after fulfilment of upper two needs and people are tend to develop social needs.
In context to Marks and Spencer, firm is providing a positive work environment which
allows a sense of belonging to their employees. (Lasagabaster, 2019) This also helps in
reducing the factor that involves anxiety, loneliness and depression.
 Esteem needs- This need includes need for status, prestige, fame and recognition. In
context to Marks and Spencer they appreciate their employees and respect each other
which help as a motivation factor in them. Company celebrate their achievement and
give rewards to them in order to make them more confidence.
 Self-actualization needs- This is the last need in a hierarchy which is different for
everyone. As it refers to a full use of their potential, talent and capabilities in order to
achieve development and growth in their life. This need is hard to fulfil but Marks and
Spencer is providing various sessions for growth and development which will fulfil their
self- actualisation need.
Process theory
Process theory of motivation is try to understand behaviours are initiated. These theories
generally focus on mechanism through which they choose target and efforts that company is
exert to hit the target.(Vanovenberghe and et. al., 2022) It is a system that explains on how an
enterprise changes and develops. Is is often contrasted with variance theories that is system of
ideas that will explain variances in dependent variable based on one or more independent
variables. There are various theories under process theory of motivation from which one is
explained below.
Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation
Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation is a part of process theory of motivation. It
refers as an individuals' motivation that is affected from their own expectations related to future.
Vroom's individual motivations has several factors, those factors are mentioned below.
 Valence- It refers to as how much people value their potential rewards associated with
specific results or behaviours. In context to Marks and Spencer, company is providing
any kind of monetary factor that will motivate them to work efficiently through which
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employees will influence by this factor. They also offers motivation factor which are
highly important for their employees.
 Expectancy- This factor involves that every employees possess different confidence
level and expectations. (Sorko and Brandstätter, 2020) This might affects their needs of
supervision and training that will enhance their performance. In reference to Marks and
Spencer is making sure of that they are trying to notice their employees expectation so
that they will motivate them accordingly.
 Instrumentality- This motivational factor refers that if a individual is performing a task
they will get reward out of that, this will become motivation for employees. In context to
Marks and Spencer is always ensuring that they are providing rewards according to
performance of their employees.
PART-2
TASK 3
Analyse what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
Team work is an important part in organisation as it includes diversified people who
wants to put their efforts in order to achieve common goals. It increase the capabilities and
efficiency of their employees.(riskell, Salas and Driskell, 2018) In context to Marks and
Spencer, company is creating various teams in order to provide the opportunity to work together
which will increase the interdependency among employees. There is a mix of knowledge that
will enhance their problem solving capability and it will make their critical thinking skills more
stronger. It will also helps in controlling the upcoming risks in Marks and Spencer and led to
increase in profitability. The skills are required to solve different problems in their expertise
areas which make functions and le to efficient operations. Through this it will help Marks and
Spencer in order to become more successful with effective teamwork.
Difference between effective team and ineffective team
Effective Team
Effective team refer as a capacity of team that has accomplish goals or objectives
administered through authorized personnel or through organisation. Such team is characterised as
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 Open discussion- Members that are participating and make a contribution to team, with
a discussion is being reasonable, members are being prepared to listen and learn from
other team members.
 Using situational leadership- Different people may lead the team under various
circumstances, with different type of styles of leadership that will be appropriate to such
circumstances.
Ineffective team
Ineffective team are often made up from individual who do not mix well or do not have
the necessary skills to perform variety of work at hand. Some teams may have too many
members with same set skills, while the other teams suffer in lacking a proper training.
 Lack of agreed objectives and an atmosphere full of tension- These tensions are
sometimes held in check , but on occasions it convert into destructive conflict, and there
are clashes of personality, with members not listening to others sayings.
 Decisions making through voting, this will require little efforts to win round as minority
who vote against idea; has a avoidance of assessing and discussing of their progress and
performance.
The effective and ineffective teams in regards to certain elements are mentioned below.
 Underlying goals
◦ Effective teams- Task of objectives of team is well understood and has accepted by
members of team.
◦ Ineffective teams- Tasks or objectives that are given in team become difficult to
understand by team members.
 Member contribution
◦ Effective teams- There are lot of discussion in which there is participation of
everyone virtually, but it remains to tasks of team.
◦ Ineffective teams- A few people are tend to dominate discussion. But often team
contribution are way off to the point.
 Conflict resolution
◦ Effective teams- There will be a disagreements. The team is comfortable with this
and has shown no signs of avoiding such conflict. Team members solve their
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problems effectively with the help of team discussion. They overcome problems to
achieve goals effectively without any disturbance.
◦ Ineffective teams- The disagreements here are generally not dealt as effectively by
team. They may be suppressed by leaders. Resulting in open warfare or to resolved by
vote in which the minorities will be smaller than majority. This led to reduce in their
efficiency and performance. (Blüher, 2019) As team is lacking in problems solving
skills which affects the growth and development of company.
 Decision making
◦ Effective teams- As most of the decisions are reached through a form of consensus
which is clear to everybody in a general agreement.
◦ Ineffective teams- Action under this team are taken prematurely even before the real
issues were either examined or resolved.
 Leadership
◦ Effective teams- The chairperson in this team does not dominate them neither does
the team refer unduly to leader.
◦ Ineffective teams- Leadership will remain clear with the team chairperson and that
person may become weak or strong but always stay at top of head of the table.
 Self-evaluation
◦ Effective teams- The team will be conscious of their own operation. And they will
stop examine how well team is doing or what they may be interfering with their
operation.
◦ Ineffective teams- The team will have a tendency of avoiding any discussion of their
own maintenance.
 Division of labour
◦ Effective teams- When team action is taken in order to clear assignments were made
and have accepted.
◦ Ineffective teams- In these team action decisions are tend to be unclear, with no one
really knows their own tasks within team work.
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TASK 4
Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour
Organisational behaviour focuses on understanding, prediction and concerns of behaviour
of people in company. (Shahid and Muchiri, 2018) It involves various areas like increase
performance, promote innovation, encourage leadership, creative ideas and enhance job
satisfaction. It play an important role in measuring interactive activities among employees of
company. There are various types of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour
which are mentioned below.
Path goal theory
Path theory generally suggest that leaders Define the correct path to their team members
so that they can contribute their efforts at right direction. Leaders also enhance their motivation
skills so that employees can improve their performance. Leaders of Marks and Spencer creates a
certain path so that their employees can achieve goals, objectives and target efficiently. It
includes three steps of process which are as follows:
 Employee characteristics
Leaders should analyse their employee's behaviour so that they can motivate them according to
their needs and desire. Employees should always understand structure that need to be followed
and demand of that specific situation so that they can perform task accordingly.
 Task and environmental characteristics
Leaders need to take some necessary action in order to overcome the difficult situations.
(Mharapara and et. al., 2022) Also they need to create a better and easy path to solve problems
which result in increased profitability. The tasks are specifically designed by leaders so they can
deal them accordingly.
 Leaders behaviour or style
Leaders possess their own style or behaviour in order to motivate their employees in
organisation. In context to Marks and Spencer their leaders have proved an effectiveness in
motivating employees because they are have different styles according to the situation demand.
Some of the leadership styles are mentioned below:
▪ Directive- In this style, team leaders formulate and sort out task like what to do,
when to do and how to do. Task are performed according to situation and
structure that was made by leaders. This will motivate employees because
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operations are carried out in effective and appropriate way. In context to Marks
and Spencer leaders of the company is following this style because few of their
employees those are new in organisation need a directive leadership style.
▪ Supportive- Team leaders in this style shows support and care to their employees
which will make them more comfortable at workplace. As they will become
easily approachable and sows concern each and every employee. In context to
Marks and Spencer it includes managers those are caring towards their employee.
This way it will motivate them in order to achieve organisational goals.
▪ Participative- This style generally allows employees to participate in order to
make decisions and various discussion regarding operation of company. This will
motivate employees and give them sense of ownership which is a huge motivation
factor for employees.
▪ Achievement- This style generally focus on the quality and professionalism of
performance. Team leaders can formulates procedure and plans in order to
perform some specific task and they are necessary to follow. In context to Marks
and Spencer, companies various department has includes team leaders who
possess this style. Scientific and technical operations required an achievement
style with the help of this model.
Fundamental concepts of organisational behaviour
Organisational behaviour is based on few fundamental concepts which revolve around
nature of organisation and people. These are mentioned below.
 Individual difference
Each individual is different from one other, which makes them unique in different
ways. The idea behind difference in individual is basically based on fundamental of psychology.
Each person in company has their own opinion and thoughts. In context to Marks and Spencer
this will allow company to see the difference in their employee's behaviour and attitude among
each other within workplace. The enterprise should therefore accept this difference in their
operation.
 Perception
Perception differs from person to person. Individual can percept differently
through looking at same object. This is mainly happens which of their past experience which
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directly led them to their perception and thinking.(Sternberg, Nusbaum and Glück, 2019)
Employees can also see difference in their work on the basis of their difference in needs, past
experience, personality, social circumstances and demographic factors.
 Whole person
If an individual is facing some problems in their personal life, this might be affect
in their work life as well. A person is consider as an individual entity. In context to Marks and
Spencer, if some employee is facing some problem in their personal life this might fall down
drastically on their performance and ambition. So to keep employees motivated and happy in
workplace and let them ignore their problems leader should focus on creating happy work
environment for them.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that organisational behaviour is a study of human
behaviour and their interaction within workplace. It is also concluded that culture, politics and
power are important in every organisation and in context to Marks and Spencer these factor has
influenced individual and team leader of company. With the help of content and process theories
firm can establish different motivation techniques to increase their employees productivity and
efficiency in organisation. There is difference between an effective team and an ineffective team
which shows how leader can deal situations and conflict of such problems in team members
within enterprise. Lastly from discussion of concept and philosophies of organisation behaviour
it help understanding individual behaviour an d how company can deal with them in order to
increase their efficiency and motivation.
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