Organizational Behavior and Management Research Review

This assignment is a compilation of various research papers and articles on organizational behavior and management. It includes studies on the relationship between organizational justice and job satisfaction, technostress and its technological antecedents, leadership and organizational behavior in education, citizenship and withdrawal in the workplace, and effective teamwork. The assignment also touches on theories of motivation and provides a review of past research papers and articles published on Desklib.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Ways in which culture, power and politics affect the behaviour and Performance..........1
M1 How the culture and power of an organisation can influence individual and team
behaviour ...............................................................................................................................4
D1 Critically evaluate the relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation .....6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P2. Different motivational theories and their effectiveness in achievement of goals............6
M2 Application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models........................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P3 Demonstration on Effective Team as compared to Ineffective Team ..............................7
M3 Analyse relevant team and group development theories...............................................10
D2 Critically analyse and evaluate the relevance of team development theories................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P4. Application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour.........................10
M4 Evaluate a range of concepts and philosophies .............................................................12
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour shows the interconnection of attitude of people with association
who contributes their efforts in achievement of business's objectives (What is organizational
behaviour?, 2017). It can be categorised into three major groups that are individuals, work
groups and the way organisation behave at micro-level, meso-level and macro-level
respectively. If human resource at workplace behave well then it will help managers in
maintaining the positive environment. This would aid company in achieving the business success
in a short interval of time (Ali, 2010.). This report has shown the importance of role of managers
and people working in a company. For this assistance, Sports Direct International Public has
been taken which is a retail company of UK established by Mike Ashley in 1982. It is one of a
biggest sport association having 670 stores around the world. Along with this, an analysis also
has been done in this assignment on leader's role as well as importance of various motivational
and leadership theories. Its management has used various approaches in order to get positive
behaviour of people by formulating effective policies for them.
TASK 1
P1 Ways in which culture, power and politics affect the behaviour and Performance
An organisation consists various people in it who contribute their best efforts in
accomplishing the goal of business in a systematic order. In UK, all associations have their own
structure as per objective of business. Structure of a company defines the role and
responsibilities of managers, leaders and people working in it. Along with this, it also represents
the hierarchical format which shows how work of an individual is different from others.
Therefore, organisational structure reflects the level of people at workplace as well as their
contribution in success of business (Al-Zu’bi, 2010). In context with Sports Direct International
Plc., its management has perform various activities in order to get right work of employees by
managing their behaviour. The role of culture, power and politics in affecting the behaviour and
performance of employees and organisation can be described as:-
Culture
The business of Sports Direct International Plc. deals in retail sector which sells goods
and material of sports in UK market. It has large working organisation having near about 17,000
number of workers all have different culture. Therefore, for achievement of success of business,
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its manager concerns more about introducing ethics and culture in workplace which helps in
building strong team as well as removing the politics. By concerning about culture, management
of this company has formulated various laws and ethics which are needed to be followed by all
people working in it for performing their functions in a proper manner. Adding values in culture
ha helped in developing social and psychological need of environment. Generally culture of an
organisation constitutes various types of elements such as values, norms, systems, vision,
opinion, environment and more (Ayyagari, Grover and Purvis, 2011). Therefore, organisational
behaviour of Sports Direct International Plc. constitutes four types of culture which can be
described as:-
 Power culture: It includes the power of authorities and disbursement among employees
of association. Power of one people creates a large impact on relation between staff
members and management of firm. It reflects that workers have to do whatever they have
given by authority. Thus, if members in authorization use their power in a positive way
then it will help in getting proper work of employees through which level of performance
of individual can be enhanced. While if they used their power in negative way then it will
create various problem in association by which performance of business goes down at
rapid rate.
 Role culture: Each and every workers of enterprise has various roles and duties as per
their capabilities. Sports Direct International Plc manager requires to allot the
responsibility of entire workforce. It assist in the reduction of confusion regarding their
work or activity (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014). It renders a better chance to employees
in order to work with full dedication which is essential for the company to maximise their
sales and revenues. It also support in the enhancement of entire productive and
profitability of company by diminution of continuation of functions and operations.
 Task culture: It is another culture in this main emphasis of administrator is to develop
effective group which assist in guardianship of better solutions about complex issues and
tasks. The main advantages of this type of culture to enterprise is timely recognition of all
problems and their proper solutions which enhance performance and productivity of team
and individual also.
 Person culture: Business managers has different responsibility to emphasis on entire
workers and assist in improvement of their professionals career and skills. This will be
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verified as a factor of motivation that support in the enhancement of their coordination
and performance with administration.
Every company have three different factors like culture, power and politics all these have
a great impact on the performance and behaviour of a squad or an individual.
Politics:
Policies of the organisation is depict as an unofficial and informal impacts to produce
their plans, maximise power, effecting of business to achieve targets (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013).
It is completed by the workers of enterprise in order to enhance their goodwill in relation to
upper level administration. Thus, it is identify as a demotivating aspects for workers of Sports
Direct International Plc, the effect of policies on team as well as individual are determined as
below:
Impacts on concentration: Policies of the business organisation is also impact on
employees behaviour. In this they interested in applying false tools to obtain bigger position in
the Sports Direct International Plc. This will decrease their concentration or density in their
business functions. It also impacts the capability of entire team member to order to finished their
projects within allotted rime.
Maximise stress: Results of office policy is maximise of tension among higher
productivity and profitability of business workers because they are not obtaining the appraisal
and reward according its performance. This type of situation develops mistrust among large
number of workers and in the effective process of communication.
Power:
It is identify as an individual authority which is important for the company to accomplish
their long term objectives in allotted time duration (DeChurch and Mesmer-Magnus, 2010). It
highly effects on individual performance and behaviour in an effective and efficient manner.
Better utilisation of power assist in rendering better guidance to workers in the effectiveness of
their activities. There are various power which are present in the Sports Direct International Plc
are determined as follows:
Legitimate power: It render regarding the powers or authority which are take by single
person due to having better position in enterprise. The power is beneficial for the company to
direct workers becomes higher according to maximise in the perspective of individuals.
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Reward power: It is also render the authority of reward about motivating workers and
improving their performance. It display the connection in between reward and performance.
Expert power: This type of authority provide a power to single person in order to
penalise their employees on non-completion of business functions. It have negative effect on the
employees performance. It also decrease entire productivity and profitability of company.
M1 How the culture and power of an organisation can influence individual and team behaviour
Impact of culture:
In an organisation, people of various cultures can be seen so, a healthy environment
provided by the company will enhance the performance of a person (DeChurch and Mesmer-
Magnus, 2010). Thus, a excellent communication between all the members will help the
organisation in maintaining a better mutual understanding amongst one another. Therefore, if a
firm fails in doing this than it can give rise to conflicts and politics which can hamper the entire
process of business operations.
Impact Positive impact: Negative impact:
Culture Effective communication: In
order to maintain a healthy
environment it is important
that company optimises latest
tools and technologies so that
superiors can interact with
employees in a better manner.
This will enable them in
eliminating all the negative
factors in order to enhance the
growth of the company.
 Higher employee
engagement: Under
this, firm tries to
engage employees in
Inappropriate environment:
Variations in values and
morale may create a negative
environment in the enterprise
therefore, it is prime duty of
managers to maintain a healthy
workplace. As a result it will
help the firm in performing
their task so as to achieve the
goals and objectives in specific
time period.
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giving their best so
that they don't feel
alienated form the
company.
Impact of power: Better use of the power assist in giving direction and guidelines to the workers.
It support in development of strong and better relations with them (Haslam and et. al., 2014).
There are some negative and positive impacts of the power which are shown as below:
Impacts Positive impacts Negative impact:
Power Motivation: Better utilisation
of the power assist the
business manager in order to
provide motivation to the
entire workforce in an
effective and systematic
manner.
Creation of mistrust: In
sometime, power reduce their
motivation and performance
level of the employees which
has negative impact on
profitability of company.
Politics: It is also an important part of the business success and development which has positive
as well as negative impact on company performance (Hershcovis, 2011). There are some
negative and positive effects of politics which are determined as below:
Impacts Positive impacts Negative Impacts
Politics With the help of proper
politics in organisation
business is able to maintain
long lasting relation with
employees or team members.
Politics of the offices has
direct effect on team and
employees performance
adversely. This will impacts on
its concentration as well as
lead demotivation of workers.
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D1 Critically evaluate the relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation
Politics, culture and power of the organisation are interrelated with each other. Main
motive of company is using these aspects in the organisation is to maximising sales and revenue
of the company. Interrelation all above parts in positive nature assist in motivation of entire
workforce (Huang and Bond, 2012). These are assist in development of positive situation, team
building, supportive behaviour, familiar nature and so on. All these are motivates them and
render their best about achievement of their professional and personal goals.
TASK 2
P2. Different motivational theories and their effectiveness in achievement of goals
Motivation is important for the all employees in order to work with happily and
effectively (Theories of Motivation, 2017). There are mainly two types of motivation theory such
as process and contend which help Sports Direct International Plc to encourage their entire
workforce about achieving long term objectives and goals of company. These theories are
determined as below:
Content theory: It is identify as one of the essential and main theory which is apply by each and
every form with purpose to motivate their employees regarding achievement of long term
objectives. These model includes some theory which are determined as below:
Maslow's Hierarchy need theory: Main focus of this type of theory is to encourage
employees by providing basic needs of them. These needs are consists physiological, safety,
social, esteem and self-actualisation (Johns, 2010). All these are basic part of the employees
success and development in the organisation. These types of factors provides growth, training,
creativity, advancements, high status, recognition, responsibilities, health insurance, base salary,
subordinates, work and job security and many other. All these are highly support business to
reduce employees turnover and increase growth and success of them.
Hertzberg two factor theory: It is another important part of the content theory which
assist business organisation to motivate their workers appropriately. This theory includes
motivation and Hygiene factor like fringe benefits, pay, status, sense of achievement,
recognition, promotional and growth opportunities. All these are highly support Sports Direct
International Plc to maintain long lasting and strong relation with employees. It is beneficial for
the company to achieve their overall goals and objectives in limited time period.
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Process Theory: It is also important and foremost part of the motivation theory which is apply
by the all organisation with purpose to motivate their workers. This model includes some their
which are shown as below:
Vroom's expectancy theory: This type of model is consider as the willingness of workers
while performing business functions and activities in enterprise. It has direct connection with
profitability and productivity of business organisation.
Adams' equity theory: It is essential and important part of the motivation theory which
support the company to motivate their entire team members with motive to achieve long term
objectives and goals (Joseph and Newman, 2010). Main focus of this model is on employees
performance in business because it will show as a motivating aspects for other give their better.
M2 Application of behavioural motivational theories, concepts and models
Behavioural motivation theory is also important for the organisation to motive employees
about its work and performance. Thus, it assist the business to improve their profitability and
effectiveness in limited time period. It is essential because it fulfil basic needs of workforce by
motivate them to perform with full dedication which benefited company to achieve their
predetermined goals and objectives.
TASK 3
P3 Demonstration on Effective Team as compared to Ineffective Team
In order to carry out whole operation activities in an effective manner, organisation want
to required engage their all staff members into team and influence them to cooperate with each
others to completing task in specific period of time. Working with in group that help people to
share their experience and thought with others, through this, firm are able to build positive and
healthy relationship among workers (Kulik and Olekalns, 2012). It would help all labour to
complete entire work in appropriate ways in limited period of time. Force direct international
company has efficacious group of people whose work hard to gain higher profitability and
sustainability in long period of time. Team efficiencies shows better utilisation of given
resources that help to produce high quality product and services as per clients choice at market
place.
Difference between ineffective and effective team
Effective Team:- Ineffective Teams:-
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In this kind of team, all members has worked
together in order to achieve common goals and
objectives appropriately in specific period of
time. For gain aim, they are establish strong
communication process with in group to share
opinion and thought with each others.
In this team, members can not share their
experience and knowledge with others and
leader of team has take decision with out
asking opinion to others group employees. All
members has want to follow their leaders
direction in order to gain their target in limited
time.
With in an organisation several kind of team has work together to achieve common aim
and mission in given time frame (Lee, Kim and Kim, 2013). Here are explain some type of team
which has make by management of the company has discuss below:
Functional team: Manager of the company has make functional team for achieve
particular goals. In this, all members has related to same field because of mutual understanding
of all members that help to achieve objectives in an effective manner. It consist a hierarchical
system of entire work with in group and they are report to their subordinates and they are report
to managers. Below another four kind of team members has explain as follows:
 Team Leader:- Leaders have assign task to their employees according to their capabilities
and skills which help to achieve common goals and objectives in limited period of time.
Other then this, leaders has provide direction to their employees to carry out whole work
in right path.
 Record Keeper:- One person has make manage entire data and information in order to
make final report of achievement of goals and objectives in limited period of time. Progress Chaser:- With in group one person has encourage members to mates in such a
ways so they are completing all work in given time as well as in appropriate manner.
They are analyse progress of entire work in an effective ways to draw valid conclusion in
right path (Owings and Kaplan, 2012).
Importance: Functional team is one of the main and essential part of the business organisation in
order to coordinating team which assist in the performance and work of complex projects within
allotted time. It is also beneficial for the company to save cost and time of enterprise by uses of
optimum resources.
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Problem solving team: It is one of the main team in Sports Direct International Plc that
have different roles and responsibility in order to solve complex tasks in an effective and easy
manner. In this team different members are work with specialised skills about their field.
Importance: This type of team support in timely recognition of problems and render better
solutions which support workers to enhance their performance.
Virtual teams: This type of team are interrelated together with the use of advanced
technology. It assist the business to interact all members face to face. In this they perform
business activities and share plans with the support of video conferencing.
Importance: This type of team has more significant for business entity have entire functions and
activities across the world (Paillé and Grima, 2011). For instance: Sports Direct International Plc
handle their business operations and activities in various nations with the assist of such kind of
teams.
Project team: Main aim of this team member is to complete projects at given time
duration. Thus it assist the business to maximise their sales and revenues in an effective and
efficient manner. In this Sports Direct International Plc select team members as per the needs of
projects.
Importance: With the help of this team business entity easily complete all tasks and projects in
an effective and efficient manner.
There are different factors which develop an effective team are determined as below: Communication: It is depict as an essential factor which support in making strong teams.
It assist the business organisation in order to create long lasting relationship and
coordination among members. With the help of these, entire responsibility are easily
allotted among staff members via better communication channels. Stability: Member of the Sports Direct International Plc needed to be stable in group.
Thus, it support in making better relation among them and enhance their productivity
effectively (Paillé and Grima, 2011).
 Team size: In order to make effective group there is requirement to emphasis on size of
group. Medium and small sized group have better connection and coordination together.
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M3 Analyse relevant team and group development theories
One of the best theory of group development which is apply by the Sports Direct
International Plc is Tuck-man team development model. This framework includes some points
which are determined as below:
Forming: Under this stage, leader play vital role but there is responsibilities of this
person is not clear. Some team members are polite and positive and few are anxious.
Storming: At this level, entire members of the team are thrust beyond the extremity. In
this stage, large number of the teams are let down. Various misunderstanding are grow among
entire team members.
Norming: At this level, employees start to solve their misunderstanding and understand
the knowledge and skills which is take by other. They also get-go to respect top authority or
management which is obsessed by leader.
Performing: In this stage all member of the team has capability to accomplish their
objectives and targets (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014). The procedure and structure which is
develop team is powerful. Large number of the work is allotted by the business leader to team.
An individual who leave as well as join group which is never impacts on its entire performance.
Adjourning: It is last stage in which entire teams live only few period until their
objectives and targets are automagically attained.
D2 Critically analyse and evaluate the relevance of team development theories
Team development theory is more essential and beneficial model for the organisation in
terms to develop effective group and make long lasting relation with employees. There are
different impacts of such model on the employees behaviours which are determined as below:
 Always ready in order to accept all variation which is leaving to grow in future.
 Adoption of innovative tools and approaches also assist in accomplishment of long term
objectives and goals.
TASK 4
P4. Application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour
Organisational behaviour is identify as an effective procedures of employees behaviour in
the enterprise. It is importance about impressive management of business functions and actives.
It also supports business to known regarding the connection which is continued among the
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workforce. Application of this aspects to the Sports Direct International Plc in order to make
business operations in more effective way. Concepts of the organisational behaviour includes
nature of organisation and people.
Nature of people: It will render regarding the characteristics of employees which assist in
knowing quality of workers. It is identify as a role and responsibility of workforce to accomplish
long term success in future time period. There are some factors which are highly effects on
individual natures are determined as bellow:
Perception: All workers of the Sports Direct International Plc has different thoughts. It is
impacts on the employees nature in the organisation (Ayyagari, Grover and Purvis, 2011).
Biases of manager: Behaviour of the business manager sis highly effects on the
employees performance and productive in a direct manner.
Nature of organisation: It mainly consider regrading the objectives and targets for which
business is formed. It is highly impacts on business nature either positive and negative. There are
different systems which support the organisation in order to know business nature which are
determined as below:
Social system: Connection with other business, clients assist to analysis organisation
nature. It display regarding the consciousness of company about their workers and community.
These are mainly divided into two parts. One if formal which is essential for keeping formal
team by workforce within their specific departments. Second one is informal which is also
important in making of team of friends to independently interact with together. Beside this ethics
is also consider as a value, belief, rules, moral and norms which are needed to follow by entire
workers of Sports Direct International Plc.
Path goal theory: One of the main motive of this type of theory is to give effective working
variety of leader and activity which is suited to worker of enterprise and working situation which
is existing in enterprise (Al-Zu’bi, 2010). The main objectives behind execution of this type of
concept is to motivation of worker, satisfaction and employment which assist to develop the
worker of enterprise more productive.
The major steps which are considered under this theory are:
 Finding of environmental situation and workforce
 Acceptance of foremost leadership methods as per the quality of workers.
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 Directive: This kind of method consider outlay of responsibility straightly to
workforce.
 Supportive: Render right assist by business leader to employees.
 Participative: Winning the point of views of workers while takes an effective
decisions.
 Achievement orientated: Finding of content and objection for entire workers.
M4 Evaluate a range of concepts and philosophies
The philosophies and methods of organisational behaviour have negative and positive
impacts on employees behaviour (Ali, 2010). Some negative and positive effects are determined
as below:
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Development of accurate philosophies and
methods assist to give proper direction to the
workers of enterprise about windup of their
entire tasks easily. It support in creation of
their knowledge and skills also.
It is also have negative effect on employees
performance which are mainly related with
perception, various values of peoples and many
other. These are negatively impacts on
employees characteristics.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be concluded that organisational behaviour play
vital role in the success and development of company. Organisational culture, power and politics
are also impacts on the business performance and productivity. In order to motivate employees
about his or her work and performance, company apply different motivational theory such as
process and content. All these are highly beneficial for the enterprise to maximise their sales and
reduce employees turnover. Group development theories is also beneficial for the organisation to
attain long term objectives and targets in an effective and efficient manner. It is also essential
and important for the business entity to increase their productivity and effectiveness at
marketplace.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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behavior in a public sector organization. Journal of Global Business and Economics.
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Al-Zu’bi, H. A., 2010. A study of relationship between organizational justice and job
satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management. 5(12). p.102.
Ayyagari, R., Grover, V. and Purvis, R., 2011. Technostress: technological antecedents and
implications. MIS quarterly. 35(4). pp.831-858.
Baum, J. R., Frese, M. and Baron, R. A. eds., 2014. The psychology of entrepreneurship.
Psychology Press.
Coccia, M. and Rolfo, S., 2013. Human resource management and organizational behavior of
public research institutions. International Journal of Public Administration. 36(4).
pp.256-268.
DeChurch, L. A. and Mesmer-Magnus, J.R., 2010. The cognitive underpinnings of effective
teamwork: a meta-analysis.
DeChurch, L. A. and Mesmer-Magnus, J.R., 2010. The cognitive underpinnings of effective
teamwork: a meta-analysis.
Haslam, S. A. and et.al., 2014. Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational
practice. Psychology Press.
Hershcovis, M. S., 2011. “Incivility, social undermining, bullying… oh my!”: A call to reconcile
constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
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Huang, X. and Bond, M. H. Eds., 2012. Handbook of Chinese organizational behavior:
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Johns, G., 2010. Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of
Organizational Behavior. 31(4). pp.519-542.
Joseph, D. L. and Newman, D. A., 2010. Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis
and cascading model.
Kulik, C. T. and Olekalns, M., 2012. Negotiating the gender divide: Lessons from the
negotiation and organizational behavior literatures. Journal of Management. 38(4).
pp.1387-1415.
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Lee, U. H., Kim, H. K. and Kim, Y. H., 2013. Determinants of organizational citizenship
behavior and its outcomes. Global Business and Management Research. 5(1). p.54.
Owings, W. A. and Kaplan, L. S., 2012. Leadership and organizational behavior in education:
Theory into practice. Pearson.
Paillé, P. and Grima, F., 2011. Citizenship and withdrawal in the workplace: Relationship
between organizational citizenship behavior, intention to leave current job and intention
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