Organisational Behaviour: Culture, Power, and Motivation

This report explores the impact of organisational culture, power dynamics, and motivational theories on employee behavior and performance. It includes a case study on Intercontinental Hotels and Resorts.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is the set of those activities which are concerned with management
and administration as it depicts the understanding and study of human behaviour. In order to
conduct the study managers of an organisation conduct research which is considered as the
primary investigation as it helps in determining and analysing the requirements of employees. It
focuses on the interaction of employees with each other and also reflects their behaviour
assumptions values and attitude which they contribute towards the organisation (Borkowski,
2016). It is also considered as a social system which is a combination of human and technical
knowledge and after analysing this knowledge proper actions are taken within an organisation.
For this researchers use experimental information in order to analyse the personality of
employees and develop their living standard according to this. This report is based on
intercontinental hotels and resorts which is one of the largest multinational hospitality company
located in Denham, England, UK and it is founded in 1946. This report is going to cover the
different cultures politics and power which regulates an organisation and also impacts the
working of team. In addition to this it also determine various theories of motivation which is
useful in achieving predetermined goals and objectives. Lastly with the help of different theories
and concepts effective leadership and team is discussed in an organisational context.
TASK 1
P1.
Organisational culture is a systematic procedure which is depends on the assumptions and
values and it is determined and developed regarding the behaviour of employees. It is a
combination of unique business environment which helps in developing a good reputation of
company e within the industry because every organisation has its unique culture which help them
in examining the behaviour of employees. In addition to this it is also useful in influencing the
frame of mind of employees and also reduces employee turnover rate in an organisation (Chen,
Chen and Sheldon, 2016). The culture of company include many things such as vision, mission,
values, policies and so on. To briefly describe the culture of intercontinental hotels and resorts,
Hofstede model is considered which are as follows:

Power distance index: It depicts the concept in which inequity and power is determined. As here
these are the components which are considered from the viewpoint of followers who belongs
from lower level. Here high power depicts the culture in which power and in equity makes
differentiate and shows high respect towards authority (Kanfer and Chen, 2016). Moreover low-
power depicts the motivation which is considered towards the system and structure of
organisation and also put in pieces on the distribution of power within the employees. For
example if intercontinental hotel of lower power in their culture that put positive impact on the
overall performance of their subordinates and improve their productivity.
Collectivism vs. Individualism: This culture depends the scope in which employees are divided
into groups and their obligations also. For this individualism focuses on attaining personal
objectives and always consider their own image before others. On the other hand, collectivism
put emphasis on the importance of attaining goals and objectives of a group and also take care of
their group. In context of intercontinental hotels and resorts collectivism is quite good for them
because while performing in a team perspective of group is always considered as it is useful and
motivating the performance of employees.
Uncertainty Avoidance index: This culture describe the uncertainty which occurs from the
arrival of unknown situations. As high uncertainty describe the level of tolerance towards the
risk meanwhile low uncertainty describe high tolerance towards risk and subordinates are more
extrovert and easy to accept rules and policies of company (McShane and Glinow, 2017). In
relation to intercontinental hotels and resort low uncertainty index is useful for them in relation
with their survival in uncertain situations.
Femininity vs. Masculinity: This culture describe the demand of society regarding the
attainment and attitude of sexual equality and values. For this masculine tree describe the
characteristics of gender roles and developing the achievements of material meanwhile
femininity describe the features of good life and fluid gender roles. In terms of intercontinental
hotels and resorts, both factors are helpful for company in accordance to the different situations
and levels.
Short term vs. Long term Orientation: This dimension depicts the perspective of society which
is long term orientation focus on the future which leads to delay any small success in context of
attending long term success. On the other hand short term put in faces on upcoming future and

always include nearby success is it focus on the quick result. in terms of intercontinental hotels
and resort, they can consider both in accordance of the demand of situation and objectives.
Restraint vs. Indulgence: This type of culture describe the tendency of people in regard of
fulfilling the demand is it circulate around the society and also control them with their intense
decisions (Lindebaum and Geddes, 2016). Meanwhile indulgence describe that people allows
them free gratification which is related with the enjoyment of life as restraint describe that
people suppresses gratification for their requirement and consider the social norms. In relation of
intercontinental hotels and resorts in the agents is far better as it helps in determining the
behaviour of society for their success factor.
Organisational power describe the competence which influences the behaviour of
subordinates and also keep them in control. The term power is helpful in in altering in modifying
the behaviour of subordinates which influences their desired goals and for this various powers
are discussed as under:
Reward Power: This kind of power influences the ability of employees by providing them
suitable appreciation as it divided under two categories it is financial and nonfinancial and both
of the term helpful for them in enhancing the moral and motivation level of workforce which
leads to increase their productivity (Castille, Buckner and Thoroughgood, 2018). Intercontinental
hotels and resort opt this power then it positively impact their actions of employees moreover it
also has negative impact as because of this employees get demotivated by not getting any sort of
reward.
Coercive Power: This kind of power is just opposite to reward as hairs supervisor influences of
forces their work force to perform particular task in specific period of time as they pressurises
them which leads to misbalance their work life (Lee and et. al., 2019). In this power higher
authorities plays an important role in the might misuse there power which tends to develop
insecurity among employees regarding the job. If intercontinental hotels and resort opt this
power that totally negatively impact the performance of employees as employee gets
demotivated.
By determining the above discussed information it is analysed that reward power is best
suited for intercontinental hotels and resort as many of the times it is useful in encouraging and
enhancing the moral of employees as because of them subordinates work with their potential

which leads to improve their efficiency and effectiveness level and which is beneficial for
organisation too.
Organisational politics is considered as the self serving behaviour by which employees
are quite able to improve their profitability in order to obtain positive result within an
organisation. For this, it influences the individuals in order to serve their personal interest with
any sort of regard to impact organisation itself. Politics plays an important role in order to
motivate and demotivate the overall performance of employees as if employers or supervisors
misuses their power and authority then it leads to negatively influences the behaviour of
employees (Devece, Palacios-Marqués and Alguacil, 2016). Meanwhile, it is useful in positively
influences the behaviour and for this, employers support their employees in more effective
manner and also involve them in the decision making process of company.
TASK 2
P2.
Motivation term is useful in defining that how the leaders will encourage their subordinates
which leads to develop their efficiency level and performance is this factor influences employees
to work in a systematic manner with their full potential (Tasselli, Kilduff and Landis, 2018). In
relation with intercontinental hotels and resort Their employees are more important and worthy
for them and they do most possible things in order to retain them for the longer period of time.
For this few motivational theories are discussed as under:
Content theory: It describe the human needs and their concerned uncertainty regarding their
requirements. Regarding this in order to encourage employees various theories are used that are
beneficial for workforce in developing motivation level which tends to to improve their
performance which is encouragement is an inner feeling which influences individuals to work in
an effective manner (Secchi and Neumann, 2016). This theory include menu primary factors
which are considered as the basic needs within the life of an individual such as clothes food
shelter and many more. In relation with intercontinental hotels and resort two motivational
theories are discussed which they can opt in order to motivate Their employees: Maslow theory: This theory e is considered as the most traditional theory in order to
motivate employees as it defines the particular needs of individuals at the different phases
of life. It is also helpful for intercontinental hotel in order to examine the positive

requirements of their employees and how to inspire them to move from one requirement
to another. Is it include five key factors which are as follows:
Physiological: It is considered as the basic need it is useful in the survival of an individual as a
describe food shelter and many more which is useful in satisfying the psychological needs and
give satisfaction to employees. In respect of this the basic objective of an individual is to fulfil
these requirements to satisfy and motivate them self. In relation with Intercontinental hotels and
resorts, this element is useful in providing satisfaction to employees regarding their basic needs
that are food, cloth and so on.
Safety: It is the second step of hierarchy once the psychological needs are achieved then
individual comes on the safety needs which describe and related with their job and concerning
security. As here employees are more tensed regarding their job security because they want
satisfaction in their life it is concerned with their jobs and if they have it then it leads to improve
their performance and productivity automatically (Gagné, 2018). In context of Intercontinental
hotels and resorts, they provide job security to their employees that is useful in developing
satisfaction in them regarding their job which leads to enhance their performance and
productivity.
Social: This need describe those requirements that are concerned with love and affection and to
fulfil them individuals mood towards this need in order to seek satisfaction. For this if employee
feel being loved within an organisation then this feeling leads to improve the performance and
encourages them to work in an effective manner. In terms of Intercontinental hotels and resorts,
their managers can fulfil it by showing love, affection and respect towards their employees as it
leads to motivate their behaviour and performance.
Esteem: These needs are come after all the above discuss it needs as describe the achievement of
esteem needs which consider confidence power recognition self respect and so on. These needs
are determined by an individual after the fulfilment of social needs as here they feel the sense of
power our in being confident regarding their achievements (Wilson, 2017). In regard of
Intercontinental hotels and resorts, their employees develop self respect that is useful for them to
maintain their profitability and sustainability.
Self-actualization: These needs are beyond above all the discussed needs and considered as the
final need which defines the analysis of potential and competence of of employees itself full stop
as it is concerned with the enhancement of intrinsic competencies which are used and different

situations in real life. At this need, employees of Intercontinental hotels and resorts analyse their
overall achievements that is useful for them. Herzbergs' two factor theory: It is considered is the behavioural theory which is useful in
motivating employees as it leads to satisfy their needs regarding the various job factors
and also protect them from being dissatisfied. This theory has two basic factors which are
discussed as:
Hygiene factor: This factor is considered as the most negative factor as it is useful in motivating
the employees for long period. Because of the lack of this factor, dissatisfaction is developed
among employees is it include pay benefits, compensation company policies and so on (Hobfoll
and et. al., 2018). In relation with International hotels and resorts, they provide concerning pay,
benefits and compensation to their employees which is useful in motivating employees in order
to boost their performance which is useful in enhancing and improving their overall performance
and productivity.
Motivational factor: It is considered as the positive factor which tends to develop satisfaction
among employees and also useful in enhancing their performance. It include many factors like
responsibility growth promotion opportunity and many more. In terms of Intercontinental hotels
and resorts, they offer growth opportunities to their employees in terms of rewards and
recognition that are intangible which is useful in motivating their employees and boosting their
overall productivity.
Both the above discussed Herzberg's factors are useful in enhancing the effectiveness of
employees and also boost their performance and morale which tends to improve their
competencies and skills and influences them from inside to work in an effective manner.
Process theory: It is described as the most prominent theory as it represent that company need to
introduce changes and make modifications in their policies for the enhancement and
development of organisation. Moreover it putting braces on the psychological process which is
useful in in encouraging employees. This theory is useful at the time of introducing changes and
in relation with intercontinental hotels and resort their managers could use this theory in order to
achieve their determined objectives and goals. It include various theories with it which are as
follows: Equity theory: It defines that individuals of an organisation are treated in an equal
manner apart from their gender age and other concerning factors. In relation with

intercontinental hotels and resorts their managers make sure that this theory is opted in an
effective manner including equality and discipline and all the employees are treated in an
equal manner which leads to improve their success rate (Becker and et. al., 2016). It is the
basic responsibility of manager to encourage and appreciate Their employees which helps
them in earning their trust for the betterment of company. In relation with
Intercontinental hotels and resorts, by opting this theory it is useful in maintaining
equality within an organisation which tends to improve the overall performance of
employees and also achieve desired goals and objectives on time.
 Goal setting theory: It put emphasis on developing the standards which is useful in
clarifying the confusion from the mind of employees. It is useful in explaining the goals
and objectives regarding the completion of task at the particular period of time. For this,
managers of intercontinental hotels and resort need to consider this theory as it useful in
enhancing the motivation level of employees by clarifying them their expected goals and
objectives which leads to maintain the work life and stress level of employees (Kim,
Eisenberger and Baik, 2016). If intercontinental hotels and resorts opt this theory to
motivate employees then it tends to improve the overall effectiveness by setting desired
and effective goals that is useful in improving overall performance.
By considering the above discussion it is analysed that both of the theories are useful for the
organisation in order to improve and motivate Their employees in a proper manner. These
theories are needed to be executed in effective manner as it leads to improve their efficiency
because motivation reflects the achievement of employees.
TASK 3
P3.
A team is defined as the combination and unit in which many individuals work in a
collective manner in order to achieve common goals and objectives. A team should be
Cooperative and coordinator which leads to fulfil the basic requirements of team and avoid the
chances of conflicts (Johns, 2018). A team is made up of minimum two or more members with
the collective purpose and in that their individual purpose is also included which leads to achieve
goals and objectives in a specific period of time.

Effective team is the basic concept of every company because it takes many small factors to
developer team. A team is considered as an effective team when it fulfil its purpose behind the
development of team and for this various features of effective team are as:
 Clear goals: Every team has a goal which is described after the development of team
among all the members of team in order to achieve desired result in an appropriate
manner. Proper communication: In order to developer team effective communication is important
as because of this expected targets are defined and described in an effective manner and
communication should be flexible as it revolves in all the directions (Joo and Jo, 2017).
Ineffective teams are quite opposite to effective teams because team of employees does not co-
operate with each other and also they are not comfortable with them full stop after all this it
needs to destroy the purpose of developing a team which is not fulfilled and team gets failed
which hinder and delays in the achievement of objective of company.
By considering this there are many team development theories which are developed by
many researchers and can be used by intercontinental hotels and resort such as tuckman theory,
which is used to develop an effective team as it put emphasis on the forming of team till the
achievement of task and also tackled it from the beginning. This theory has four steps which are
as follows: Forming: This step is considered as the development and formation step in which teams
are developed and work is delegated to employees by leaders and managers and also
describe their independent work to them because every employee does not know each
other. In this some employees are quite polite and some are anxious who does not
understand the situation (Borkowski, 2016). At this stage cooperation and coordination is
quite low among employees because of sudden change. For this the team managers of
intercontinental hotels and resorts plays an important role in order to clarify unclear
objectives and goals to their employees. This factor is quite manageable only when
suitable theories are adopted bi leader as it leads to bring cooperation in organisation. Storming: In this step, team goes through various storm such as conflict and confusion
among the team and team members. Because of the confusion and conflicts most of the
team gets fail and employees does not provide their opinions because their working style
is different from other employees and they start frustrating from each other (Chen, Chen

and Sheldon, 2016). In intercontinental hotels and resorts the leaders have to be very
patient in different situations and also make their possible efforts to resolve issues and
also provide good working environment to their employees. Norming: This step is considered as friendly and cooperative because here employees are
start knowing each other and also try to resolve the differences with the help of
communication and provide better ideas to each other in order to perform in an effective
manner and also attend common objectives. Moreover they start developing trust and for
this leaders of intercontinental hotels and resort can take step back and leave few
responsibilities on the shoulders of their team members to attain the team goal.
 Performing: It is considered as the last step as here team starts performing well by
knowing each other personality and behaviour and also analyses what is expected out of
them and what is the culture of organisation in order to attain desired goals and objectives
(Kanfer and Chen, 2016). For this day have clarity regarding the purpose of team which
is useful in supporting their actions like procedure structure which leads to work together
in proper direction. For this, the manager of intercontinental hotels and resort need to
delegate suitable amount of work to their team and put emphasis on the development of
team in order to improve their effectiveness.
TASK 4
P4.
Organisational behaviour defines the analysis of human behaviour and personality which
relies on the various concept and also put braces on the working man of employees. To analyse
the behaviour of employees intercontinental hotels and resorts the use path goal theory as it is
useful in describing the specific goals it helps in motivating employees (McShane and Glinow,
2017). This is useful in offering direction and guidance regarding their career path which leads to
develop employees and make them more productive. By considering this theory leaders can opt
particular behaviour which is best suited for employees and also matches them with the
requirements of the working conditions full stop in order to identify the achievements of
company four parts are described as under: Directive: It defines that leader guides and provide direction to their followers regarding
their expectations describe that what to do how to do and managing their task. this part is

helpful only when employees are not sure regarding their work and uncertainty element
which is present with their work. To manage teams in an effective manner leaders of
intercontinental hotels and resorts will direct their employees and also clear them that
what is expected from them and how they need to perform it (Lindebaum and Geddes,
2016). This theory is effective for the newly recruited employees as it is considered as the
initial stage in which employees are unaware regarding their work and also need the
guidance of a leader. By considering this approach, this situation step is best suited for
new and freshly recruited employees who need proper support in order to enhance their
overall performance with proper guidance and support. Supportive: Here, leaders make suitable targets and objectives which are quite achievable
for them and also show that the care for their employees and treat them in friendly
manner. For this the nature of leader should be e friendly and supportive regarding their
employees and also influences them to achieve expected results (Castille, Buckner and
Thoroughgood, 2018). This method is best suited in those conditions in which task and
allocated work is quite tough for employees and they need proper guidance and support
to accomplish the project. for this the role of leaders of intercontinental hotels and resort
is to guide their team members when they face complex situations. In relation with this
step, it is more effective as when employees need support to perform their specific job
role which is useful in boosting morale of employees and improving their performance. Participative: In this leaders of company e include Their employees it is useful in
increasing the performance of workforce full stop for this leaders consider their team
members in the decision making process as it helps them boosting the moral of
employees because they feel more important and worthy within an organisation (Lee and
et. al., 2019). For this they behave in a friendly manner and also ask them to provide
suggestions and opinions and this part is useful only in the situations in which employees
are highly experienced and trained. By considering this situation, it is best suited only
when managers involve their employees in decision making process as it helps in making
feel them worthy and important that leads to enhance their performance.
 Achievement: According to the step employees think that their leaders are getting tough
for them and setting complex standard for them in order to examine their skills full stop
as it put negative impact on the frame of mind of employees because they get demotivate

regarding the work because they think that they do not of work without any direction of
leader and from the viewpoint of reader they show extra trust and faith in their employees
which can become worse for both company and workforce (Devece, Palacios-Marqués
and Alguacil, 2016). It is best suited in those conditions in which employees are belong
from professional background such as technical sales production and so on. In relation
with intercontinental hotels and resorts this step is useful in management department and
other professional sections of organisation. It is beneficial for the organisation and in
order to motivate the staff of intercontinental hotel as the staff if of proactive nature they
are looking for new opportunities and challenging situations for increasing their
knowledge and skill sets. The employees are encouraged to face new challenging
situations and performing in more effective manner, in order to enhance their personal
and organisational performance and maximize company's profits.
CONCLUSION
Thus, it is concluded that organisational behaviour is useful in order to study the overall
performance of employees that is useful in improving and boosting the performance of
employees. In relation with this, prominent theory to determine culture is opted which is useful
in for company to provide effective working conditions for their employees. Moreover,
organisational power and politics is discussed that is useful in depicting effective power
according to the working conditions of employees. Moreover, various theories are used that is
helpful in influencing the behaviour of employees and enhances their overall performance.
Lastly, effective teams are discussed and to form it tuckman theory is used and also use path goal
theory to determine the effectiveness of each step with the help of situations.

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