Organizational Behavior and Leadership Theories

This assignment requires an in-depth analysis of various organizational behavior theories, including the Maslow hierarchy of needs and path goal theory. It also examines the role of leadership, motivation, and job redesign in organizational settings. The task involves identifying key concepts, explaining their significance, and providing examples or illustrations to support the discussion.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
LO1 Influence of Culture, Politics and Power on Organisational behaviour.........................1
LO2 Evaluate how to motivate individual and teams to achieve a goal. ..............................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................9
LO3 Effective team vs ineffective team ................................................................................9
LO4 Concepts and Philosophies of Organisational behaviour.............................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is study of performance of individual as well as group. This is related
to control on behaviour of humans in context of humans. In this report for better understanding
of Organisational behaviour, Waitrose Limited is taken. Waitrose Limited is a British company
which deals in retail supermarket of UK. This report will consist of culture, power & politics of
Waitrose Limited. Report will highlight that how Waitrose Limited motivate employees as well
as group to achieve organisational goal. Report will lay emphasis on effective and ineffective
team. Tuckman theory will be explained in the report. After that concepts of behaviour of
organisations will be discussed(Brown, and Capozza, 2016). Also, organisational philosophies
will be explain with help of path goal theory in the report.
TASK 1
LO1 Influence of Culture, Politics and Power on Organisational behaviour
Influence on culture by Handy's model
Power culture
The person which has the highest authority has maximum power. These organisations are
generally flat organisational structure. Employees in these kinds of organisations are judged by
their achievements. Although distribution of power is very low in these organisations but degree
of cooperation is very high. It creates an Autocratic environment which is not suitable for
Waitrose Limited.
Role culture
The organisations who follow role culture is based on rules. These organisations are highly
controlled by everyone in the organisation. Power is owned according to role assigned to an
individual. This type of organisation is less cooperative and low power distributed as well. This
culture is suitable for Waitrose Limited because they assign different roles to individuals like,
sales head, marketing head, distribution head, etc(Trépanier, 2015). But company doesn't follow
this culture because this negatively affects cooperation of any organisation.
Task culture
The organisations follow this culture formulated temporary teams to address specific problems or
performed task. Employees are experienced and professionals in the teams. The power is
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distributed according to teams. So, these organisations have highly distributed power also these
kinds of organisations are very cooperated and this culture is followed by Waitrose Limited.
Person culture
In this culture, the individual gave priority to themselves rather than organisation. Individuals
come to organisation to satisfy individual needs. Organisational goal is not a priority for
individuals. These kinds of organisations are Highly people oriented. Therefore, there are high
power distribution among persons. As they are concentrated to fulfil individual goal and less
concerned for organisational goal. The cooperation level is very low among these organisations.
This culture is not suitable for an organisation who deals with retail like, Waitrose Limited
because these organisations are more concerned towards achievement of target rather than satisfy
individuals. So, this culture doesn't follow by Waitrose Limited(Pentland,Hærem,2015).
In the organisation like Waitrose Limited, which is a supermarket chain of UK follows task
culture. As task culture is formulated keeping in mind the assigned task and teammates have to
complete their respective task. The teams formulated in Waitrose Limited, is a group of
individuals who is experienced in their fields as well as they are professionals. Waitrose Limited
formulated teams regarding sales task, distribution task, and also teams formulated for
development of new products.
Task culture offers Waitrose Limited a perfectionist in their given task. Thus, they are gaining
competitive advantage through this culture and giving a tough competition to TESCO and
Sainsbury's(Graham,Ziegert,Capitano,2015).
Influence of Politics
Personal factors
In these factors, individuals working in an organisation is more concerned towards their
achievement and they are least interested in attainment of organisational goal. Employees of
Waitrose Limited are less interested in satisfying their individual needs. They trust the
organisation and work hard for the attainment of goals of Waitrose Limited. The employees
believe that for an individual success attainment of organisation goal is must. Waitrose Limited
offers various incentives and benefits to their employees do that they stay concentrated towards
the company.
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Decisional factors
The decisional factors include the decisions regarding organisation which is affected by
employees working in the organisation. Employees for their benefit influence the decisions like
decision regarding sales target or for getting commissions from other suppliers by which
organisation need to suffer for bad quality material(Brown, and Capozza, 2016). The employees
of Waitrose Limited are categorised in different teams and that is why they do not influence in
decision-making of any department(Trépanier, 2015). They only concerned in successful
accomplishment for their task and decision-making is done by team members. Thus, there is very
less possibility from influence of decisional factors.
Structural factors
Structural factors deals in flow of orders in hierarchy, authority among supervisors and
delegation of responsibilities among employees. Every organisation structures themselves
according to their type of business. Waitrose Limited a retail supermarket company follows
departmental distribution in which head of department pass orders with delegation of
responsibilities among individual of same department and individual have to accomplish the
responsibility assigned to them because they are answerable regarding it. So, there is no
influence of any lower authority in the working of higher authority people. Therefore, Waitrose
Limited less influence by structural factors.
Organisational factors
These include internal as well as external factors that influence working of an organisation.
Similarly, organisation like Waitrose Limited get affected by various factors (government
regulations, competitors, threat of new entrants and many more). Thus, Waitrose Limited need to
deal with all these factors for the efficient and smooth functioning. Waitrose Limited affected by
these factors like internal information of company disclosed by a corrupt employee to
competitors. These influence from politics affect the working of Waitrose Limited.
Waitrose Limited is a British supermarket company which is popular in all over UK. Thus, they
need to maintain their working. Some factors affect their functioning like organisational factors
which includes competitors, new entrants and government regulation(Pentland,Hærem,2015).
Also, decisional factors affect the company's working because workplace politics delays or
mislead the decisions taken by authority. But it is good for organisation that there is no
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involvement of personal benefits among employees of Waitrose Limited which leads to better
functionality than those organisations whose employees are concerned for their own benefits.
Influence of Power by French and Raven theory
Coercive Power
This kind of power is suitable for organisations which is following an Autocratic environment. In
Coercive power employees will are not considered. They just need to followed the orders given
by their bosses. The coercive power is not followed in retail industry sectors like TESCO,
Waitrose Limited(Graham, Ziegert,Capitano,2015). Because this depletes the profitability of the
company and increase turnover. Also, this power leads to conflicts between employee-employer.
Reward Power
In this type of power, company ask about wants of employees and in order to satisfy their want
the offer some task which need to accomplished by employee. Waitrose Limited offers raise in
income, promotion and increment for the employees and to accomplish these want they work
hard towards their goal. Which leads to profitable for both, employees get promotion or
incentives and company achieved their organisational goals.
Legitimate Power
This power is only suitable for persons who holds certain roles like senior authority, head
manager or CEO. Employees generally follow their orders because of their power to punish or
terminate. Waitrose Limited doesn't follow this power because they don't want to pressurise their
employees.
Referent Power
This power includes a person who is very attractive and intelligent. Whose personality affects
every person and act as a role model for employees. This kind of person can be present in any
organisation which holds leadership quality to understand and make people work accordingly.
This power is not based on role or authority assigned(Trépanier, 2015). The referent power is
followed by every organisation and Waitrose Limited also follows this power.
Expert Power
Every organisation for smooth functioning and perfection follow this power. As the organisation
Waitrose Limited hires expertise for every department to guide team members of different
department of the company. This power is beneficial for the company because the members get
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proper guidance which lead to efficient task completion. Resultant they achieve organisational
goal.
Waitrose Limited is a company which takes care of emotions and morale of their employees.
Therefore, company follows only reward power for employees. This increases productivity of the
company as well as motivates employees to work hard(Pentland,Hærem,2015). By this
individual goal as well as organisational goal both will be achieved. So, this is the best power for
Waitrose Limited to follow.
LO2 Evaluate how to motivate individual and teams to achieve a goal.
The organisational goal of Waitrose Limited accomplish with the efforts of manages and
employees both. The managers do a lot of effort to satisfy need of individuals working in the
company and in return they work hard to achieve goals of Waitrose Limited. They follow content
and process theory to motivate individual as well as team(Brown, and Capozza, 2016). This well
be discussed below as :
Content theories
Content theory describe that how the human needs change within a time, and this theory use the
different models to explain the change of human needs.
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Illustration 1: Maslow hierarchy of needs
Source- (Maslow hierarchy of needs,
2013)

Maslow's hierarchy need
Maslow's hierarchy needs is a motivational theory that define that how the employee get
motivated in different levels. There are five levels of motivation psychological needs, safety
needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization need.
Psychological need
Psychological needs is biological necessity for people survival like food, drink, clothing, house,
sleep, warmth etc. Wait rose is a big retailer firm in British market(Graham, Ziegert, and
Capitano, 2015). So Company have more focus on their employee needs. They provided the
basic needs to their employee like shelter, food, clothing etc. so employee get motivated or help
to company for increasing the production or sale.
Safety need
Waitrose Limited provided the safety to their employee on a workplace. Medical facility, they
follow the health and safety act (display screen equipment) regulation 1992 the act help to
employee from suffering and injuring at work with machinery such as heavy machinery, etc. also
company provide every 2 year health check up facility to their employee. So which is help for
company to increase the motivation in their employee and they work hard for company
expansion(Van Knippenberg, and Hogg, 2018).
Social needs
Social needs is defined a good relationship among the people at working place. Waitrose Limited
increase the motivation to their employee to addressing their culture and increase the self
belongingness. Company can realize the feeling to their employee that company are working for
you, and employees are the important for the company so this is help to increase the motivation
to their employee and help to reduce the turnover and increase the sale.
Esteem needs
Waitrose Limited are used the different strategy to increase the good relationship or trust with
the employee. They provide the surety about the job so which is increase the motivation of
employee. And take the responsibility, provided the job opportunity to their employee giving the
promotion, transferring which is help for increasing the motivation of people.
Self actualization need
Self actualization means realize the personal potential. Wait rose is fulfils the all needs to their
employee that means employee are doing the work accordingly. So employee are realized that
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they doing work properly so it is also increased the motivation of employee(Graham, Ziegert,
and Capitano, 2015). Because they know that they have a potential for work and they get
motivated to increase the performance for better future.
Process theory
Process theory is influence the behaviour of the human which is help for entity to increase the
motivation of employee. By the use of different theory that affect the business growth. And
theory are defined that how to use different strategy to increase motivation in the employee
Vroom expectancy theory
Theory defines that company can use the different strategy to increase the performance of
employee by provide the different opportunity. So employee change their behaviour and get
motivated.
Putting more efforts to increase the performance of company
 Waitrose Limited using the different idea to increase the performance of the company
they can provide the benefit like bonus, incentives, promotion, transferring, rewards etc.
so employee can enhance their work and get motivates about the work or increase the
performance(Van Knippenberg, and Hogg, 2018). And which is affect the turnover of
the company that increase the sale or production of firm.
 Provide the training to their employee for easily use the different equipments which is
help for company to improve the performance of their employee with help of training
facility. So employee have easily obtained the technology and create a good performance
that reflect the company turnover. That help to improve the quality of product. So
Waitrose Limited is distributed the best quality product to their customer. So training is
the best idea to improve the performance of the company and also increaser the
motivation of employee that they can knowledge about the new technology.
 Provide the continues positive feedback to the employee. So employee know that their
performance is good. And also feedback is help to increase the motivation to the
employee. Waitrose Limited is always provided the feedback like telling to employee
“you did a great job” always give complement to their employees so this is increase the
motivation and employee are happy with their work(Brown, and Capozza, 2016). So that
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company reduce their turnover and increase the growth of the company by enhance the
production.
 Appraise the employee on publicly. Waitrose Limited appreciate or encourage their
employee. And they celebrate the employee of the month which is help to company to
increase the motivation in the employee by appraising, rewards etc. Praising the
employees in front of publicly help to increase motivation for their performance.
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TASK 2
LO3 Effective team vs ineffective team
Types of organizational teams
There are various types of teams in an organisation. These will be discussed below as:
Functional team
Functional team is a permanent there in no changes in the team. Waitrose is make the functional
team to manage the employee and manager of the team is responsible for manage the employee
performance. The department have one leader that organize the team. And all member have a
different responsibility.
Virtual team
Virtual team means include the employee who works the different time, location, culture.
Waitrose manage the employee to use the virtual team they can manage the employee in
different time like different hours, shifts etc.(Pentland, and Hærem, 2015). Or different location
when they need. So they can mange the work properly and distribute the employee accordingly.
Problem solving team
A problem solving team is only for temporary requirement. And team is focus on solving a
specific problem so. Waitrose have make the problem solving team which is help to solve the
specific problem of the company. When the problem is solved so team motive is also achieved.
And in this team employees are experience or they have knowledge about the trend so they help
to company for solve the problem.
Operational team
Waitrose have make the team that complete the other work that manage by operational
team(Pentland, and Hærem, 2015). That An operational team deal with supporting other types of
teams. It is formed to make sure that all management processes go smoothly.
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Effective or ineffective differentiate
Effective team is far different from ineffective team. Here are some basis taken as attributes to
differentiate effective team from ineffective team.
ATTRIBUTE EFFECTIVE TEAM INEFFECTIVE TEAM
Working
environment
Team indulges in effective teams
are Good environment better
management, Comfortable or
reliable.
Team indulges in ineffective team is
not much good and simultaneously
bored.
Communication These teams understand to
teammates well and all decisions
are clear define by the team
manager to the team member.
Communicate to all the team me
there is no chance of
misunderstanding
These kinds of teams are not clearly
define. Increase misunderstanding
due to lack of communication. Not
the clear information about the work.
So there are many issues regarding
the misunderstanding.
Decision making Effective team is usually good in
decision making. They focus on
the data or analysis the data by
using the different strategy(Miner,
2015). And effective management
formal voting is decided the kept
to decisions but main decision is
decided by the manager of team
Ineffective team is not good in
decision making. They make the any
decision by the team members for the
formal voting and they cannot doing
any research regarding the decisions.
Size Team size of such team is 10 to 12
members and one is manager of
the team that manage the work and
take the decisions.
Teams have no fix size. All decision
related to the work taken by the team
member. Now any manager manage
the team
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Waitrose managed their team effectively. That is beneficial for their management system
because effective team is better for increase the performance of the company.
Tuckman theory
Forming
Forming means all the team member are individual in the team. The manager of team is decided
the responsibility of the work so work are manage by the team leader(Schaerer, 2018). Waitrose
follow the forming strategy that means all the team member are done the better work. And they
clear about their work. All members have strong relationship with their team leader. So this is
help for company they can reduce their employee turnover.
Storming
Storming means use the different ideas for improve the growth of the company or increase the
relationship between the employee. So Waitrose limited improve the employee relationship with
the help of this phase call storming. They influence the employee and provide the training for
how to improve the relationship with the others. They distribute the employee in teams so
employees are effectively work in teams. Or they also improve the relationship from doing the
worked together.
Norming
Norming is defined the rules and regulation that follows by the team members and. Waitrose is
defined the rules in the team so all employee are followed the rules according with the company.
So this rules help to company for manage the employee accordingly. When employee are not
followed the rules. So employee have to pay the compensation(Graham, Ziegert, and Capitano, J
2015). So norming is help to company for manage the employee by the rules and different
regulations.
Performing
Performing is described the all performance of the employee means they follow the rules or not
and their work is good or not etc. And as a team all members are doing well or not. Waitrose
limited is use this phase to analyse the performance of employee. Also, focus on the company
goal means employee are doing well and help to increase the performance or also help to achieve
the goal of the company(Miner, 2015).
Adjourning
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In adjourning Waitrose limited is analysed the all task and implement the rules for manage the
team which is help for company that hopefully the task is completed successfully, The purpose
of this phase is implement the all rules and manage the employee so employee are easily
performed and also improve the productions or reduce the labour turnover.
LO4 Concepts and Philosophies of Organisational behaviour
Concept of path-goal leadership theory
Supportive leadership
This leadership style deals with employees in a very friendly and understanding manner. The
leader supports employees and respect them. This leadership is adopted by the company
Waitrose Limited to handle employees personal problem who is demotivated and not able to
perform well. Leaders of Waitrose Limited help those employees in solving their problems and
encourage them to perform their task.
Directive leadership
This leadership style guides employees about the task they need to perform. The leader in
Waitrose Limited gives clear guidelines regarding the process to be followed for accomplishment
of task. Thus, employee able to perform their best. This leadership style is suitable for on new
employees who are not experienced with the working of the company.
Participative leadership
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Illustration 2: Path goal theory
Source: (Path goal theory, 2014)

In this style of leadership, the leader considers ideas and opinions in decision-making. In
Waitrose Limited ideas of employees taken in consideration(Trépanier, 2015). Employees with
specialized knowledge helps the company by offering various suggestions. This helps Waitrose
Limited to build better relationship with their employees.
Achievement-oriented leadership
In this leadership style, leader sets various challenging goals for employees. And expect
employees to work and achieve the set challenging goals. By adopting this leadership in
Waitrose Limited the company found improvement among work of employees and observe
confidence in the employees. Employees with ability to work independently and capacity to
solve various problems are suitable for this leadership style.
The company Waitrose Limited follows all leadership styles. Changing situations make able to
use different leadership style in the organisation. Different leadership styles are followed by the
company encourages employees to work and to achieve group as well as individual goal. The
company attains profitability by using these styles of leadership on right situation.
Philosophies of Organizational behaviour
Waitrose Limited is highly dedicated to its employees as well as they are concentrated towards
their business. There are various philosophies of organizational behaviour which can help them
to accomplish the goals.
Autocratic Model
This model follows in the organisation where boss or the highest authority in the organisation
gives order to employees and employees have to follow their orders. Employees stay loyal to
their boss not to the company(Trépanier, 2015). This model is not suitable for Waitrose Limited
as the company focuses on goal attainment by efficient working not by forcing employees to
work.
Custodial Model
This model follows in the organisation like Waitrose Limited. The highest authority of every
department offers various benefits to employees. Like, bonus, incentives, perks, holiday package
and health care. Because of these benefits in the company, the employees stay loyal towards
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company and not to leaders which is good for company to attain profitability and goal. The
custodial model looks to retain quality people by providing incentives that are meaningful to the
employee.
Collegial Model
In this model, leaders inspires team member that is employees of an organisation towards a big
goal. The Waitrose Limited follows this model when they need to achieve a big sales target, or
distribute products in a huge quantity. The managers of Waitrose Limited prepare employees for
the successful attainment of already set goal(Schaerer, 2018). The employees stay super loyal
towards the company and hence, the Waitrose Limited may able to achieve big targets with the
efforts of their employees.
Supportive Model
The organisations in supportive model, supports employees by motivate them. Waitrose Limited
search for the need of employees that can motivate them. Motivate and inspires the employees by
satisfying their needs. The managers of the company make many efforts to motivate employees
and employees in return accomplish the desired goals. The employees of Waitrose Limited stay
loyal to the company and benefits help the organisation to decrease employees turnover.
The company Waitrose Limited is accomplishing its goals by the efforts of employees. They
follow collegial model to achieve very huge goals of the organisation. Also, they follow
supportive model to support and inspire employees. They make employees about their goals. The
company follows custodial model, so that they can accomplish individual goals of employees as
well as organisational goals.
CONCLUSION
This report concluded about Organisational behaviour of Waitrose Limited. The report was
started by influence on culture explained with Handy's model of organisational culture. Then,
Influence on politics were explained using four different factors. After that influence of power
was explained with French and Raven's theory. Then comes the motivation part which was
explained by content theory by Maslow hierarchical needs theory and process by Vroom
expectancy theory. After that some recommendations were outlined to boost the performance of
Waitrose Limited. Some basis of effective team and ineffective team were mentioned in the
report. Then comes Tuckman theory which includes norming, storming, performing and
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adjourning. After this, the report includes concept through path goal theory. The elements of path
goal theory are supportive, directive, participative and achievement oriented leadership which
was explained in the report At last, philosophies of organisational behaviour were included
which gave a brief information about autocratic, custodial, collegial and supportive model in the
report.
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