Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 P1 Influence of culture, politics and power on organisational context..................................1 M1 Impact of power, culture and politics on individual and teams and performance..........2 P2 content and process theories of motivation.......................................................................3 M2 Influence of theories in behaviour within an organisation...............................................5 D1 Relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that enables teams and organisations to succeed........................................................................................................5 P3 Effective team as opposed to ineffective team..................................................................5 M3 Relevant team and group development theories to support the development of dynamic cooperation............................................................................................................................7 P4 Concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour.....................................................9 M4 Concepts and philosophies of OB inform and influence behaviour in both a positive and negative way.........................................................................................................................10
D2 Relevance of team development theories in context of organisational behaviour concepts and philosophies that influence behaviour in the work place...............................................11 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12 Books & Journals.................................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION Organisationbehaviourisstudyandunderstandingofhumanbehaviourwithin organisation. There are different culture and skills of people working in company so it is important to understand their behaviour in order to create healthy working environment. In this report, chosen organisation here is sainsbury's which is an seconds largest supermarket chain in UK.Thiscompanymainlydealsinsuperstore,convenienceshop,forecourtshopand supermarkets. In this project discussions has been made on following factors, influence of culture, politics and power on other behaviours in organisation (Coccia2014). Process theories of motivation and motivational techniques which enable effective accomplishment of goals. Various concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviours within organisational context has also been evaluated in this project. P1 Influence of culture, politics and power on organisational context Organisation behaviour is a study of human behaviour in an organisation. It is a measure in which interaction of people within organisation have been evaluated. Sainsbury's can apply thistheorytoincreasetheiroverallefficiency.Italsobenefitsthemtomaximisetheir productivity. With the help of various models and philosophies this company can improve their jobsatisfactionresultsandcanmodifytheirleadershipskills.Themainaimbehind organisational behaviour is to develop strategic approach in managing employees. Culture is defined as how things are done in any organisation. Kinds of attitudes prevailing in any company is known as culture. In sainsbury's there are some beliefs and behaviours of some culture that are mentioned below: Role culture:In this culture every individual in an organisation has defined their job roles and responsibilities. This type of culture is generally found in government organisation. In sainsbury's this culture plays an effective role by help their management to clearly define every person role and jobs. This will benefit them to make their decision making and risk tasking skills effective. Task culture: This culture is very flexible and result oriented (Christina and et. al 2014). This culture is mainly formed to solve any particular problem or task. With the help of this 1
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culture sainsbury's provide benefit to their employees by having an ability to develop their own objectives while performing a task or project. Power:Power is an important factor in business. It helps in governing decisions. In this culture there are few rules and procedures. In this employees are judged on the basis of their results. In sainsbury's power culture plays their role by concentrating power among few individuals. With the help of this culture leaders can take few powers in their hand as a decision maker. This culture benefits leaders of this company to motivate their subordinates in best way. This cultural benefits management of sainsbury's to have ability to react quickly. Person Culture:In this culture every individual in a company believe themselves as an superior to business. In sainsbury's there are various people who have similar background and skills. In this culture employees do those activities in which they are good. This culture help company to benefit their workers to enhance their skills and expertise (Hashim, J. and Wok, S.. 2014). In context of thissupermarket chain store, task culture is suitable as it focusses on specialising in various tasks thereby achieving efficiency in operations. Power and politics affect thefunctioningofanorganisationandemployees.Forinstance,powerculturehelps organisations in their decision making process and benefits an employee to examine their role in the organisation. Whereas, with the help of role culture organisation can effectively assign every task to their employees. Power:Power is an ability of an individual to influence other to perform task and activities. It is important in an organisation to achieve pre determined goals and objectives. Power generally comes form top management and then filters down. Insainsbury's managers effectively use their power to make appropriate decision to issue order to their subordinates. Politics:Organisational politics means different types of activities that are use to influence company and personal interests. Politics carry many negative effect in organisation. Therefore, is essential for leaders to make themselves aware about political tactics anddefend themselves form all those negative activities. M1 Impact of power, culture and politics on individual and teams and performance Impact of power :Power impact on individuals and teams in an remarkable manner. Managers and leaders in Sainsbury's can provide effective powers to their employees and teams 2
and monitor their performance in regular way. As if, employees can use this power in negative wayandperformtheirtaskwithoutconsultingtotheirsuperiors.Therefore,itisbasic responsibility of company management to provide proper knowledge base to their every individual and teams. This will benefit them to increase their job performance and quality for work done by them. Impact of politics:Politics in organisation can hamper performance of individual and teams or can make them uncomfortable to perform their day-to-day functions. Hence, it is essential for Sainsbury's managers to implement expertise tools to make effective relationship among employees in generate positive working environment in their working culture. This will benefit them to increase effectiveness of teams and employees and increase profitability of company. Impact of culture:Culture affect individual and team as well as their performance because different backgrounds people will have their own attitude, perception and they may face difficultyinworkingwithpeopleofvariousbackgroundswhichwillalsoeffcettheir performance. P2 content and process theories of motivation Motivation is an effective technique through which leaders and managers can enhance performance of their employees in order to achieve company goals. Organisation can implement various effective measure to In this context, there are some content and process theories which helps Sainsbury's in achieving their goals and objectives. Some content and process theories for increasing efficiency of a business entity are: Content theory: Content theories of management mainly deals with changes in human needs or wants in accordance with change in time. In this regard, it will help Sainsbury's in motivating its employees towards achieving their goals and objectives (Mester and et. al., 2018). Hergberg's theory of motivation In this theory, Hergberg's stats that there are some job factors which leads in creating job satisfactionamongemployeesandtherearealsosomefactorswhichleadsincreating dissatisfaction among workforce. There are two factors in Hergberg's theory, which are described as below: 3
(a) Hygiene factors: Hygiene factors are those factors which are essential for a business organisation in order to continuously motivate its employees in a dynamic business environment. In this regard it is essential for Sainsbury'sto continuously motivate itsemployeestowardstheir goalsand objectives, which leads in making its workforce efficient in a competitive business environment. These factors includes, pay, company policies, working condition etc. in order to prevent its employees from dissatisfaction (b) Motivational factors According to Herzberg's these factors are termed as satisfiers, which help employees of an organisation in achieving positive satisfaction. In this context, it help organisation in improving performance of its employees in a business environment. These factors include, recognition, sense of achievement, promotional opportunities etc. in order to create healthy competitive business environment in a business organisation. Process theory: Process theory of management deals with how an business changes and develop itself in a continuously changing business environment (Coccia and Cadario 2014). It helps Sainsbury's in getting appropriate outcomes from its employees. Vroom's expectancy theory The main motive behind expectancy theory is to maximise pleasure and minimise pain among workforce of a business organisation. According to this theory, employees performance is basedonitsparticularskills,knowledgeandabilities.Ithelpsthechosenorganisation Sainsbury's in creating job satisfaction among its workforce, which leads in retaining its productivity for a longer duration. There are three variables in this theory which are described as: (a) Expectancy It is a variable which stats that outcome of a employee depends upon its overall performance. In this regard it is essential for employees of Sainsbury's to work harder to achieve their specific goals and objectives. It is also necessary for a business entity to provide appropriate resources to its employees and also effective support to get the job done. (b) Instrumentality It is a variable which stats that if employees perform well then effective outcomes will also received. In this regard, it is necessary for employees of Sainsbury's to have efficient 4
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understanding of relationship between performance and outcomes, which leads in creating productive workforce. (c) Valence It is a variable which is associated by an individual about the expected outcome. In this regard, it helps a business entity in identifying values of employees and their personal, which helps in motivating employees of a business entity towards their goals and objectives. As per the above mentioned report, these herzberg's and vroom's expectancy theory will help organisation in increasing their performance in a competitive business environment. It will also helps staff members in achieving their specific goals and objectives, which leads in improving overall performance of a business organisation. M2 Influence of theories in behaviour within an organisation Vroom expectancy theory and Herzberg theory of motivation has influence behaviour within organisation as it helps employees to do increase productivity as well as profit of Sainsbury's. Whereas company is being recommended to motivate and encourage employees in order to produce effective results from them and increase their efficiency. Moreover they can conduct various training programs to enhance skills and knowledge of employeesthis will lead to better performance of employees. D1 Relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that enablesteamsand organisations to succeed Relationship between these factors helps an organisation to create a pleasant and harmonious working environment within an organisation. When all these factors are running in an effective and efficient manner it will lead to increase in performance of employees. When employees will work dedicatedly t6hey will work hard to achieve goals and objectives of organisation which will lead in earning profit and productivity of a an organisation. P3 Effective team as opposed to ineffective team Insainsbury'sindividualperformtheirtaskinteamtoattainbetterresultsmore effectively (Wong and et. al2015). A team is a diverse combination of different set of individuals who perform a common task to accomplish company targets. Performing in a team is 5
more appropriate to identify strength and weaknesses. There are two types of team effective team and ineffective team that are firmly described below: Effective team: Effective team is that team in which roles and responsibilities are clearly defined to each and every individual. In this leaders clearly described roles of every employees in order to remove conflicts between them. Ineffective team: Ineffective team means in which goals are responsibilities are not mentioned. There are unclear goals in team. There are lack of engagement in this types of team. BasisEffective TeamIneffective Team DefinitionPeopleworkinagrouptoachieve common set of targets are known as team. Inthisgoalsandresponsibilitiesare clearlyauthorisedtoeachandevery individual. In this people have clear set of mission. In sainsbury's there leaders make surethattheyfollowallneeded requirementstoformulateaneffective team. In this team individual usually suffer from lack of common purpose.Thereisalackof engagementinthisteam culture. Moreover in this team rolesandresponsibilitiesare unequally divided. In this team goals are unclear. Power BaseIn this power is shared by all individual andarecontributedamongallteam members. Power is clearly delegated to all individual in sainsbuy's In this there is no major source ofpowerandpoliticking alliance prevail in this type of teamwhicheffectpower distribution channels. MotivationIn this team leaders firstly satisfy basic needsofallemployees.Andadopt variousmotivationtechniqueswhich results in achievement of organisational goals more effectively (Stowell 2014). There are only imposed goals and targets in this type of team. Inthispersonalgoalsare ignored.Inthisindividual achievementismore concernedratherthanteam performance. 6
RewardsRewards are contributed according to contribution and performance of team. In sainsbury'stheirmanagerdeliver effectiverewardslike,promotionsand nonincentivesbenefitstotheir employees. Asinthisindividual performancearemore concernedsorewardsare distributedinnuclearform (Carlos Pinho and et.al,. 2014). ConflictsIn effective teams conflicts usually arise on issues not on people. These conflicts are basically natural and sometimes even helpful.Leadersinsainsbury'shave adoptedvarioustechniquestoresolve conflicts among employees. Inineffectiveteamculture conflictsareusuallyavoided which results in creating bad workingenvironmentfor employees. M3 Relevant team and group development theories to support the development of dynamic cooperation. Belbin's typology:This theory helps to pin-point team strength and weaknesses. In order to identify strength and weaknesses this topology of belbin plays an effective role. It benefits them to achieve their results more efficiently. This topology mainly includes nine roles which includes plant, resource investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator team worker, implementer and completer finisher. This theory helps leaders to manage their team in effective way and distribute every individual with their roles and responsibilities more efficiently. This will benefits individuals who all are working in sainsbury's team to identify their strengths and communicate same with their colleagues and leaders. (a) Plant:In this regard, it is crucial for managers of the chosen organisation Sainsbury's to formulate effective tools and techniques that will helps them in conducting their business activities effectively and efficiently in a competitive business environment. (b) Resource allocators:In this segment, it is necessary for managers of Sainbury's arrange capital, material and manpower that is required to perform a particular task in an appropriate manner. 7
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(c) Co-ordinator:As per this component, it is essential for managers of the chosen organisation to provide appropriate information to its team members, which will help them in achieving their specific aims and objectives. (d) Shaper:In this context, it is important for management of Sainsbury's to assign task to their employees in accordance with their skills and knowledge. (e) Monitor evaluator:In this segment, it is necessary for managers of Sainsbury's to monitor performance of their employees on regular basis in accordance with the assigned task. This will help a business entity in making their workforce more effective and efficient ina competitive business environment. (f) Teamwork:As per this component, it is important for employees of Sainsbury's to work in a team in order to operate their business activities more effectively in a business environment. (g) Implementer:In this regard, it is essential for the chosen organisation to use effective management theories and models in their business activities in order to improve organisational performance. (h) Complete:In this context, it is necessary for the chosen organisation to execute their business activities in effective manner, which leads in giving best in quality goods and services to their customers. These components will help a business entity in developing a effective team, which eventually helps the chosen organisation in enhancing its overall growth and development. Belbin role: Belbin believes that each and every individual posses certain kind of behaviour. It facilitates team culture and relationship between them. Belbin believes that team has a role to behave and contribute with different particular way. Soft and hard communication: It is very important for each and every organisation to make an effective communication strategy to facilitates their business function in effective manner. There are two types of communication skills prevailing in company soft and hard skills. Assoftskillshelpsleadertomaintainaneffectiveteamworkandhelpthemtosolve organisations problem and critical solutions more effectively. In this skill employees are treated as important resource and as an individuals. This skills benefits sainsbury's to put more concentration on their employees needs like motivation and rewards. This skill benefits manager 8
to perform their day-to-day function smoothly. Whereas, on the other hand communication are more goal oriented and specific. With help of this skill managers in sainsbury's can able to achieve administrative attributes more efficiently. Benefits and risk of teams: Team is an association of individualwho are wilfully collected in order to achieve common purpose. With help team it become easier for company to get more effective results. In sainsbury's company make small structure of team for particular project to attain benefits for both employees and organisation itself.Team culture benefit workers to perform in collaboration and achieve their targets with high standards. It helps them to make better solutions and generate more creative ideas. It also benefits company to enhance their production along with team objectives. Whereas, there are some cons and risk in this team culture. As it replaces individual work and talent it also can create more team conflicts which can hamper growth. Different perceptions and team conflict are the main risk in sainsbury's which hinder success path of employee and company. Withhelp of belbin topology it will become more effective for company management to draw proper structure of roles and responsibilities which can help them to make more effective team. Conflict resolution:It is a process in which a manager or leader find an appropriate way to find peaceful solution to any kind of disagreement in workplace. People of different culture, backgrounds, skills and roles are working in a organisation for common purpose. Hence, it is certain that there will be some disagreement arise between them. Dispute can be on any term like, conflicts on financial, political or personal reasons. There are usually many conflicts arise in sainsbury's hence in order to solve these conflicts manager can take use of belbin topology to findbestcourseofactionstoresolvethosedisagreements.Theseconflictsresultsas demotivationinemployeeperformandhampergrowthoforganisation.Therefore,itis responsibility of company management to negotiate those conflicts in suitable way (Agarwal 2014). P4 Concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour Organisational behaviour is a fundamental concept which mainly revolves around nature andbehaviourofindividualwithinorganisation.Therearesomeimportantelementin organisation like, motivated behaviour and value of person, human dignity, organisation social system and mutuality of interests. Organisational behaviour theory can be utilise by company to maximise their and companylevel of output. There are numerous models and philosophies in 9
organisational behaviour with the help of which company can improve their worker job performance, job satisfaction and can promote innovation. Therefore, in order to accomplish desired set of objectives it is responsibility of sainsbury's managers to adopt various tactics like, modifying structure of compensation and evaluation of performance methods. It can benefits company to increase productivity of their workers. Path-goal theory of leadership:Robert house developed this theory which describes manner in which leader can motivates their subordinates in order to accomplish group and company targets. This theory mainly emphasis upon relationship between organisation and employees. Path-goal theory is a leadership theory which helps them to set their work according to standards. This theory benefits sainsbury's company leaders to achieve their goals in effective way. As leader is mainly responsible for motivating workers in order to achieve pre determined goals of company. With help of this theorycompany leader can boost employee motivation. They canestablish clear set ofdirective and personal goals to each and every individual in efficient manner. Also by providing them various benefits and rewards leader can enhance performance of their employees and can attain satisfactory goals (Weng and et. al., 2015). Organisational behaviour formulates effective study of human nature in an organisation. By applying various philosophies sainsbury's leaders can motivate their employees so that they can achieve company goals more effectively. With the help of path goal theory managers can effectively motivate their candidates. In BBC with the implementation of this theory. Leaders can motivate their workers to achieve their goals in according to the company needs and wants. Leaders can also set effective roles and responsibilities to their employees and motivate and guide them towards accomplishment for company goals. M4 Concepts and philosophies of OB inform and influence behaviour in both a positive and negative way There are two concept of organisational behaviour which are nature of people as well as nature of organisation. Nature of people: It can affect people both in a positive as well as negative way because if employees are being motivated they will work hard for promotions which will also increase their performance. Whereas this can create a sense of insecurity among some employees who have being not promoted and their morale will decrease. 10
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Nature of organisation: If codes are being properly followed within an organisation they will run smoothly and will earn more productivity as well as profits. Whereas if an organisation do nopt follow proper ethics then there may be conflicts within an organisationand can create unpleasant environment. D2 Relevance of team development theories in context of organisational behaviour concepts and philosophies that influence behaviour in the work place Team development theories help an organisation to work efficiently within groups. Developing team is important in every company as it helps members to collaborate with each other and coordinate in order to achieve organisational goals. Through ths employees feel motivated and it also creates a friendly environment within a workplace which lead to increase in performance of organisation as well as workforce. CONCLUSION As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that organisational behaviour is a systematic study of human behaviour within organisation. This process help company to evaluate employee needs and work towards in direction to fulfil them. There are various types of culture like role, power and politics prevailing in organisation. With help of various motivational techniques likeHergberg's theory of motivation leaders can motivates their employees to work in effective way to achieve company objectives. Managers need to make sure that they create effective team in their workplace to enhance performance of employees and generate more profitable results for organisation. They can also apply philosophies like belbins topologyto describe strength and weakness of overall team and motivates them to work in appropriate manner. Leaders can also implement path- goal theory in workplace to develop smooth communication between company and workers. By implementing thesevariousmeasures managementcanenhancetheirproductivityandprofitabilityandalsocangeneratejob satisfaction among their workers. 11
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Christina and et. al2014. How organisational behaviour and attitudes can impact building energy use in the UK retail environment: a theoretical framework.Architectural Engineering and Design Management.10(1-2). pp.164-179. Coccia, M. and Cadario, E., 2014. Organisational (un) learning of public research labs in turbulent context.International Journal of Innovation and Learning.15(2).pp.115- 129. Coccia, M.. 2014. Structure and organisational behaviour of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources.International Journal of Services Technology and Management.20(4-6). pp.251-266. Hashim,J.andWok,S..2014.Predictorstoemployeeswithdisabilitiesâorganisational behaviour and involvement in employment.Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal.33(2). pp.193-209. Mester and et. al., 2018. Performance management. Norton and et al., 2014. Organisational sustainability policies and employee green behaviour: The mediating role of work climate perceptions.Journal of Environmental Psychology. 38.pp.49-54. Stowell, F., 2014. Organisational power and the metaphor commodity.International Journal of Systems and Society (IJSS).1(1). pp.12-20. Weng and et. al., 2015. Exploring the impact of transformational leadership on nurse innovation behaviour: A crossâsectional study.Journal of Nursing Management.23(4). pp.427-439. Wong and et. al2015. Spiritual leadership values and organisational behaviour in Malaysian privateinstitutionsofhighereducation.PertanikaJournalSocialSciences& Humanities.23(2). pp.495-507. 13