INTRODUCTION P1 Influence of organisation’s power, culture and politics influence individual and team performance and behaviour TASK 2 P2 Content theories and Process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals in Waitrose TASK 3 P3 Effective team as opposed to and ineffective team TASK 4 P4 Concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour CONCLUSION REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION Organisational behaviour is a process in which study of human behaviour is done on a continuousmanner. This processis done to accomplish organisational goals and objectives in a define manner. With the understanding of individual behaviour an organisations can easily able to accomplish their goals in best effective (Ashenden and Sasse, 2013). In this present case study discussion has been made own Tesco which is a multinational groceries company founded in the year 1919 England, UK. Company offer their products via superstore, Supermarket, convenience shop and hyper store. This report covers organisational power, politics and culture impact on team performance along with on individual behaviour. Numerous content and process theories of motivation have been included in this report. Lastly, effective and ineffective team has been broadly analysed with the help of philosophies of organisational behaviour. P1 Impact of Organisation’s culture, politics and power over team and individual performance Organisationalbehaviourisacontinuousprocesswithinwhichstudyofhuman behaviour is done in an organisation workplace. With the help of these concepts proper evaluation of human behaviour is done with the help of which company can able to motivate their employees in best effective way that lead towards high performance. It also helps in facilitating healthy relationship and further provides opportunity to increase productivity and profitability. Tesco by taking use of handy culture can able to overcome numerous challenges of politics, power and culture along with their impact on employees and organisational functioning. Organisational culture This concept cover value, believes that lead towards providing benefits for an organisation to evaluate workers behaviour in formative way. An organisation is required to analyse numerous factors such as system, organisational value and vision. As to effectively interact with client, stakeholders and various group of individual. Tesco management is taking advantage of handy typology in their working culture as company engaged in the service of retailing industry and offer their products via supermarket in which day offer numerous range of food and other products. Mentioned below and its typology is been described with four components:
Power culture As per according to this authorities that an individual organization. In Tesco superior is a person who holds authority to possess formal rights that lead them towards analysing and judging performance that has been made by employees. Power culture states that power only remains in the hands of few individual and only superiors holds the responsibility to have Tesco formal rights. This benefits Tesco to increase their organisational effectiveness along with their employees’ performance. It further benefits them to maximize their market share range along with profitability (De Vasconcelos, Gouveia and Kimble, 2016). Task culture This culture is mainly in nature and includes different types of flexible activities. By taking advantage of task culture Tesco managers fulfils the organisational requirement to complete a task in a given time period it will further encourage employees to increase their effectiveness and accomplish given task in proper time frame by facilitating collaborative nature that help company to increase their profitability. Role culture Thisculturestatesthathierarchicalbureaucracywithinwhichauthoritiesand responsibilities are allotted to a person that holds formal and define structure. Person culture This culture in handy typology includes different types of formative concepts in which organisations allow each individual to have power that same expertise and knowledge. While holding the poweremployees can easily able to accomplish their process via effective decision making as in this culture task or not delayed as in this power are authorised to each and every individual it will benefits company to proper accomplish work in stipulated time frameand leadtowardsto gainmore profitabilitywhileincreasingtheiremployees productivity. With the help of Handy typology Tesco can effectively able to improve their effectiveness while strengthening decision making process. This further benefits Tesco managers to allot roles and responsibilities to every person by accordance to their background and expertise. Charles handy typology increase organisational quality of operations in a combined manner. Along with, boost in employees performance. It facilitates overall increase in company effectiveness towards moregrowth.
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Impact of culture Culture impacts on organisation in many different ways as it hold numerous forms of elements in it. Major components that are included in culture are behaviour, values and rewards that lead towards impacting functioning of an organisation (Thomson and Van Niekerk, 2012). Thus, Tesco is required to take advantage of Strategies and policies that allow company to offer secure and safe workplace environment to their employees. This will help employees to accomplish their task in a well-defined manner as they feel themselves to be secured mentioned below some of the negative and positive impacts of culture. Positive impact Tesco by taking advantage of healthy culture lead towards strengthening employee performance and further initiate best effective outcomes. Tesco is required to treat all of their employees in an equal manner as to implement equality in their working structure. This helps organisation to have strong functioning culture that lead them towards more productivity and further help workers to effectively increase their working quality which father helps them to increase their overall level of performance. Negative impact Presence of weak culture in a organisation working structure lead employees towards negative performance, that further restrain organisational growth opportunities. Thus, Tesco is required to effectively make sure and evaluate that that culture is not prevailing in their organisational structure as it lead towards creating conflicts and disputes which is main reason for low productivity of company. In order to cope up with this Tesco can take advantage of strategies with the help of which they can implement strong and positive culture that lead towards strengthening their internal and external structure. Impact of politics Bad politics lead towards creating an unhealthy working place. Situation of politics prevailed in an organisation when employees let them engage in manipulative activities in order to increase their own formal power as to gain more productivity ratio (Xerri and Brunetto, 2013). For an example in a team different members are performing their goals for a common objective in this situation a person can take recognisance of other team member that lead towards creating bad working environment and situation of conflicts that not only impact on team performance but also create negative outcomes for company. Thus, with the help of best strategies Tesco can able to overcome bad politics that hampers there as well as employees performance. Positive and negative impact of politics mentioned below:
Positive impact It provides various advantages to a person. In this company is required to offer more rewards and recognition it further helps a person to accomplish goals and targets it in a stipulated period of time. For instance if a person are not able to accomplish their work in a proper time frame then by taking advantage of other individual idea they can accomplish task and take credit for the same for their own benefit. Negative impact Politics is prevailed in an organisation in negative way lead towards creating an bad form of working environment that adversely impact on overall workforce of an organisation. It will further lead towards affecting functioning of an organisation as it lower down employees working productivity margin. Tesco by taking advantage of various strategy can evaluate company culture in best effective way and accomplish policies to overcome bad add politics factors if prevailed Power in an organisation:It is an authority given to an individual that allow them to effectively encourage other organisational individual towards accomplishment of goals in a define manner. Types of power define below in descriptive way: Reward power In this, performance of employees is evaluated by managers of Tesco with the help of which they offer rewards and benefits to them in order to increase their work performance (Wang and Ritchie, 2012). There are different types of reward system that are undertaken by Tesco such as promotion, increase in salary base and bonus with the help of which employees can be effectively encourage towards more productive outcome. It further benefits Tesco to increase their overall effectiveness while gaining more market shares Coercive power As per according to this Tesco managers have authority to punish employees, this can be done in Tesco by a dismissal, Suspension and demotion. Positive impact With the help of numerous form of reward Tesco can able to encourage their employees towards more productive outcomes. While rewarding employees Tesco cannot only increase employees’ efficiency but on the same hand it take company towards more growth prospects. Negative impact Negative power if prevailed in an organisation leads company towards decrease in their overall effectiveness and create bad image of company in a marketplace. Power in a
negative form decreases employees’ loyalty towards organisation that also hampers their workperformancewhichautomaticallyimpactonproductivityandprofitabilityof organisation. From the above explanation there is another model which consist six dimensions that named as Hofstede model of culture, which is explained below: Power Distance Index (PDI):This dimension of culture always exist within each and everyindividualwithoutandwithpower.Whereas,highPDIscorealwaysconsist hierarchical distribution of power, equality in society, equal score and so on. All these things make people effective in front of others. Along with low power always consist flatter organisations and treated equally employees as well as supervisors. Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV):It shows the better strength of people with their communities in a strong way. According to high IDV score includespersonal rewards and compensations for employees or workers. Whereas, Low score consist make unique relationship with different group members in order to collect several rewards and benefits within an organization. Masculinity Versus Femininity (MAS):It always shows the overall distribution within the organisation between female or male. Herein, High score includes strong egos which consist feelings and emotions of people along with their money and achievements in a proper manner. Low score focuses on employees relationship with an organisation along with quality of life. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI):It defines about people anxiety like how they cope up with difficult situations in to the firm. As per the high score people always want more flexible culture in order to express their overall attitude. Whereas low scoremore focuses on overall learning concepts of people so that they can work accordingly. Long Versus Short-Term Orientation:It depends on the time based situation within the organisation. At high score, this can be said that people have positive attitude and more educated. Therefore, these are the short term oriented goals which is generally used by organisation for workforce. Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR):According to this dimension every people enjoy their life within the working environment along with they carry their work in an appropriate manner.Therefore staff members also focused on all over conduct behaviours and social norms as well. In context with Tesco, Hofstede model of culture dimensions is very essential for them to achieve organisational goals and objectives appropriately. With the help of this
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model manager of respective organisation can conduct lots of learning programmes to their employees so that they can achieve goals before time. Additionally by having these sort of dimensions firm can make its employees productive and they can be more responsible towardstheirworkeffectively.Therefore,thismodelinfluenceoverallfunctionsand operations of an organisation in a positive manner. TASK 2 P2 Various motivational theories As to increase efficiency of work different types of theories and techniques can be undertaken by Tesco as it definitely lead towards fulfilling their organisational objectives in well defined manner: Content theory: In this basic requirements that are hold by employees are covered. With the help of these theories Tesco managers can able to evaluate needs and demands of their employees and further offer them benefits. According to that it will lead towards increasing workers productivity content theory includes mentioned below husband is define in descriptive manner: Herzber’s Two –Factor Motivation: FrederickHerzbergcoinedthistheoryinwhichformativeconceptrelatingto employees job satisfaction is covered. Herzberg’s two factor motivation theory is also termed as motivation hygiene theory.This theory is very important for each and every firm in order to motivate several employees within the organisation or firm. By having this sort of theory Tesco is able to give lots of directions to employees. With the help of this employees can feel better and able to gain better advantages within the competitive scenario.Mention below factors of Herzber’s theory: Hygiene Factor: This factor is also termed as dissatisfies and maintenance factor it includes different types of factors that help an organisation to effectively increase employee’s motivation to increase workers performance in a well defined manner.With the help of this factor respectivefirmcan easilydetermineoverallfactorsby whichthey canmotivatesits employees in a proper way. It is very helpful factor for employees, job seekers, individuals who are looking for a job opportunities within the organisation. Apart from this it helps them to take better place by achieving appropriate goals of an organisation.Tesco is required to take advantage of various elements to evaluate that include pay scale, Fringe benefits, job
security etc.By fulfilling these requirements Tesco can able to overcome dissatisfaction feeling within their employees and lead towards more productive outcomes.. Motivational Factor: This factor is also known as satisfiers motivational factor aid Tesco to increase their employeesmotivationandleadorganisationtowardsmoreeffectiveresults.Itisthe responsibility of Tesco managers to evaluate employee’s psychological needs and offer different types of measures related to additional benefits in order to accomplish their desires in well effective manner. It further helps Tesco to gain more promotional opportunity with the help of which they can able to increase organisation and employees productivity in a stipulated manner.Along with this, by having this motivational theory, Tesco is bale to make different types of strategies and techniques by which they can treat every employee equally and able to give better place in the organisation. Therefore, it is very helpful for respective firm to motivate its employees at every level to achieve better objectives in a perfect way. Illustration1: Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation, 2017 Source: Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation, 2017 ERG theory: ERG theory of employee motivation come under content theory of motivation in which major three categories exist that are: Existence needs: In that need all material and physiological needs and desires exist such as food, shelter, air, clothing and many more.In reference with Tesco they always focuses on overall
activities of employees as well as their overall learning concepts by which they can provide better learning concepts to gain better advantages perfectly. By fulfilling sort of needs of employees they can easily exist in the company and works accordingly. Relatedness needs: In that need majorly encompasses social and external esteems that are relationship with others family, friends and with employees. That give feeling of secured to be a part of family or group.In reference with Tesco they always make unique relationship with its employee's in order to treat them as a friend by having coordination they can make unique strategies or tools and able to achieve competitive advantages within the marketplace. Growth needs: In that kind of need consist of esteem and self actualization needs that a person impel to be creative and productive affect on them and their environment for an example self progress. In context of Tesco which evaluate needs and demands of their employees and accordingly plan their each and every activity that helps in giving motivation.With the help of this, Tesco is able to increase their overall workforce by giving lots of opportunities to people so that they can stay at marketplace for long period of time. It will increase their value and overall productivity in front of other customers. So that it will help this firm to increase its growth within the competitive scenario. Process Theory: Inthistheorynumeroussetofmeasuresareanalysedandevaluatedbyan organisations in order to increase and influence their employees to effectively increase their jobperformance.TescotakeadvantageofLockey’stheoryofmotivationintheir organisation working culture: Lockey’s Theory of Motivation: Edwin Locke outlines this theory of motivation which is also known as goal setting theory. As per accordance to this Tesco is required to evaluate all the factors and elements in a well defined manner that are consist in motivation. Along with this they are require analyse challenges for future performance and set goals and objectives in a define manner. It further helps in accomplishment of task in formative manner. Within Tesco managers holds the responsibilities to frame Strategies and policies and communicate the same with employees as to clear organisation vision in order to effectively accomplish company objectives. For this managers are required needs and offered them various motivational factors that let them towards high performance.With the help of different types of theories and concepts
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respective firm has lots of options to fulfil employees needs and wants by giving them huge satisfaction in a proper way. With the help of this they can communicate with each and every employee about various programmes within firm in order to make various policies. All these working policies will attract employees and motivates them towards attaining organisational needs. It will help firm to gain more and more appropriate goals effectively. Equity theory of motivation: In that theory of motivation that come into process theory of motivation in which organisation constantly access level of efforts of fellow workers and accordingly give rewards in perfect manner. They perceive the level of effort and fellow workers and management try to bring equality in efforts for everyone so that employees remain always motivated to give their best. In that context relative rewards always observed and monitored in effective manner. That ultimate message from that theory that managers have to access needs of employees seen as an rewarded on fair basis and inequality should be adjusted in best possible manner. In context of Tesco they management equalise the reward and their performance level to give effective motivation level of employees so that they can give their best in organisational growth and enhancement.As it is helpful for Tesco so, with the help of this they have chance to gain better opportunities in competitive era of market. This theory is totally based on better ideas so that firm can make unique strategies for their potential customers and able to adjust its overall activities appropriately. By providing better ideas and tools in organisation will maximise selling unit of goods and services and make them so attractive properly. Therefore, the main motive of this theory within the Tesco is to gain effective output by applying numerous theories in firm to reach equity. TASK 3 P3 Effective team and ineffective team Team refers to a group of persons who integrate their efforts, time and initiatives together with a view to achieve the stipulated goals and objectives in a timely manner. It becomes necessary for a team to work towards a common goal so that this can be attained by working in a more productive manner (Kazemipour and Mohd Amin,2012). Management team of TESCO develop teams as per the needs and requirements of company. A team can be effective or ineffective based upon its characteristics as mentioned below:- Effective Team:Herein, this team culture aims at allotment of roles and responsibilities of various individuals in a manner such that each and every team member has knowledge of the tasks that they have to perform. This benefits the team at large to accomplish the goals
and objectives timely. Here, the skills, capabilities, knowledge base of personnel are utilised to attain the desired outcomes. Ineffective Team:Within this team culture,roles and tasks are not specifically and clearly stated to members which results in confusion and ambiguity among team members. At times,thisevenleadstoemergenceofconflictsbetweenemployeesaswellasthe organisation. EFFECTIVE TEAMINEFFECTIVE TEAM Effective team is the one where roles, tasks and responsibilities of individuals are clearly defined which assists them inachievingthedesiredgoalsina timely manner. Here,twowaycommunicationsis utilised to facilitate faster exchange of vital information between the members. This team structure makes use of power as well as rewards in accordance with the contribution of individuals within theteam.Thisimpliesenhanced productivity. Here, roles of personnel are unclear and not duly stated which leads to confusion among members and this abstains them from achieving the desired goals in a timely manner. Onewaycommunicationprevails within this team. Ineffective team comprise of reward as well as power shared by a single person. It is essential for the management of a corporation to constantly encourage individuals so that goals and objectives can be achieved in a timely manner (Weng,2015). This fosters them to get engaged in the process of decision making process at workplace. This provides assistance to the organisation to enhance the performance of workforce thereby implying raised organisational productivity. TESCO is a leading retailer of UK that emphasized upon delivery of high quality offerings to customers by building an effective team and utilising their efforts with a view to achieve the desired goals and objectives within the stipulated course of time. Tuckman's theory:
Tuckman's theory was firstly developed by Bruce Tuckman that is one of most effective team development theory in which major factors are as follows: Forming: In that factor to build effective team, team is assembled and task should be distributed inrationalmanner.Inthataspectmembersofteambehaveinrationalmannerand independently. In context of Tesco they to accomplish project in better way distribute tasks and duties in better way to reach at desirable outcomes. Storming: In that phrase team and their members start addressing tasks and duties that suggested to them. Different ideas and concepts should be compete in ascendancy and if that stage manage in badly manner then affect on organisational works and procedures in destructive way. Norming: In that phrase as team moves from storming phrase get involved in harmonious working patterns by following same kinds of practices and regulations that operate in an organisation. In that phrase team members start to trust on each other. In context of Tesco they by giving best working practices get desirable outcomes from their team members. Performing: In that phrase of effective team building they organise each and every activity by giving tasks and responsibilities to every team member. By that phrase each one can give their best efforts to reach at desirable outcomes in best way. According to the above mentioned theory this can be said that, Tesco is really needed to have these sort of stages in its working place. With the help of these steps they can make their work unique and able to build good relations with its potential customers. When Tesco applied all these steps in work then they can get better results and it motivates and lean employees that how they can achieve organisational goals in a particular manner. It helps employees to learn and manage overall activities of business so that they are able to give better performance of towards their work and it maximises value of an organisation perfectly. Balbin's theory: Belbin team roles are very much effective and divides into nine roles that categorised into three main groups that are as follows: Action oriented: In action oriented team roles describe about the roles and responsibilities of each and every person by giving power and authorities that helps an individual to give their best in
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organisational growth and enhancement. In action oriented mainly three kinds of job roles consist that are shaper, implementer and completer finisher that are specific in their nature to achieve organisational goals and objectives in proper way. In context of Tesco in which everyone knows their roles and responsibilities that helps them to give their best. People oriented: In people oriented role that give their contribution in coordinate people by observing their roles and functions in keen manner to get desirable outcomes. In that majorly co ordinators, team workers and resource investigators includes. Thought oriented: Thought oriented people who work as per the individual thoughts and process by combining it with group thoughts and processes to give their best in achieving organisational goals and objectives in proper way. In context of Tesco in their organisation all kinds of people give their services and by assigning them roles in proper manner they gain goals and objectives. In that category majorly plant, monitor evaluator and specialist consist. According to the Belbin's theory it has been analysed that, by having huge employees Tesco is able to make different categories in order to give position as per the employees working level. It helps them to make organisational goals in an effective manner and they also satisfy customer's goals and objectives. By having several types of skills employees have right to think freely and make unique system for company by which they can achieve their goals without any issues at marketplace. TASK 4 P4 Philosophies and concept of organisational behaviour The management team of TESCO is making use of team culture in order to facilitate thecompletion of tasks and accomplishment of objectives. Further, manager of this entity ensures that productivity of employees is as per the requirements of entity so that tasks can be executed in the desirable manner without much variance. To facilitate this, management encourage the participation of all members in tasks.In that organisation the major issue is that they are not able to communicate in effective manner with each other that hinders self interest of both organisation as well as an individual to give their best in effective manner. To resolve that issue organisation evaluate various kinds of theories in which culture, motivation and team building theories that helps in resolve issues that exist in organisation.The workforce is duly encouraged so that they can collectively work for achievement of goals and objectives. Some of the factors that need to be considered in this regard are as follows:-
Integrity: This exhibits the reputation of an organisation. It is imperative for a company to render high quality offerings so as to develop strong market goodwill. Responsibility: It is essential for a manager to stipulate the roles and responsibilities of all individuals ass per their educational and professional backgrounds so that they can work together towards the completion of goals and objectives in a timely manner. This will aid employees as well as organisation to enhance productivity.These factors integrity and responsibility are very important factors that helps in giving right kind of responsibility to right person that helps in eliminate communication gaps that exist within the people. Path goal leadership theory This emphasizes upon a number of aspects of leadership styles. Leaders and managers are needed to motivate employees so as to accomplish organisational objectives in a timely manner. This will assist the organisation to enhance productivity and profits. Path goal theory comprise of several elements with which efficiency of employees can be raised. Such elements are discussed in context of TESCO as follows:- Employee characteristics: Here, employees are judged in accordance with their skills and expertise. It is required for manager of TESCO to clearly assign roles to personnel so that company can achieve the stipulated goals and objectives in a timely manner. When workforce is motivated, this implies raised productivity (Carlos Pinho, Paula Rodrigues and Dibb, 2014).While people judge on basis of their individual skills and capabilities then they all are clear roles and responsibilities of each other and that helps in eliminate communication gap in effective manner to bring harmony in organisational goals and objectives. Task and Environment Characteristics: To facilitate accomplishment of objectives in desired manner, it is essential that management serves employees with certain key task requirements. There are a number of task characteristics like working group, task design and authority associated with tasks. It becomes necessary for TESCO to render essential aid and support to personnel at the time of task execution to increase their productivity. Leadership Style:Leader of TESCO makes use of various leadership styles to enhance their productivity and quality of offerings. Four types of leadership as well as behaviour styles are included in this, as described below:- Directive:
In this, leader of TESCO makes sure that effective coordination is facilitated within organisational premises. This serves as the most essential element in this leadership style as it leads to achievement of long-term growth and enhanced productivity of workforce as well as entity. Supportive: This concept facilitates provision of support to employees so that organisational goals can be achieved properly. Further, it is basic responsibility of leader to make sure that individuals perform their tasks collaboratively within set time frame. Participative: It is essential for manager of TESCO to frame strategies to enhance effectiveness of performance and to encourage workforce to engage more actively within activities. It will provide assistance to entity in raising their efficiency so as to facilitate their development. Achievement: It is required by management of TESCO to stipulate effective strategies to encourage the workforce. This will provide assistance to organisation in accomplishment of objectives and consequently the acquisition of larger share within global market. All of these styles benefit TESCO to attain stipulated goals and objectives timely. Besides this, by relying upon above mentioned skills, company can feasibly facilitate enhanced productivity and thereby carry out expansion of entity in other geographies. With that kind of leadership they can communicate with each other and deliver right kind of informationtoeachotherandclearabouttheirrolesinorganisationthathelpsin communicate in effective manner. With the help of culture and team building theory organisation by effectively identify requiredskillsandcapabilitiesorganisationcandeliverrightkindofknowledgeand information to right people at right time in effective manner. By belbin model of effective team building each and every task should be assign to team members and a prescribed structure should be follow in which they share knowledge and information so that build a effective communication chain. According to the above mentioned concepts and philosophies this can be said that by having different types of concepts and theories they can assign work to its team members in order to achieve task oriented goals and objectives. With the help of different types of information Tesco can achieve their goals and make their every employees productive to gain
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competitiveadvantagesappropriately.Whereas,effectivecommunicationchain isvery helpful for whole organisation in order set effective target to make their each and every process in a better way. It develop positive culture within the working place. As per the perspective of organisation behaviour all these types of theories and concepts influence them in a very positive way. This is because OB is the better study of different groups as well individual's overall performance and their activity which evaluates overall behaviour of human within the organisation and outside the organisation.In short it defines overall working environment of every situation so that its influence entire workers/employees of an organisation in both negative or positive way. Sometimes few employees of a particular firms are not able to make good strategies due to some changes in the company so that they can get affected in a negative way. Therefore, these theories are more important of every firm in ordertotakeappreciatedecisionsfromentirestudyofhumanbehaviourstoreach predetermined goals.
CONCLUSION On the basis of above represented report, it has been identified that organisational behaviour is considered as the study of human beings works in an organisation. It has been seen that both the internal as well as external factors influences work of employees as well as functioning of business organisation. In addition to this, it has also been seen that politics at workplace directly hampers productivity of employees as their mind is diverted in wrong direction due to politics at workplace. It is essential for human resource department of every organisation to focus on using effective motivational technique so that employees feels encouraged and works in more effective manner.
REFERENCES Books and Journals
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