Organisational Behaviour: Power, Culture, Politics, Motivation Theories and Techniques

This report analyses the ways in which power, culture and politics influence individual and team behaviour in an organisation. It also evaluates different motivational theories and techniques used to achieve organisational objectives and goals. The report further explores the reasons behind the formation of an effective team and the application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour in a specific business situation.

Organisational
behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
LO1..................................................................................................................................................4
P1 The ways in which organisation's power, culture and politics influence individual and team
behaviour................................................................................................................................4
M1 Critical evaluation of different ways in which power, culture and politics effect employee
and team behaviour.................................................................................................................7
LO2................................................................................................................................................10
P2 Theories of motivation and techniques are implemented in an organisation to achieve
organisational objectives and goals......................................................................................10
M2 A brief evaluation of the way in which behaviour of employees is affected by different
motivational theories............................................................................................................12
LO3................................................................................................................................................13
P3 The reasons behind the formation of an effective team..................................................13
M3 Team and group development theories to develop corporation between team members15
LO4 ...............................................................................................................................................17
P5 Application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour in a specific
business situation..................................................................................................................17
M4 How different concepts and philosophies impact on team behaviour...........................19
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21

INTRODUCTION
The organisational behaviour is considered as a major function of every organisation
which defines attitude of a whole company towards business functions. In other words it is
considered as the response of employees and team members towards a particular business
activity (Alkhadher, 2020). It is the major responsibility of an organisation to develop positive
organisational behaviour towards a specific task or activity. In this report there is a brief analysis
conducted on the way in which a company's culture, politics and power influence behaviour and
attitude of different employees and teams. This report contains various theories of motivation
and its techniques in order to achieve various organisational goals and objectives. In this report
the way in which an organisation can make a team effective as opposed to ineffective team. This
report also contains various concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour for a
particular organisational situation. In this report example of British Airways is taken into
consideration for better understanding organisational behaviour. The British Airways is a great
airline company of Britain which was founded in the year 1974 and is headquartered at
Harmonds worth, United Kingdom.
Illustration 1: British Airways, 2021

MAIN BODY
LO1
P1 The ways in which organisation's power, culture and politics influence individual and team
behaviour
Level of culture
The cultural level is considered as amount of culture which is associated in an
organisation by the presence of different employees from different sections of society. It is the
major responsibility of management to maintain precise culture in the organisation (Alleyne,
2016). The level of culture in an organisation is the intensity which is created by different
employees who belong to different sections of the society. Business organisations try to maintain
precise culture in the British airways to develop a deep understanding nature of different
employees.
Cultural web
In the functioning of British Airways cultural web is used to map culture which is
existing in an organisation. The culture web can be also used to map for future culture related
goals and objectives. This model was developed in 1992 by two famous scholars named Gerry
Johnson and Kevan Scholes in 1992. In order to develop different assumptions and practices
cultural web play an important role in a company. It helps in merging appropriate elements with
Illustration 2: Elements of cultural web

each other in a systematic manner and also helps strategic management to develop precise
business strategy.
Handy's model of culture
This model of culture was majorly developed in 1932 in Ireland in order to develop a
systematic culture in the organisation. The Charles Handy has developed four types of cultures
which are explained below:
 Power culture- In this type of culture the power to take different decisions related to a
business are taken by only a few people who are present in the organisation. The other
employees of a business gets biased by this practice.
 Task culture- In recent times many global and international companies follow task
culture to perform major marketing operations. Task culture is mainly based on
achievement of a common goal which is achieved by team members. The task culture is
majorly based upon group work which is essential in development of a business.
 Person culture- This type of culture in British airways is adopted where the culture is
person or a personality specific (Ambulkar, 2016). It is major responsibility of
management of a company to develop different roles and responsibilities which are
essential in group goals.
 Role culture- In role culture an employee is allocated with different roles and
responsibilities in a company according to the eligibility and qualification of the person.
Hofstede 6 dimensions of culture
In development of cultural practices in an organisation Hofstede's six dimensions culture
play a key role. It consists of different dimensions of culture which are beneficial in increasing
cultural competence of an organisation. The main elements of Hofstede's six dimensions of
culture in context of British airways are explained below:
 Power Distance Index (high versus low)- This is the initial dimension of culture in a
business entity which includes the level of inequality that is present in an organ. It is a
type of index which is followed by many organisations and a high level in the index
indicates that the unequal practices are performed in a business and vice-versa.
 Individualism Versus Collectivism- In the practice of culture this dimension is
considered as the strength of bond or relationship which exists between people.

 Masculinity Versus Femininity- In this practice of culture the difference between male
and female employees by the organisation is covered.
 Uncertainty Avoidance Index (high versus low)- This index is dedicated to provide
results by the organisation on the basis of level which is developed by an organisation to
cope up with anxiety.
 Long- Versus Short-Term Orientation- This approach is majorly describing various
orientation on the basis of place of conducting different operations.
 Indulgence Versus Restraint- In the cultural practices this dimension is considered as
final dimension which tendency of employees to enjoy and sincere work are measured.
Iceberg principal in culture
In 1976, the culture of a company is very much related to a physical iceberg in order to
define different cultural values in a business. According to Edward T hall there are two different
components of culture (Cheng, 2016). It states that only 10% culture that is present in the macro
surroundings is visible to the management. The 90% of culture which is present in the
organisation is considered as deep culture and is not visible to the management. It is the ethical
responsibility of management of an organisation to analyse deep culture and develop a precise
business strategy.
M1 Critical evaluation of different ways in which power, culture and politics effect employee
and team behaviour
Organisational power
The organisational power is considered as a major organisational capability of a company
to deal with different consequences of business development. A company functions at the
marketplace with specific power which majorly define ability of the company to deal with
several consequences of employee handling.
Power politics
The power politics is a negative side of culture which is majorly practised in all
organisations. It is the major responsibility of management to stop power politics in the
organisation in order to develop best cultural practices in the company. British Airways try to
develop a policy which is related to prohibit power politics in the company to achieve major
business goals.

Power definition
The capability to influence an individual in decision-making and take necessary actions
to dominate a person is known as power. The power is used in both positive and negative manner
in a company which can be effective in influencing individual and group functions.
Power of the boss
Boss is considered as superior authority in a business to develop different functions and
operations of a business (Du Plessis, 2020). Power of the boss is most extreme in a business
organisation as he/she can take any major decision related to the organisation. Boss is considered
as top level manager or CEO of British airways who can take major business decisions in an
optimum manner.
Formal power
The formal power is considered as legal power which is in the hand of management to
control different employees of the organisation. Formal power is considered as a major tools
which is helpful in business development and is majorly practised by British Airways.
Leadership vs power
Leadership is the ability or quality of a person to lead the group or team members in a
precise manner. Leadership is directly related to power in a major sense as a person who is leader
of a team can mainly develop unauthorised power. A person can influence the whole team by
using the available power in a crucial manner. The power of a person in leadership can cause
impact on different operations and functions of the whole team.
Personal power
Personal power is strength of an individual to develop a major capability and strength in
self. Personal power in business world is referred to authority which is related to job of an
individual. In British airways it is the ethical responsibility of an individual to not misuse the
power related to the job for conducting ethical business.
Dependency
In an organisation dependency is the way in which an employee is dependent for
completion of a task with another person. Dependency makes an employee dependent on other
employee in order to gain organisational objectives in a short-term or long-term goals. The
business organisations must keep an eye on dependent employees and should help each other in
development of activities and tasks.

Power tactic
The power tactic is considered as a way or technique by which a person can apply power
in a specific manner. It is the major responsibility of management to develop a positive power
tactic in the organisation to develop and achieve organisational goals. Power tactic in British
airways is considered as main element which is helpful in increasing internal environment of the
business.
Director of power
Power director is a major governing body or a person who has supreme power in the
organisation. The power director is responsible for business development and also takes a major
responsibility of handling different employees in the business organisation.
Coalitions
In a company coalitions is referred to the association of two or more people who engage
with each other to achieve common objectives. Generally in a business coalitions are formed by
3 or more employees who raise demand for conducting different business operations in order to
achieve mutual goals.
Political sexual harassment
In recent times political sexual harassment is referred to the practice of exploiting male
and female employees by higher authorities (Fisher, 2020). The political sexual harassment is
majorly faced by different companies and employees mainly quit their jobs.
Recommendations
 It is responsibility of a business to develop a professional business strategy which is
helpful in achievement of business goals in a short span of time.
 British airways should not misuse power and authority and must conduct ethical
business.
 It is recommended for British airways to hire professional and crucial strategic
management in order to minimise risk associated with a business.
 British airways must follow employment legislation which is developed by the
government to conduct safe and ethical business practices.
 British airways should focus on building and increasing employment relationship
for achievement of company and individual goals.
Systems theory

In the systems theory of management there is a well defined purpose, environment, aim
and development of business surrounding in order to complete a specific task. The systems
theory makes a crucial business strategy in order to achieve different organisational goals in a
specific period of time (Zhang, 2020). An organisation has to develop systems theory for
achievement of various professional goals and provide solutions for achievement of specific
tasks.
Network theory
In the business world, network theory is related to brief analyse of graphs as a
representation of either symmetric relations or asymmetric relations between discrete objects.
The network theory is a part of graph theory which is a major theory in field of management that
is based on graph and network diagram.
Illustration 3: Network theory,2021

Globalisation
The globalisation is movement of goods and services across the world between different
countries. Globalisation has changed the way of doing international trade between countries and
allowed free movement of goods and services between many different coutries.
LO2
P2 Theories of motivation and techniques are implemented in an organisation to achieve
organisational objectives and goals
V room's expectancy theory:
According to this theory which better suggests about an workforce in context of
Expectancy, instrumentally and valence interact psychologically to better create motivational
force such as employee acts in way that brings pleasure and mitigate pain.
 Valence: It is refers about emotional orientation people which hold within respect
towards better outcomes (Grobler, 2018). The depth of employee demand for extrinsic
and intrinsic. These two demand where money, promotion, professional successful it
depicts about Extrinsic part where reward, appraisal are the part of intrinsic.
 Expectancy: The employees having different expectation different manner where the
level of confidence about what they are capable of doing. Management which need to
must discover regarding to use resources, training and development which helps to
increase the employees efficiency.
 Instrumentally: As per this perception of employees what they presumes about their
objectives in which they desire about it more. In initially Vroom suggests which an
employee towards expectancy for provide motivate.
Adams equity theory:
This theory is encompasses about the effective contribution of employees and their
inputs. It specify about their better hard work, skill level, acceptance, enthusiasm and employee
outputs. Furthermore, it explain the relationship[ between employees and their contribution
which paid regarding within individuals perspective (Hügel, 2020). In perspective of British
Airways company it will explain about their employees and inputs contribution such as benefits
which are the things like reward, efforts and other which inputs. This would benefits provide
salary, job security and others.

Goal setting theory: On the basis of this theory explain about effect of setting goals on
subsequent performance where they found individual who set certain specific, difficult goals
performed rather than others (Mukherjee, 2018). The goal must be set with unique manner which
would shows different from others. Some of the process about Goal setting process enhance
more productivity in perspective of British Airways company are:
 Self Efficiency: It is an individual where self confidence and faith that he has potential of
performing the task. As per the higher level of self efficiency where individual
contributes their efforts.
 To make commitment with goals: This theory also reflect about assumes on individual
committed towards the goal which would not leave goal. For this situation British
Airways need to concerned that their employees must having SMART goals and having
clarity about what exactly to do and what is not.
Contents theory of motivation:
As per this theory it describe that what are the essential tools or resources which is
needful to motivates the system for people actions. At the time of procedure of Content theory of
motivation specify how and why there is need to motivation that create impact within our
behaviour. Similarly, for British Airways the use of Content theory is must because manager
need to understand about preference and competency of their employees. Apart from it what are
the performance lacking part which creates more implication in performance.
Maslow's theory:
In this theory of motivation it specify about individual need from basic to higher
perspective. The use of Maslow theory helps to measure about what are major needs which
would support to fulfil the goals (Pratibha, 2021). In context of British Airways their manager
and employees need to measure their basic and higher need as per 5 major need factors: Psychological Needs: According to these biological requirements which consist about
basic needs of human like:, food, water, air, shelter etc. this need to fulfil by British
Airways to their staff by provide them these essential resources. Safety Needs: It is depend upon when physcological need get accomplished successfully
where in this need role in company like British Airways company where manager
provide job security, allowances, insurance and health benefits to mitigate risk.

 Social and belonging: This need is require at the time of making engage with others in
surroundings. In workplace like British Airways helps to positive working environment
where employee get interact with others to maintain healthy relationship. Self Esteem: This is one of major need where every individual wants at some point of
time which can refers as sense of accomplish in career. In British Airways perspective
their employees would feel esteem presence at the time of their extra efforts to gain like
appraisal, rewards etc.
 Self Actualisation: This is one of highest level of hierarchy need where every employee
seek for self realisation about his or her accomplishment.
M2 A brief evaluation of the way in which behaviour of employees is affected by different
motivational theories
Psychodynamic approach to behaviour
In the corporate world business organisations mainly practice psychodynamic theory in
order to understand behaviour of an individual. The psychodynamic approach mainly explains
that the behaviour of an employee is majorly influenced by several factors that are present in the
business environment (SAHOO, 2017). It is the major responsibility of management to develop
psychodynamic approach to behaviour in order to achieve various organisational objectives. The
companies like British airways apply psychodynamic theory to understand behaviour of different
employees. It is the responsibility of management to develop a precise strategy for the
application of psychodynamic theory to attain positive behaviour of employees. In the
functioning of a company psychodynamic theory is a major approach which is helpful in
development of different theories.
Self efficiency
The self efficiency is power of a person to cope up with different tasks and activities
related to career life. Self-efficiency is the power of a person to develop competency edge which
is related to performance development in a major sense. There are different levels of self
efficiency in a business organisation which differs from employee to employee. It is essential for
a person to develop self-efficiency in order to develop competitive edge.
Emotional intelligence
The emotional intelligence is referred to the mental strength of an individual to handle
different tasks in a precise manner. It is compulsory for an employee in an organisation to

develop emotional intelligence in order to complete different tasks in a specific period of time.
British airways hire employees with higher emotional intelligence in order to develop and
achieve business goals.
LO3
P3 The reasons behind the formation of an effective team
Formation of a team
In an organisation team formation is related to development of a team for a specific
purpose or to achieve organisational goals and objectives. The organisations form teams in and
develop various roles and responsibilities for different members in order to achieve various
development related goals.
Working group vs team
In a group various individual puts efforts for individual tasks and activities while on the
other hand in a team different people work for a common purpose. If an organisation like British
airways wants to achieve specific business targets then it formulates a specific team and engages
it in different activities for the welfare of whole organisation.
TP model
This model is based on development of a business by using mathematical techniques.
The TP model of transformation id used by British airlines to dominate the marketplace (Xiao,
2019). This type of transformation makes a business to manipulate the weighting functions
systematically that is equivalent to the manipulation of the vertexes:
Types of teams
There are four types of team in an organisation which are mentioned below:
 Functional teams- In these types of teams an organisation must consider formation of a
team on the basis of different responsibilities and the employees belong to different
departments.
 Cross functional teams- These teams are framed in an organisation on the basis of
functions and individuals belong to different departments. The teams which are based on
functional basis are mainly based on various targets which are to be achieved in a specific
period of time.

 Self managed team- In this type of team the person or member are employees of same
organisation who are deployed to work together. Most of the teams in British airways are
self managed to perform different operations.
Tuck man theory
The Tuck man's theory is a major approach which is considered as the way in which a
team tackles a task from the formation of an organised team (Shafait, 2021). The team is
organised through to the completion of the project in order to complete a task. There are
basically five main stages in this theory which are used at British airways mentioned below-
Forming- This is known as the first stage that is involved in development of team. This
includes the developing stage where all individuals are assigned teams. This stage includes
collecting information, planning and bonding.
Storming- When all team members start working together, then there are changes of
conflict and fights. That is why this stage is known as storming one.
Norming- According to this stage, team members have developed skills and abilities
according to the work provided to them. They have to complete all project activities as per the
norms and regulations.
Performing- This stage includes individual’s independence, knowledge, motivation and
competence and how they are handling business operations.
Adjourning- At this stage, team members separate as goal is accomplished.
Illustration 4: Tuck man theory,2021

Team management is an essential factor that helps managers to complete and accomplish
business tasks and operations in given time. Conflict management is very essential for any
manager. This theory states that British Airways managers have to adopt this while developing
teams.
M3 Team and group development theories to develop corporation between team members
Successful team
It is important for an organisation to formulate a successful team which helps a business
entity to grow at the marketplace. A successful team consists of qualified members who are
eligible for performing different operations at the marketplace with maximum efficiency. A
successful team is also has successful skills and capability which are essential for development
of business. In British airways successful teams are developed by management to perform
efficient operations in a precise manner. In an organisation successful teams are majorly related
to developing business in a short span of time which is essential for the company. In recent times
management provides skilled training to different employees in order to develop various
opportunities at the marketplace for business growth. Professional management which is present
in an organisation also focus on developing skills with help of improvement to lead market place
in a precise manner.
Effective team
An effective team is well organised time which is able to achieve different organisational
goals in a set period of times. In the era of stiff competition between different companies it is
essential for a company to formulate effective team for business growth.
Soft vs hard skills
Soft skills
Soft skills are considered as intangible skills which are part of personality of a person and
are useful in development of an individual. The soft skills are compulsory in recent times for an
organisation in order to develop edge over different competitors. In a major sense, it is essential
for a business organisation to develop soft skills by training employees to perform better
operations (Sundin, 2017). Personality of an employee should have various soft skills that are
essential in growth of an individual. The development of business organisation and allocation of
tasks should be based on soft skills of different employees.

The different soft skills which are developed by British airways are following:
 Communication skills
 Reasoning skills
 Mental strength level
 Leadership skills
 Teamwork skills
 Emotional intelligence
Hard skills
Hard skills are considered as major skills which are related to knowledge and capability
of an individual. It is essential for employees of the organisation to develop hard skills in a
precise manner to achieve short and long term business goals. The company must focus on
developing hard skills of different employees to lead the marketplace. British airways are
continuously focusing on development of hard skills in a person to majorly focus on developing
employee's performance (Swanson, 2017). There are many successful companies like British
airways at the marketplace which focus on developing hard skills in an individual to gain market
growth. It is major responsibility of a business to mainly focus on hard skills for the development
of whole business in a precise manner.
Hard skills are
 Technical skills
 Computer skills
 Microsoft skills
 Marketing skills
Six hats thinking skills
It is major responsibility of a business to boost thinking skills through the use of six
different thinking skills in a company. The six hat thinking skills is used by many organisations
like British airways to boost organisational skills. Major thinking hat skills are following:
 Logic
 Emotion
 Caution
 Optimism
 Creativity

 Control
LO4
P5 Application of concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour in a specific business
situation
Concepts and philosophies of organisation
Path goal theory - Path Goal Theory
Path goal theory focuses on specifying various leadership styles with an aim to achieve
the goal of the organisation. With reference to British Airways , the company want to increase
motivation of the employees and give satisfaction to them in order to gain productivity. Path goal
theory in British airways is used in a systematic manner to develop various roles and
responsibilities of different workers (Usmani, 2019). The business organisation has to keep an
eye on major operations that are useful in development of leadership related activities and tasks.
This theory is also helpful in management of various approaches that are effective in formulating
mutual results.
Categorization of Path Goal Theory
Employee Characteristics: In Context to British Airways , the high level authority
increase knowledge about the needs and wants of their employees so that it is easy for them to
motivate the workers on a continuous basis. This develops positive attitude in the organisation
and motivate employees to work towards the goal of the organisation.
Environment and Task attributes: In this factor leaders of British Airways are mainly
focusing on the problems which are faced by the employees in the work area. In relation with
this factor the higher authorities are mainly focused on ensuring that there are no disputes arises
at the work place thus developing positive working area. The overall result of this is that working
performance and productivity of employees are improved. Tasks are allocated on the basis of
different roles and responsibilities that are developed by many individuals. Many companies at
the marketplace takes assistance of strategic management to deal with several consequences of
task development and allocation.
Leadership Behaviour: In this stage of the Path goal, the leader focuses on selecting the most
effective style of handling leadership when they are fully aware about the employees of the
organisation and other factors. The effect of this is that managers of British Airways can easily

attain their set business goals and objectives in very effective manner in the given time duration.
Leadership behaviour in a positive strategy to develop effective measures which are also helpful
in eliminating different cultural issues (Vijayalakshmi, 2017). A company should focus on
developing healthy employment relationship with the implementation of best leadership practices
to enter market with maximum efficiency.
Social capital theory
This theory is mainly used by British airways to develop social relationship between
employees for increasing productivity. It is compulsory for a business organisation to develop
social capital theory which is helpful in growth of business organisation while focusing on
human capital. Many companies at the marketplace use this theory to develop harmony among
different workers for business growth and development. Social capital theory mainly consists of
elements which are essential in development of employees in a precise manner. The social
capital theory is also focused on applying a major formula for growth and development of a
business in order to achieve various organisational goals. Many successful international and
national companies takes support of this theory to gain competitive advantage. The business
organisations can focus on lower level management to develop healthy and effective relationship
between different employees for the maintenance of high level functions. Social capital theory is
also helpful in increasing goodwill and reputation of a company in order to achieve various
organisational goals and objectives. This theory is a traditional and scientific approach which is
beneficial in growth and development of a business.
M4 How different concepts and philosophies impact on team behaviour
In the functioning of an organisation there are different concepts and philosophies which
create a deep impact on team behaviour. The concepts and theories are applied by British
Airways in order to develop a positive mindset of different employees. Different philosophies
effect on performance of different employees in a major sense and also help in overall
development of the organisation (Wan, 2016). Many companies in global world apply scientific
and accepted policies which are helpful in development of organised teams. The companies
mainly achieve various goals and objectives with the help of various policies that are
philosophical in nature. A company always focus on achievement of several goals and
objectives.

In British airways various concepts and philosophies are applied in a major sense to
develop ethical values in a business. The British companies mainly focus on team development
in order to make several tasks easier for the business. A positive team behaviour and resolution
of different conflicts associated with a business is majorly achieved with the help of
implementation of philosophies. British airways mainly focus on building employee relations
and goals in order to achieve various organisational objectives. It is the major responsibility of
human resource management of a business to take care of employees with utmost priority. The
main aim of every organisation is to focus on effective measures which can be adopted by a
company to lead the marketplace (Wong, 2017). It is ethical responsibility of management to
evaluate performance of different employees for considering various values and ethics that are
essential for business growth. Many companies at the marketplace use techniques and methods
proposed by different scholars to lead the global market.

CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it can be concluded that organisational behaviour is a major
factor which is helpful in overall development of a company. The business should focus on
achievement of different organisational goals and objectives through application of professional
organisational behaviour in a major sense. It is major responsibility of human resource
management of a company to develop ethics and integrity in a business entity to gain trust of
different customers. This report concludes that it is compulsory for an organisation to achieve
target in set period of time to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. This report also concludes
that it is compulsory for an organisation to apply different concepts and philosophies for
different employees to achieve organisational goals and objectives. The report also concludes
that in the era of competition between different companies it is compulsory for an organisation to
implement right models and theories for organisational development.

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