Influence of Power, Politics, and Culture on Organizational Behavior

This document discusses the influence of power, politics, and culture on team behavior and individual performance in organizations. It explores different cultural dimensions and their impact on organizational behavior. It also analyzes the relationship between power, politics, and motivation.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Organisation's political, power and culture influence team behaviour and individual performance. . .3
M1 Critically analyse how power, political and culture influence individual performance and team
behaviour.................................................................................................................................................7
D1 Critically evaluate relationship between power, politics, power and motivation that enables
organisation and teams to succeed offering specified recommendations.................................................8
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................................8
P2 Process and content theories of motivation as well as motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals of an organisation..................................................................................................8
M2 Critical evaluation...........................................................................................................................12
TASK 3........................................................................................................................................................12
P3/D2 Difference between effective and ineffective team.....................................................................12
M3 Analyse relevant team or group development theories to support dynamic cooperation development
...............................................................................................................................................................15
TASK 4........................................................................................................................................................15
P4/M4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour in context of business situation of firm
...............................................................................................................................................................15
Path goal theory....................................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior refers to the academic study which is helpful for analyzing
people act within the large number group of people. On the other hand, it is most considerable
principle which can be used by firms in order to operate large number of activities to improve
entire working performance of people. Thus, it includes several kind of research, encouraging
leadership and many more. Therefore, organizational behavior refers huge methods and

technology by which firms can make themselves attractive. Present report is based on Apple
organization based on large number of techniques to develop best computer and software skills.
Further discussion will be based on power, politics and cultural influence on organisational
behavior (Lee and et.al., 2019). After this, it motivates teams as well as individual to attain
business goals. At last, understanding how to cooperate properly with others and concepts or
philosophies of organisational behaviour will get identify.
TASK 1
P1 Organisation's political, power and culture influence team behaviour and individual
performance
Organisation's Culture-
It is considered as values, beliefs, assumptions and interacting process of people in which
they are able to give their contribute psychologically and socially in regards with firm to increase
their productivity in an appropriate manner. There are several kind of culture that influence team
as well as individual behaviour. All these can be understand by using Handy's model, those are
as follows:
Power Culture:
In this type of culture higher authorities has power as well as responsibility to make few
task for people in order to fulfil organisational goals. With the help of this type of culture high
authorities of firms are able to make great decision towards betterment of future (Stewart,
Courtright and Manz, 2019). In relation with Apple as it is one of the best software developing
organisation, so that manager of this firm has power to resolve each and every issue at
workplace. For example: If marketing department of any organisation needs to establish new
products at market than manager has responsibility to bring authority from their seniors so that
they can easily launch their product. This is known as best power culture which always influence
team an individual behaviour positively.
Task Culture: According to this culture teams are able to develop effective alternatives
in order to resolve particular issues that could arise any time at workplace. Herein, people with

specialisation able to gathered information together in with general interest for solving every
issue. As per this four and five member involves along with contribute similarly. For example:
Apple has ample number of issues while developing so many techniques and methods for
producing new software. Thus, task culture required to recruit and hire skilled employees in
order to achieve targeted goals for increasing working performance of employees. Thus, it
influence entire behaviour of people or team members at workplace (Lyskova, 2019).
Person Culture:
In this type of culture employees always feels good as it is very necessary for firms to
provide effective culture for workers so that they can achieve targeted goals or objectives. As per
this culture employees or business generally face or suffers as they have come early for better
earning. Thus, it influence lifestyle of people in both negative or positive way. For example: As
so many employees are working in Apple, where they feel themselves experienced so that they
do not able to perform their particular task at workplace which is assigned to them. Thus,
business face few issues or not able to attain future goals. It affects entire behaviour of people
and team.
Role Culture:
This type of power culture plays crucial role in which employees generally get task from
their superiors thus, they have responsibilities to fulfil within a given period of time. Herein,
employees are able to take few task and ensure that they will complete into the proper time. For
example: If Apple giving numerous task to their employees so this brand also expect from them
to complete it within a short period of time. Thus, it influence overall performance of team and
individual in positive manner (Yadav and Morya, 2019).
Importance of cultural variation awareness-
It is essential for firms to understand overall cultural differences in order to make best
plans as well as policies. Within the competitive scenario there are several parts in world in
which different people work together to attain targeted goals. There are few dimensions of
culture theory and their applications underlying by using Hofstede's model, mentioned below:

Power Distance Index: It mainly identified inequality degree which commonly exist
towards lots of people without power and with power. In regards with Apple, manager focusing
on several elements to satisfy people at workplace.
Collectivism vs Individualism: In this cultural dimension, lots of countries who faith
that performance of people is much better than the group members or vice-versa. In regards with
Apple, employees are needed to work in a collaborative way so that they can get instant results.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index: It can be analysed as an effective way in order to cope
up with dynamic situations at surroundings. Therefore, it is essential for firm to develop best
policies to ignore uncertainty. In regards with Apple they make such kind of plan by which they
can easily attain fixed goals or resolves issues of business (Miller, 2019).
Femininity vs Masculinity: In this dimension, it can be said that it is more different
from others. There are different types of countries who commonly concentrates on femininity
rather than the focus on masculinity. On the other side, some of having trust on following few
skills and knowledge of people to improve working performance. Therefore, Apple required to
follow equality dimension to gain positive results.
Short Term vs Long Term Orientation: In this business required to have long and short
term goals in order to achieve predetermined objectives by having short orientation. In relation
with Apple they follows both for better sustainability at marketplace.
Restraint vs Indulgence: In this cultural dimension, firms should engage with several
activities with less control. Engaging always leads to attain better results for business whereas,
control is more restraints. In regards with Apple, manager involves so many activities in order
overcome different issues and problems (Johnson and Umphress, 2019).
Organisational politics-
It can be identified as serving behaviour which is helpful for employees for maximise
their probability to attain effective or positive outcomes in firm. People can get influenced as
they serve personal interest which do not influence firm. Thus, it can be negative or positive in

which positive politics way refers to the protesting business to achievement of better results. It
also reduce negative impact from firm and increase probability of business. For example: If
organisation follows partiality towards employees than there can be maximum chances of raising
negative politics that decline overall production and profit of firm. Therefore, it is necessary for
firms to have positive politics at workplace to attain desired results.
Organisational Power-
It can be identified as the way of acting something in a different or unique mode. It is
considered as ability or capacity which is helpful for others to influence them. As per this people
generally woks at high position so they can achieve targeted results. Thus, it identifies several
level of power which is given by French and Raven's in the year of 1959. those are as follows:
Referent Power:
This is based on leaders like their character, image, traits, background as well as
executive presence (Islam, Ahmed and Ali, 2019). In regards with Apple, employees needs to
use this power in order to give huge satisfaction themselves to increase skills for others at proper
manner.
Expert Power:
This power comes from the superior's knowledge, expertise and their experience by
which they can face any challenge regards work. In this Apple should use such kind of power to
achieve targeted goals.
Reward Power:
According to this leader provide benefits and rewards to their followers so that they
follows their every instructions. Herein, Apple generally provide huge guidelines for their
employees so that they can achieve targeted goals.
Legitimate Power:

This power generally comes from person's position as well as title within specific
hierarchy whereas, position gives effective right to follow orders. Thus, rewards and punishment
considered as part of power. With the help of this employees can get motivated within Apple and
attain targeted goals (Mesdaghinia, Rawat and Nadavulakere, 2019).
M1 Critically analyse how power, political and culture influence individual performance and
team behaviour
Organizations involve several activities and functions along with several culture that
influence overall working performance of employees in a proper way. On the other side, these
sorts of culture directly help firms to increase their profitability as well as they can easily
understand overall concept, so that they can make better decisions for firm to achieve targeted
goals.
D1 Critically evaluate relationship between power, politics, power and motivation that enables
organisation and teams to succeed offering specified recommendations.
With the help of several cultural of an organisation always influence working
performance of employees so that they can make better goals. It helps leaders to learn or conduct
new concept for employees so that they can easily motivates them without facing any issues in a
proper way.
TASK 2
P2 Process and content theories of motivation as well as motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals of an organisation
Employee motivation is described as a process in which level of ability, competence,
energy that must be exist in subordinate of business organisation. It is compulsory for supervisor
to encourage employees that helps in boosting future growth and development of company. In
addition to this, the main motive of company is to accelerate profitability in less time period. In
context of Apple, it is American multinational company located in California which deal in
consumer electronic goods and many more. It is the duty of supervisor to encourage employees
to perform well within workplace (Abubakar and et.al., 2019). There are different scholar as well
as philosophers has given the theory of motivation. It is necessary for manager to examine the

need and wants of employees in order to satisfy them. In addition to this, there are two kinds of
motivation such as extrinsic and intrinsic that motivate employees to work well. The advantage
of these motivation provides friendly environment within workplace which is going to be
mentioned below:
Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
This is a kind of motivation that arise from the
inner need of individual and they do not put
additional efforts for this. This motivation is
unique and specific but advantageous for the
operations of business organisation.
Whereas, Extrinsic motivation which comes
from external forces that stimulates employees
morale. There are different sources which
motivate employees are money, success,
power, incentive, bonus and many more.
Motivational Theories:
There are different theories which is analyse for employee motivation. It is important to
have a positive attitude of staff members toward work. There are many scholars and scientist
who explain the theory of motivation. It is essential for manager to analyse the requirement and
need of individual in order to satisfy them. There are various motivational theories as well as
model which is used by manager of Apple which is going to be mentioned below:
Maslow's Hierarchy Theory:
This is the motivation theory which is given by Abraham Maslow in the year 1950. It
included five level in this theory. This theory describes the need and wants of individual person
for satisfying them. The supervisor of company encourage employees by fulfilling their need and
wants at every level. The main objective of manager is to motivate subordinates towards work as
well as achieve goal within less time period. There are different level which included in
Maslow's theory which is mentioned below:
Physiological needs:

This is the primal level of Maslow need theory. It involves all the basic need of
individual person. It is important to satisfy the basic need of individual in order to motivate them.
These necessities must be fulfilled to perform well in the company. The basic need such as food,
water, clothes that must be fulfilled for encouraging subordinates for accomplishing goal and
objective within stipulated time period. In reference of Apple, the manager satisfy all basic need
of employees for survival and maintenance of employees within workplace (Tourigny and et.al.,
2019).
Security and Safety need:
After satisfying basic need, the next level involves security and safety need. The
employees must want secure and safe life. Both monetary as well as non monetary need must be
satisfy after fulfilment of basic need. The manager of company protect the employees as well as
provide safety related to job security, medical benefits, Pension and many more. In context of
Apple, the top management focuses on providing job security and assurance to its employees that
helps them in performing their work well.
Social need:
After fulfilling both physiological as well as safety need the next level is to fulfilling
social need of individual. It is very important for company to maintain friendly environment at
workplace as well as satisfy their belongingness needs in better way. Therefore, it helps in
improving their performance level . In discourse to Apple, the high authority focuses on satisfy
their social and belongingness need that helps them in building good environment at workplace.
Self Esteem need:
After fulfilling all above mentioned need, it is compulsory to satisfy their esteem need.
These requirement generates when all above need and wants of employees are satisfied. It helps
in boosting motivation as well satisfaction level of subordinates. Thus, the self respect, status and
prestige of staff member must consider for improving behaviour as well as performance level of
employees.

Self-Actualization need:
In this level, all the requirement and demands of staff members must be fulfilled. In this
stage, employees put some additional efforts for accomplishing goal and objective of business
organisation. Therefore, the person feel satisfied in this stage. The manager of Apple focuses on
fulfilling all need and wants of employees . Along with this, the employees feel satisfied and
helps company in improving productivity as well as future growth of business organisation.
It has been examined that Maslow motivational theory is better known and also most
influential workplace motivation to staff members. Apple organization mainly used this theory
because it is useful for the workplace growth and personal development. Through determining
the requirements of staff members, what motivated them, create positive working environment
and employees and employers can develop the beneficial relationship at workplace. The Maslow
motivational theory encourages the employees to focus on their work in order to meet with the
personal and organizational goals.
Vroom's Expectancy theory:
This theory was given by Victor Vroom in the year 1964. This theory separates effort,
execution and outcomes and it also assumes the behaviours outcomes from conscious choices
between alternatives whose purpose it is to increase the pleasure and to reduce the pain. Vroom
realised that an employee's performance is supported to individual components like as
personality, skills, knowledge, abilities and experiences. There are various elements which is
mentioned below:
 Expectancy- This variable states that more effort leads to better performance. With help
of this variable organisation are able to achieve objectives and goals in effective manner.
This expectancy variable includes skilled employee, expertise knowledge and resources
(Chang and et.al., 2019). For instance, In context of Apple, within this factor to fulfil
employees expectations and levels of confidence, the firm should and development
program so that they can make development in their skills and competencies. It will help
in motivating employees of the respective firm and they will perform their allotted task
and work in effective way. It is also crucial for the company that it should provide

effective resources to employees so that they can complete their work or time and make
contribution in success of the firm.
 Instrumentality- Further comes the instrumentality in which better the performance will
be, targets and outcomes will be achieved in effective manner. This involves positive
relationship between employees and members, Effective decision making etc. fro
example, In Apple, if the company implement this concept then within this factor, the
perception of employees as to whether they will actually get what they desires even if it
has been promised by an administrator. When employees performed well and
accomplished their set objectives then they are rewarded by the firm in different form like
promotion, increment bin salary and many more. The workforce has to believe that if
they performs well, appreciation will be show for the outcomes. In the respective
company. Transparency throughout the reward activity is an essential condition for
instrumentality.
 Valence- In valence employee focus on priorities which is essential for them. Value of
employees are different from each other and firm should evaluate their values so that
decisions are made by analysing employee value. For example, in respect to Apple,
within this component, the final outcome that workers accomplish is valued differentiate
by each individual. This value is supported to their basic requirements. It is a good idea
for the firm to identify what an individual employee values and what personal demands
are like money, promotion, benefits etc. within this factor, the management discover
employee value.
After analysing motivation theories it is seen that both Maslow and vroom theories are
different from each other contribute equally contribution to employees performance and
motivations. Both are the theories can be applied in any situation depending upon the need and
requirement in the firm. Thus, it is crucial to analyse the segments where motivational theories
can be applied in proper manner.
This theory is beneficial because it is supported to self interest individual who want to
accomplish maximum satisfaction and who wants to reduce dissatisfaction. It emphasises on
rewards and pay offs and concentrates on psychological extravagance where final objective of
people is to attain maximum pleasure ad least pain. In Apple, the manger of the company can

correlate the preferred results to the aimed execution extents. The individual must assure that the
employee can attain the aimed performance level and make reward system fair in the company.
It has been justified that Vroom's Expectancy theory stated about the performance of staff
members is based on the individual factors like knowledge, abilities, personality and experience.
This theory included the three mainly components such as Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence
which plays necessary role in motivating the staff members at workplace. It has been identified
through perception of a person that certain kind of action would be led to particular outcome.
M2 Critical evaluation
From the above mentioned theories, it can be said that while firm is able to use such kind
of model into their working process than they can achieve future desired goals and objectives in
an appropriate manner. Thus, it is necessary for them to have specific knowledge about theories
towards better growth of business.
TASK 3
P3/D2 Difference between effective and ineffective team
Employees are the important part of the organisation because both are dependent on each other.
Thus subordinates are different from each other such as traits, skills, knowledge etc.
Employee characteristics:
 Ethics- Employee perform their role and responsibilities with ethics and code of conduct.
 Motivation- Organisation uses different modes of motivation intrinsic and extrinsic to
motivate employees. So, personnel feels motivated in the firm and achieve their
objectives within a period of time (Zaal, Jeurissen and Groenland, 2019).
 Skills and knowledge- Organisation use employee for their skills, knowledge, expertise
etc. Thus, employees are the source of the firm and helps entities to carry out their
business activities in effective way.
In organisation, when leader or mangers manages team they uses various types of leadership
styles such as directive, supportive, participative and achievement created. These styles are used

by both mangers as well as leaders so that team member complete the assigned task in a time
period. Also, leadership styles are adopted according to situation and events occur in business.
So numerous types of styles are discussed below:
 Supportive- Supportive style is a type of leadership style in which managers help
employees at every phase both in emotionally and professionally matters. This creates a
trust between members and they have a freedom to express their expression in the
organisation. In relation with Apple, they uses this style in effective way which helps
them in increases of firm goodwill and positive relationship within the management and
entities.
 Directive- This is a leadership style in which managers and leaders guides the employees
and clear their goals are objectives which are to be achieved by members. This leadership
style is crucial as it helps in time management and reduces conflicts as well as errors. In
context of APPLE, mangers direct the information to employees as well as team members
in appropriate manner.
 Participative- In this leadership style, leaders and mangers are involved with employees
and team members. Team members in this style feels motivated and also high morale
takes place amongst the members. In context to Apple, their managers uses participative
leadership style so that members in a team and individual put their effort to achieve the
task and positive environment is present within in a firm.
 Achievement Oriented- Another form of leadership style is achievement oriented in
which leaders give difficult task and put barriers in front of employees so that they their
capabilities and performance level is determined in proper manner. In relation with
Apple, mangers of firm uses this leadership style so that subordinates become more goals
oriented and task oriented (Yu and Davis, 2019). This motivates them towards achieving
more and better results.
Comparison between effective and ineffective team-
BASIS
Meaning
EFFECTIVE TEAM
Effective team are those in
which group of people comes
INEFFECTIVE TEAM
Ineffective team are those in
which conflicts, errors,

together to achieve a common
task.
miscommunication takes
place.
Leadership style In effective team, supportive
and participate leadership style
is used so that members in the
group perform effectively. In
context to Apple, managers
use this style so that objective
and goals are achieved within
a specified period of time.
In this leadership style is
directive, but due to improper
communication and lack of
coordination amongst the
members situation become
problematic.
M3 Analyse relevant team or group development theories to support dynamic cooperation
development
According to the specified theories it has been specified that, if firm is able to follow
these sorts of ways to increase working performance of employees they can achieve targeted
goals within short period of time along with able to finish task before time.

TASK 4
P4/M4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour in context of business situation of
firm
According to the competitive scenario, there are different types of business firms who are
trying to attain targeted goals within the short period of time. Whereas, unclear responsibilities
considered as major problem in reference with Apple. Thus, manager of this firm able to
overcome assorted issues by using path goals theory. With the help of using this theory manager
of respective firm able to develop good relations with their employees by giving them huge
satisfaction towards work. It directly influence those people who are working in respective
organisation. Therefore, it is used by manager of Apple to achieve desired goals.
Path goal theory
It is based on appropriate leader's style as well as behaviour which is suitable for
employees along with working environment in order to determined specified goals. On the other
side, there are different types of theories and styles used by leader and manager of Apple in order
to minimise several issues, problems and conflicts. Some of the styles are mentioned below:
Employee and environmental characteristic
Employees characteristics: It is an essential factor that makes employees beneficial and
valuable for firms for specific firm. In regards with Apple, there are different types of employees
who works together to achieve targeted goals. Thus, it develop positive working environment at
workplace.
Motive: It is important for leaders to encourage their employees every time to attain successful
growth of business. In regards with Apple, leaders are conducting training sessions for their
employees so that they can achieve targeted goals.
Working environment: In regards with Apple, it is necessary for this company to have proper
conversation with their employees so that they can satisfy entire needs of consumers.

Support: Manager and leaders of Apple always support to their employees along with group
members for achieving stipulated objectives.
Leadership style
Directive: On the basis of this style leaders and managers of Apple, always able to make
effective objectives by which they can give better direction to its employees towards
achievement of common goals.
Supportive: It consist training, time and emotions. Thus, it is necessary for Apple to encourage
employees properly towards work so that they can reduce several issues from firm.
Participative: In regards with Apple, leaders should participate every time so that they can
develop better culture or reduce issues directly (Schmitz, 2019).
Achievement oriented: It is based on behaviour or task of people. In relation with Apple,
leaders mainly guide their employees towards achievement of objectives.
Custodial Philosophy- Under this, employees are being managed under autocratic model feel
frustrated and insecurity. They even show the aggression towards managers at workplace. It
arises because the progressive managers felt that there should be some of the wants to create the
better employee relationship so that frustration and insecurity of employees could be reduced.
The custodial philosophy gives for the dependence of employees on company rather than on
boss. It emphasizes on security, maintenance factors, economic rewards and organizational
dependence.
Motivational factors
Define goal: Within the Apple goals should be clear to attain better results.
Clarify path: By having such kind of motivational factor employees of Apple can easily
concentrates on their path to achieve desired goals.

Remove Obstacles: In order to remove obstacles from respective firm influence working
environment positively that enhance profitability of an organisation.
Provide support: As per this motivational factor, leaders of Apple able to achieve targeted goals
in which employees are able to get support from them. It helps them to achieve targeted goals.
CONCLUSION
As per the given information it has been identified that organisational behaviour plays
significant role in order to build strong relations with employees at workplace. An organisation
consist different types of power, culture or politics that influence entire behaviour or working
performance of people. Furthermore, organisation has been adopted different types of models
and theories by which they can make business attractive in an effective manner. Apart from this,
path goals theory has been specified above used by firm to overcome several issues at workplace
to achievement of productive goals.

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