Organisational Behaviour: Theories of Culture, Communication Models, and Motivation Theories

This report explores the theories of organisational culture, models of communication, and motivation theories in the context of multinational retailer Tesco. It discusses the importance of organisational behaviour in understanding and predicting employee behaviour and performance. The report also highlights the role of culture, communication, and motivation in the growth and success of Tesco in the international market.

Organisational Behaviour

Executive Summary
This report is based on the topic organisational behaviour that assist the businesses in determine
and predict the behaviour and responses which relates with their organisation employees. Below
topic will cover the theories of organisational culture in relation to multinational retailers Tesco.
Models of communication which will be used in the company for their completion of human
resource related tasks and accordingly implement the theories of motivation to develop the
employees growth in respect to effectively perform in international market.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAINBODY....................................................................................................................................1
1.Theories of organisational culture, models of communication and motivation theories:........1
2.Findings ...................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
Appendices.....................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour involves with study of both individual and group performance
activities within an organisation (Tran, 2020). This approach examine and determines the human
behaviour relating to the working environment and determines how human behaviour will impact
on job structure, communication, motivation in the organisation, and in leadership. The
relationship between human behaviour and their impact will considered under the approach of
organisational behaviour. This study indicates how employees behave and perform in the
workplace. The study of organisation behaviour involves with areas of those researches which
dedicates to improving performance, increasing job satisfaction and innovation promotion.
Organisational behaviour will help the business to establish a strong and trust worthy
relationship with their employees. The objective of organisation behaviour is to explain and
predict the employees attitude towards the particular tasks and objectives. This approach will
study and predicts how employees will react on different situation and certain on decisions. The
fundamental of organisation behaviour depends upon the people, employees, structure,
technology and social systems. Below report is based on TESCO, a British multinational retailers
of groceries and general merchandise, headquarter in Welwyn Garden City, England. This
retailing organisation considered with third largest retailers in the world measured by Gross
revenues. The report below consists of the topic that is theories of organisational culture, models
related to communication, motivation theories etc.
MAINBODY
1.Theories of organisational culture, models of communication and motivation theories:
Organisation relates with those activities which are having with set standard of doing the
operations in effective way. Organisation culture theory emphasizes that culture are having a set
of values that will relates with organisation or group of people (Sinding, Kreitner and Kinecki,
2018).These culture depends upon the organisation working style that has to be follow by the
employees through following specific companies culture. In any organisation certain cultural
aspects are present and defines the value of both the organisation and employees in relation to
meet the cultural value. In the context of Tesco they are continuously working hard to create
effective company culture in which employees will thrive in both professional and personal
platform, to maintain the healthy work, play and personal development. They are providing a
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healthy environment to their employees through their leadership structure. They builds the
effective interpersonal relationship and sense of community among their team members. This
retailing industry works on the principle of providing with quality products to their customers
through maintaining the standards as per their company branding value. Tesco retailers covers
the large area of serving and reaching their customers by both channel of platform is that online
and offline. They are having with the culture of providing flexible hours to their employees, by
giving relaxation on work from home policy to their employees. So here are some of the theories
which consists in the organisation in meeting and understanding the objectives and goals is that:
Structural stability
This theory defines that all culture are being held together in quite rigid manner by their
own values and beliefs which are going to implement in the organisation. Basically this theory
depends upon the structural value of the organisation(Pradhan, Jena and Panigrahy, 2020).
Organisation have to maintain and follow the working pattern by adding all the cultural value in
the organisation. In the context of Tesco, they are using the flexible pattern of culture in which
they takes their employees more serious by giving them facilities regarding their health and
safety and other benefits related to their work from home and on working hours. This stability of
organisation shows the structural culture which will be equally implied on all employees.
Breadth:
Culture is all pervasive and relates with every part of the organisation in order to
implement on all different department. This theory depicts that organisation are having with
specific cultural value which have to be followed by the employees on regular basis. Even if
someone will not fully adhere and agree with that culture, instead of that they are subject to
follow it, anyway as this is what its generally accepted.
Depth
Do not underestimate the culture in relation to how ingrained and unconscious culture are
present in the group. That is the way people react and not have to explain their actions to their
peers. In organisation like Tesco they are indulging in large number of employees handling so its
not possible to look into them on regular basis, every one having their own style of handling and
react on the culture. So this retailing industry are more committed to their roles regarding their
cultures which will implement in the organisation. Culture are basic priority of any industry.
Patterning/integration
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In company, the member of the group exhibits the same behaviour over a certain period
of time, this means that culture do influence the particular member through making their beliefs
coherent. This will happen if member in the company behave in same pattern and will predict by
their employees and seniors too.
Visible Artifacts
The office considered to be the best example of an artifacts, which is important for the
organizational theory of culture. These things are more apparent in relation to the surface of the
group such as the level and policy of the organisation such as hierarchy, attitude during the
meeting and interactions. In the context of Tesco they are basically depends upon the structure
pattern which have to follow by both the employees and seniors with appropriate organisation
processes.
Espoused beliefs, values and behavioural norms
These are the terms which are clearly mention in the website in which visitor will see the
mission and vision of the company that will indicates culture platform of the company as well
how they are dealing with employees and other businesses too. In context of Tesco, they are
handling their websites to interact with their customers easily so it defines their Espoused beliefs.
Underlying, taken for granted assumption
This relates with the tacit and basic things which explain the artifacts and beliefs factor in
the organisation.
Role Culture:
The role culture is specified in organisation, in manager perspective they tend to give
roles and responsibilities as per according to specialisation of individual and education
qualification as well as interest. In perspective of Tesco, their management team is focus and
follows role culture for attaining task and other activities. Employees are defined with their skills
and competency which they willing to perform particular task.
The rules and regulation which is having in Tesco is to provide proper services in
accurate manner on the basis of time management. Clear out overall doubts of customer within
effective manner.
Top level management in which managers, superior and executives are reliable for
undertaking decision in organisation.
2.Models of communication
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Communication models relates with interaction pattern or process through which two or
more people will communicate with each other(Odor, 2018). In the company like Tesco they are
effectively communicate with their customers through the process of online as well as offline
along with their great communication between employees. There are lots of communication
channel through which organisation will going to interact with their employees and customers.
Here are some of the communication model which are used in the organisation as means of
effectively interact with the department peoples and employees is that:
Aristotle model of communication:
The main focus of Aristotle model is on speaker and speech. Which is divided into
various primary elements that is added in the formation of any communication channel is that
speaker, speech, occasion, effects and audiences (Nuckcheddy, 2018). This model basically
depends upon the communication elements through which their impact will be examined. This
model revolve around the speaker, the main concept of this theory is that the most important role
in communication is played by speaker. He/she is the only one who will influence his/her
audiences through the process of public speaking. Its relates with the speaker role to deliver the
exact and clear speech to their target audiences by which communication channel will effectively
emerges. Here the target audiences is passive which will influenced by the speaker speech. This
process makes the one way channel of transferring the information from speaker to receiver.
Here the speaker has to prepare speech according to the audience type which relates with the
motive of speech and according to their target audiences and situation along side. Even if the
speech relates with the speaker itself and focuses on audiences interaction in relation to
communication, so no concepts of feedbacks are there in the channel of communicating with the
audiences.
For example: In the retailing industry like Tesco, they are more focus on the growth
through interacting with customers and with their potential ones , by adopting this model of
Aristotle communication channel. In which organisation will inform about their products and
offerings to their customers through seminars and fairs on international levels by their Marketing
heads to the target audiences with having new offerings as a source of influencing the audiences
in more effective manner.
Berlo's model of communication
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This model of communication are operates on SMCR approach which indicates the
source, message, channel and receiver(Mansouri, Singh and Khan, 2018). These elements are
necessary in the formation of this model. Each elements indicates the process through which
communication channel will complete so here are the model which are inducing in the process of
Tesco retailing industry is that:
Source
This element considered with sender from whom the thought or information is generated
or originates. Sender is the one who will transfer the information to their receiver through
properly implementing it into useful information by carefully putting this information into
words. So through the help of sources like communication skills, attitude, knowledge, culture
and social system. An individual must posses a great level of interaction skills or communication
skills to make effective communication and generates impact on their listeners. In the context of
Tesco retailing company, seniors are having with strong command on their
communication standard by which interaction will be quite satisfactory.
Message
When a sender is converted his thoughts and information into words, this will create a
message, and that is also relates with some kind of encoding of the information on the basis of
giving them platform to decode by the receiver. Any message is comprises with elements which
will be add on during the process of messages is that content this approach is related with
properly design the information through preparing the content factor in it. Second element is
gestures, while convey the message sender should be able to use the gestures, hand movement
while given the information. It should be in structural format for easy to understand by their
receivers.
Channel
Its a medium through which information will transfer to their receiver. How does one
know what the sender try to convey or speak. It is basically the approaches by which information
will go on in flow to their receiver.
Receiver
When message will reach to their receiver, they tries to understand what the sender wants
to convey in their message and then receiver responded accordingly in relation to complete the
communication value through respond to their sender about the particular message (Batten,
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Lončarski and Szilagyi, 2018). In the context of Tesco retailers they are having the process of
department hierarchy through which this model will complete from senior managers to their
employees and workers all the information are goes in the form of messages regarding if any
changes will occur in the organisation. This model is commonly use approach in this industry.
Shannon Communication Theory:
According to this theory is establishes about to given degree on noise communication
channel that consists about to sender, a transmission and receiver where these process is to
reconstruct sender message. The process of quantitatively to analyse where transmission through
channel where it introduced for better measure amount of information in message. It was
designed to mirror about functioning about radio and telephone technology. In this initial
consists about primary process part of sender, message, channel and receiver.
3.Theories of motivation
In the context of retailing industry like Tesco they are working on the basic principle of
providing growth to their employees by motivating them through hygiene factors. They are
dealing in large scale so they have to work according to employees to provide with the assistance
of motivation.(Jena and Pradhan, 2018). Motivational factor are most crucial aspect which have
to be clearly defined in the organisation to attain the objective effectively. So here are two
theories of motivation which are applying in the organisation for effective operations and
through that process organisation will attain the value through their employees.
Maslow's need hierarchy theory
It is most commonly used motivation theory of organisation, here Maslow's categorizes
all human needs into a hierarchy manner from lower to higher order in relation to the need of
motivation. This theory defines that once one motivation factor is achieved and people or
employees are satisfied then the next higher level of need have to activate in order to motivate
them. They finds five level in the approach of need hierarchy is that:
Physiological needs:
These are the needs which relates with basics necessities of human life which includes
foods, shelter,Air,water and life related requirements. To adopt the higher level of satisfaction,
they have to meet with these need firsts as they are the priority based needs. Once these needs
are fulfil then they no longer motivate the man.
Safety needs:
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After satisfying the basic necessities, next need emerge which is safety and security
needs. To meet these needs more money is required hence the individual will try to work more
for this safety aspects.
Social needs:
This needs generates after the prior one will meet a safety needs. Man is a social being,
they will interact socially, having with companionship, belongingness . So the social needs are
the third level of need for the people.
Esteem needs :
These needs refers with self-respect and self-esteem. In the organisation field like Tesco,
employees will concern about their self-esteem too, its a need that has to be satisfy to complete
their motivation factor(Jacobs and Manzi, 2020).
Self-actualisation needs:
This needs relates with lower, medium and higher needs of the human being, this need
will be fulfil by the person itself after satisfying by all the basic to developed needs. Person here
feels and generates the self-actualisation whether they perform well or not in relation to their
organisational work.
McGregor's participation theory:
Douglas McGregor determines different views of the human being which is based on the
participation of workers. The first one is basically a negative one, denote by X and other one is
considered as Y (Grobler and Joubert, 2018). This signs indicate the two different perception of
the people which relates with negative and positive perceptions on particular matter.
Theory of X based on certain assumption is that:
 Peoples are indolent that is why they wants to work as little as they can.
 Here the peoples are lack of ambition, dislikes the responsibility factor.
 They are not quite sharp and bright in doing any activities.
Theory of Y based on the assumption is that:
 They wants to take works on their hands.
 They are full of enthusiasm and want their organisation to be suc Maslow,Herzberg’s
and ERG theoryceed.
 They relates with achievement needs.
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ERG theory:
This theory states about given point of time more than which is having need may be
operational where it is an individual which might be motivated to accomplish the relatedness
which is need to accomplishing relatedness for motivated by existence needs.
Existence Needs: This need factor involves necessities factor which depict in short of individual
psychological safety needs.
Relatedness needs: It involves about individual within have maintaining significant
interpersonal relationship with getting public fame , some sort of appraisal, self actualisation and
recognition by superior.
Growth needs: It includes about the need of self development and having personal growth and
advancement. This allows to major understanding for contributing major skills and knowledge
for provide high performance.
In above ERG theory is described in context of Tesco company where it describe about to relate
with better self accomplishment is needed to each individual. For that manager of Tesco is
focuses on their better competency skills and knowledge.
2.Findings
As per study of above report on organisational behaviour, it is find that company which
engage in the international operations they have to properly work on their communication
channel through which they perform well in relation to their international handling. Organisation
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Illustration 1: ERG Theory, 2021

like Tesco retailing works on the basic principle of providing with quality products to their
customers through properly communicate with their employees in respect to reach their
customers (Effron and Raj, 2020).
Tesco performs the proper organisational behaviour theories to develop the source of
effectiveness while working with their employees is that to communicate they operates in mode
of communication channel through Aristotle model in which sender and receiver approach are
present where one inculcate the message to their target audience and they will get the clear
information through that process.
Motivational theory along with cultural aspect are relatively important in this retailing as
they perform their business operations into different countries so as to adopt the value of
understand the behaviour of people from other countries in relation to customer as well as
employees.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above report is that every organisation needs to require
proper understanding of their employees in order to provide them confidence and motivational
factor if needed in future. Organisation working on an international market have to adopt the
organisational behaviour theory which is necessary in completing the processes with ease is that
models like organisation culture, theory of communication will be considered as models and
theories of motivation. Organisation needs to built the structure on which they work for their
employees in relation to adopt the change in behaviour which will be negative or positive too.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Balwant, P.T., 2018. The meaning of student engagement and disengagement in the classroom
context: Lessons from organisational behaviour. Journal of Further and Higher
Education. 42(3). pp.389-401.
Batten, J.A., Lončarski, I. and Szilagyi, P.G., 2018. When kamay met hill: Organisational ethics
in practice. Journal of Business Ethics. 147(4). pp.779-792.
Effron, D.A. and Raj, M., 2020. Misinformation and morality: Encountering fake-news headlines
makes them seem less unethical to publish and share. Psychological Science. 31(1).
pp.75-87.
Grobler, A. and Joubert, Y.T., 2018. Psychological Capital: Convergent and discriminant
validity of a reconfigured measure. South African Journal of Economic and
Management Sciences. 21(1). pp.1-14.
Jacobs, K. and Manzi, T., 2020. Conceptualising ‘financialisation’: governance, organisational
behaviour and social interaction in UK housing. International Journal of Housing
Policy. 20(2). pp.184-202.
Jena, L.K. and Pradhan, S., 2018. Workplace spirituality and employee commitment: The role of
emotional intelligence and organisational citizenship behaviour in Indian organisations.
Journal of Enterprise Information Management.
Mansouri, A.A.A., Singh, S.K. and Khan, M., 2018. Role of organisational culture, leadership
and organisational citizenship behaviour on knowledge management. International
Journal of Knowledge Management Studies. 9(2). pp.129-143.
Nuckcheddy, A., 2018. The effect of personality on motivation and organisational behaviour.
Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal, 9(2), pp.001-005.
Odor, H.O., 2018. Organisational culture and dynamics. Global Journal of Management and
Business Research.
Pradhan, R.K., Jena, L.K. and Panigrahy, N.P., 2020. Do sustainability practices buffer the
impact of self-efficacy on organisational citizenship behaviour?. Journal of Indian
Business Research.
Sinding, K., Kreitner, R. and Kinecki, A., 2018. Organisational behaviour. McGraw-Hill.
Tran, Q.H., 2020. Organisational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction in the
Vietnam context. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.
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Appendices
CULTURE – Tesco has a role culture - its following rules, regulations and hierarchy
What rules and regulation do you have in your organisations?
As effective business rules helps in the development of employee, as well as organisation
it also provide guideline on how work will be done in the organisation. There are some rules and
regulation that should have to be following in the organisation.
 Coordination rules: coordination rules helps the organisation to continue the task in a
process. And this also helps the organisation to keep process is moving without re-work.
 Qualification/disqualification rules: qualification rules helps to assign the work
according to the qualification of the employee, this helps to prevent a lot of time and
effort.
Who make decisions in your organisation?
Decision making process in Tesco is as follows:
 A description of the broad organisation context, and particular area being analysed:
As international expansion is the key feature of the many companies strategies now in
these days, generally when it comes to European based countries. Most of the times when
decisions are not correct, company have to face many problems, At the same time. So this
will help the organisation to manage and analyse all the business procedure and find out
the solution.
 Analysis of the cause of the difficulties, making clear why they can be understood
using relevant theories: if we choose the successful international strategy has always
ensured the fast growth of the company, in comparison to the competitors of the Tesco.
Do you have a lot of rules and regulations in organisations?
The term rule is the engagement of the employee in a given direction to control them, yes
there are rules and regulations that have to be followed in the organisation in the terms of
tesco: Rules for employees: if any problem comes then the employee should have to
confront with their immediate boss. Employees should have to do their duties as expected
to them. Engaging the employees:companies should do in which the employees feel
empowered by engaging them in decision making process. For the development of the
employees.
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COMMUNICATION – Tesco its following Shannon theory communication
 How do TESCO communicate and build relationship with their employees?
As communication and building relationship with the employees is very important, so for
maintaining the relationship, Tesco is following this: low barriers participation: listen
and solve term is also used for the communication, if employees were invited to send
their thoughts by the way of text and email this will be the poor connection of
communication. Anonymous response:the only thing that asked from was either the
store number or sometimes the name of the division director, so sometimes with the lack
of communication it would be difficult for the employees to resolve the problems. So the
company is now doing face to face interaction and giving them a quick response.
 How do you think you can improve your communication in organisation?
Learn to speak in a public to a group: learn to speak in public rather than in group,
because no one will notice, if the employees can not speak in public, managers will not
consider you as a goal achiever. As you are unable to speak confidently in public and also
so many other thing, it can get easier with doing practice so these are the thing that can
improve the communication skills of the employee in the organisation.
 What type of communication use Tesco with their employees?
Tesco uses the verbal communication such as face to face and also sometimes over the
telephonic conversation. The benefit of this verbal communication that it helps employee
to communicate the important information easily with one another. Another way of
verbal communication is board meeting, this helps the employee to share the opinion in
front of every board members. This board meeting helps in future planning of the
organisation and help the junior employee to interact with their seniors and think like
them.
MOTIVATION – Maslow,Herzberg’s and ERG theory
 How can a manager to motivate employees to do their job well?
By showing the workers that the company is supporting them,and this thing can
encourage them for better performance. By,motivating them in the following
ways:personally thank to the employees for doing the good job in public, also giving
some gifts reward for appreciation, and giving them bonus on festivals will also motivate
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them for doing good job. And also sometimes it would not be possible giving these things
then company have to boost the morale of the employee.
 What types of non-financial rewards might Tesco use to motivate employees and what
are the effects?
Tesco is using the strategy of developing the skills, show often care to them, support the
employees if there is some thing happens to them. These non-financial reward company
uses to motivate the employees. It helps them to work more smoothly, energetic, creative,
loyalty in a company , and also explains the effect of an unmotivated employees of the
company. This study describes a number of experiments where the immediate reward for
doing good job directly reached to the level of very high motivation.
 How does Tesco benefit from ensuring that its workforce is motivated?
Tesco aims to motivate their employees by paying attention to hygiene and try give
satisfaction to the employees and customer both. For example they motivates their employees by
an appropriate and timely interaction, because if they are making pressure daily,then they do not
do their job on a serious manner , and also they explained all the responsibilities. And also
involving the staff on decision making, because they can understand their duty properly, and do
their work timely and in a effective way.
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