Organizational Behavior and Motivation

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of organizational behavior, including key theories of motivation, such as Maslow's Hierarchy and McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory. It also discusses team management models, like Tuckman's Forming Storming Norming Performing model. Additionally, it touches on the importance of leadership styles, work-family conflict, and employee engagement in determining job satisfaction and performance.

Organizational Behavior

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Analyses the influence of culture, politics and power on the behavior of others in an
organizational context............................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Evaluate how to motivate individuals and teams to achieve a goal..................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
P3 Demonstrate an understanding of how to cooperate effectively with others....................5
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organization behavior to a given business situation8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organization refers to an entity which comprises various individuals who perform
various functions to attain a mutual and pre-determined objective. Organizational behavior is the
application and study of knowledge regarding how people act within an enterprise. It is refer as a
human tool for their benefits. It follows broadly to the individual behavior in entire types of
organization (Organizational Behaviour: Definition, 2017). Organization behavior is defined as
the study of manner in which individuals interact with others or within group (Ashkanasy,
Becker and Waldman, 2014). In an organisation, it is very essential for managers to assess
behaviour of its employees and assign them task or roles as per their skills and capabilities.
Overall concept of organizational behavior consists how an individual or tem perform in an
enterprise and what are the main factors which affect their behavior andsuccess of company. In
the present assignment, chosen organisation is British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) which is
a public service broadcaster whose headquarters are located in Westminster, London. This
assignment covers impact of power, politics and culture on behaviour of organisation and its
employees. It alritikaso covers different motivational theories and various types of teams as well
as its significance within firm. At last, different concepts and philosophies of organisational
behaviour and barriers to effective performance are defined in this project.
TASK 1
P1 Analyse the influence of culture, politics and power on the behaviour of others in an
organisational context
Organisational Culture: It is identify as a behaviours and values that contributes to the
new psychological and social environment of an enterprise. Organisational culture includes a
business's experiences, values, philosophy and expectations that hold it together. In order to
identify different types of culture, BBC follow handy's culture typology which are determined as
under:
Handy's culture typology:
This model is developed by Charles Handy in which four types of culture is defined that
impacts on behaviour of organisation. These cultures are defined below:
Power culture: In this culture, power is held by few people whose impact spreads all
over the organisation (Demir, 2011). As only few people possess the power, all the decision
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related to activities and operations of firm are taken by them. Individuals are judged by their
achievements instead of how they act and work. The consequence of this culture in BBC can be
quick decision making, if these are not in best interest of firm. As per the smith review, power
culture is more effective for the BBC to take appropriate and quick decision about achievement
of long term goals and objectives. Strong power of the company is more effective for the success
and development of organisation.
Role culture: Organisations with this culture are based on regulations. Everyone in
organisation knows their roles and responsibilities and are highly controlled. In role culture,
power is determined by position of a person in organisational structure. According to the Smith
review, In BBC, this culture develops detailed structure which is tall and includes long chain of
command. It will also essential and significant for the business to allot roles and responsibilities
to the employees as per its capability and knowledge.
Task culture: This culture is developed within firm when teams are formed to address
particular issue. Task is vital thing, so power within groups will often shift rely on mix of team
members and problem status. Task culture of organisation is identified by dynamics of team. It
influence behaviour of organisation if team dynamics are not good. Right mix of personalities,
leadership and skills can be incredibly creative and productive (DiPaola and Tschannen-Moran,
2014). According to the Smith Review, Task culture forms when groups in an enterprise are
settled to address particular issue or progress projects. The task is the essential and significant
thing, so power within the group will frequently shift relaying on the mix of the group members
and the situation of the issue or project. Proper allotment of the task is important for the BBC to
attain their long term vision and mission easily.
Person culture: In this culture of organisation, people see themselves as superior. Firm is
highly rely on working of its employees. Company with personal culture is just a collection of
people who happen to be work for similar organisation. As per the smith review, In BBC with
person cultures, a person very much understand themselves as superior and unique to the
company. The business simply survive in order for group to work. Thus, it is important for the
company to improve their future growth and success within predetermined time period.
Power and political behaviour of managers: Power is identify ability of person to
influence others' behaviour or activities because of recognized talents, competencies or
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specialized knowledge. Political behaviour is identify as a right of individual to maintain
operational capacity and to keep different opinion of interested parties.
Hofstede theory: It is an effective framework for cross-culture communication which is
develop by Geert Hofstede. This theory has five values such as power distance, uncertainty
avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs. collectivism, and long vs, short term
orientation (Gelfand and et. al., 2012). This theory impact on BBC culture, if a business manager
do not take any charge, that they may believe that the task is not important. In applying this
theory, an individual can measure the differing concepts of an organisational culture in order to
acquire a better knowingness, by quantitatively and visually.
French and Raven's power types: In order to identify impact of power on the individual
behaviour BBC apply French and Raven's power types. In this power is divided into different
parts which are determined as under:
Coercive power: This type of power mainly based on the idea of coercion. In BBC, there
are different kind of power that can be applied in coercive way such as withholding expertise or
rewards or applying referent power and ability in order to threaten social exclusion. It impact on
individual's behaviour because it cal lead dissatisfaction and unhealthy behaviour at work. This
type of power follow in order to threaten other person within an enterprise and to implement
accurate deadlines and punishable actions in workplace.
Reward power: It is another type of power that involves the individual's ability to
delegate matters. For manager in BBC, it is a perceived chances to reward or value their
subordinates' better outcomes in a favourable manner. This power also effect on the behaviour of
employees when they not achieve reward as per their performance in the organisation. It can be
completed by BBC manager by giving salary hikes, bonus, paid leave and many other benefits to
the workers.
Legitimate power: This kind of power provide the capability to link some notion of
responsibility or feeling of obligation to the management. Punishing and rewarding workers can
be identify as a legitimate aspect of the appointed or formal role of leadership (Graham, Ziegert
and Capitano, 2015). It is essential for those people who loses their title or position by providing
accurate guidance to them.
Referent power: It is mainly based on the capability of management to mange a sense of
personal approval or acceptance. A leader who has such type of power and better appreciation of
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their surrounding and therefore tends to have more influence. In this types of power,
responsibility is heavy which effect on individual behaviours in a direct manner. In BBC, such
kind of power is resultant of employees personality.
Expert power: It is mainly based on in-depth or detail information, expertise or
knowledge. In this BBC leader is more intelligent and believe in their authority in order to fulfil
several roles and responsibilities of organization. This kind of ability enables them to combine
the reward power in the accurate way.
Chanlat's characteristics of such behaviour: In order to identify political behaviour of
managers, BBC use Chanlat's characteristics model. Chanlat differentiate this behaviour in three
types such as personal, structural and decisional. During the process of hiring candidates,
passion and qualities of an employee about the use of power and political behaviour are taken in
this (Hammer and et. al., 2011). Machiavellian is identify one of the main characteristic of
political behaviour which is essential for BBC to take accurate decision for their growth and
success at large scale. Structured characteristic is another quality that lead business entity to
achieve their goals within predetermined time duration.
According to smith review: As per their point of view, BBC is confronting different
difficulties about its structure and culture. Beside this, business entity is needed to provide
incredible information and program which endow the customer to read. In this company apply
task culture which help in promoting employees to work and perform in team. It will also
essential for the organisation to attain their preset goals and targets within given deadline. Along
with them, politics, power and culture are connected with each other which is important for the
company to accomplish their goals. All these are highly effects on individual and team
performance and behaviour. For example: If power has in some people, then it will create
satisfaction among different workforce. On the other hand, politics can impact the business in
favourable and unfavourable manner (Hershcovis, 2011). Positive politics is essential for the
company because it lead to promote values of BBC. Negative politics is effect on business
operations because it increase conflict among staff members which directly impact on
organisational culture. Apart from this, culture is hampers on reliability of an enterprise.
Therefore, Power, politics and culture influence on entire performance and productivity of BBC
in direct manner.
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TASK 2
P2 Evaluate how to motivate individuals and teams to achieve a goal
a) Content and process theories of motivation
Motivation refers to the inner urge of doing something. It helps in encouraging individual
to do some work. This is identify as an external and internal factors that stimulate energy and
want in people to be committed and interested to a job in continue basis (Theories of Motivation,
2017). There are mainly two types of motivation theories which are determined as under:
Content theory: It is a type of motivation theory which is used by the BBC in order to motivate
and encourage their workers by fulfilling basic needs and wants of employees. In this different
theories are cover such as David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and many other psychologists.
All these are essential but BBC follow Abraham Maslow theory which is essential for the growth
and development of organisation.
Abraham Maslow- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: With the help of this theory, BBC can
fulfil five types of employee's needs such as self-actualization, self-esteem, belongingness and
love, safety and security and physiological needs (Hoever and et. al., 2012). All these are
provided by the company which help an organisation to maintain employee turnover and achieve
better outcomes within predetermined time duration. For example: manages needs to ensure
fulfillment of employee's basic needs. As if these are not fulfill, manpower is not satisfied and
they are not working in proper way within organization. So, it is highly essential to provide
proper compensation to employees.
Process theory: It is refer as an effective system of ideas that identify how an organisation
changes and develops. It is also essential for the company to motivate their staff members and
accomplish their long term goals and objectives.
Adams' equity theory: This theory states that an employee are motivated or encouraged if
they are treated in equal basis. In this workforce of BBC compare their involvement to perform.
Costs of their activity and the advantages that will output to the benefits and contribution of the
reference person.
Use of motivation theories to improve employee’s performance
Performance of employees determine the success and growth of an organization. When
employees perform well ate workplace it helps enterprise in attain its set goals and objectives
and also provide competitive benefit to company. On the other hand, when employees od not
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perform well at workplace then it creates unnecessary delays in completion of business activities
and increase cost of organization. Motivation play role and largely affect the employee’s
performance at workplace. A motivated employee performs well as compare to an employee who
is not motivated. So to ensure that all employees perform well a company require to use various
techniques and tools to encourage workers to perform well. Managers of BBC can use content
and process theories of motivation to encourage employees to work well. By satisfy the basic
needs of employee’s company can ensure proper functioning of all workers. With help of
Maslow theory of motivation company can motivate workers to work well and can attain its set
business objectives.
b) How improved level of motivation within BBC helps to attain organizational goals
Improvement motivation level of employee is essential for the BBC to achieve their goals
and objectives in given time duration. It reduce conflict and misunderstanding among staff
members which is also essential for the success and growth of organisation in limited time period
(Hoon Song and et. al., 2012). Motivated staff are capable to deal with difficult situation easily
and accomplish long term objectives and goals within preset time duration.
There are different motivational techniques which are used by the BBC to motivate their
staff members some are determined as under:
Job enrichment: It is identify as a common technique of motivation which is used by
company in order to provide a worker satisfaction in their work. It means providing a worker an
additional duties to manage their work and maintain position at workplace. This will help in
increasing skills and competencies of manpower and will get career growth opportunities by this.
It also enables them to work more effectively within firm towards attaining goals and objectives
of company.
Performance measurement: It is refer as an effective process of gathering, evaluating
and reporting data about the performance of employees. In this BBC use 360 degree appraisal
method which is more effective for motivating workers as per its work and performance. This
will helps firm in effectively measuring performance of its manpower and also helps in
improving their performance in the areas where required. This helps manager in developing
effective training programmes that further helps in improving their performance in more
effective manner.
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By implementing Maslow's theory, company can understand the needs and demands of
its employees and can fulfil it as well. This will make the employees satisfied and they will
work with more effectiveness and thus generate profits and productivity as well. They feel a
sense of satisfaction and encourage to perform their duties in more effective manner.
TASK 3
P3 Demonstrate an understanding of how to cooperate effectively with others
a) Different types of teams within BBC and its importance
Teams refers to the group of individuals that work collectively for attaining common
objectives. Team-work is considered as a very crucial part of every business. It means when
people work together with each other in cooperation so as to complete a task together. Teams can
be classified as :
Functional team: In this team, people with similar functional expertise work together
towards shared objectives. These are traditional corporate groups often concurrent with entire
department or with a particular part of it. In BBC, functional team is form to perform a particular
task or activity in more effective manner as all the individuals in this team possess same skills
and expertise. Marketing, human resources, finance and accounting are the examples of
functional teams at workplace.
Problem solving team: It is a temporary team in which people from cross functional
departments comes together to solve a particular issue. The main advantage to BBC of having
problem solving team is that it helps firm in providing quick, effective and permanent solution
on a particular problem. As the people with skills, interests and roles are come together, firm gets
more effective solutions to issues.
Project team: It is the team whose members are belong to distinct functions, groups and
the activities of same project are assigned to them. As per the needs, the group can be divided
into sub group. Members of project team are highly committed and contribute to project as well
as its objectives (Hülsheger and et. al., 2013). The significance of having project team in BBC is
that it helps in successful completion of a project. Manager of this team ensures that project
proceeds in specified time and within established budget, while attaining its objectives. Cross
functional teams are the example of project teams working in enterprise.
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Virtual team: It is the type of team that communicates digitally instead of person.
Different tools of communication enables manager to develop teams on the basis of weaknesses
and strengths rather than geography. Regardless the geographic location of people, technology
enables them to participate in activities of organisation. In BBC, virtual teams communicate
online by various collaboration and conferencing technologies. No matter where the team
members are, they can be in touch continuously and access to projects by social networking
tools. This team should have good communication skills and they are choose on the basis of their
ability to work in minimal situation.
All these teams are important and essential for the growth and success of company within
predetermined time period. In case of functional team, in this individual worker perform such
type of role for a BBC within those department (Lu, 2014). All employees are as a part of team
member that work with each other to maximise their talents and skills. Problem solving team is
also beneficial for the organisation because in difficult situation such team play vital role for
reducing unnecessary conflict. Project team is another team in BBC that help in completing each
and every activity of project in given deadline. Lastly, virtual team is also significant for BBC
because it assist in providing accurate information to the employees.
b) Evaluating effectiveness of team by applying appropriate theory
In order to evaluating team effectiveness, BBC follow Tuckman's Model which was
proposed in 1965 by Bruce Tuckman. They express all phases that empowers team member to
develop, manage problem, look up to challenge, convey output and design work successfully.
This model mainly consists four stages which are determined as under:
Forming: In this phase, team members make themselves careful with the convenient
opening and difficulties. In this some employees are understand about their responsibility with
another. In this team has just been innovate and each and every person is excessively pleasant
and polite (Sliter, Sliter and Jex, 2012). In this stage, team member may discuss project goals,
timeline, individual roles and ground rules.
Storming: In this level, likelihood of arising misunderstanding among all group member
which is maximum in opinion of their typical style of working. As employees are working and
performing together and that too with differ skills, educational qualification and interest level
which shows possibility of occurring misunderstanding (Tuckman Forming Storming Norming
Performing model, 2017).
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(Source: Tuckman Forming Storming Norming Performing model, 2017)
Norming: In this, team member play vital role in solving the misunderstanding
themselves and moreover start acknowledging strength of other group members (Wayne and et.
al., 2013). At this level, team member starts connecting together as now they are able to share
effective sympathy among each other.
Performing: It is a last phase in which group members are able to accomplish business
objectives and gaols without any difficulty. This phase increase inspiration and motivation
among entire group members.
TASK 4
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour to a given business situation
a) Measures to improve performance and productivity within BBC
Path Goal Theory: This model is based on specifying behaviour or style of leader. It is
essential and best fits the workers and work atmosphere in order to accomplish a goal and
objective of organisation. The goal is to maximise employees satisfaction, empowerment and
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Illustration 1: Tuckman Forming Storming Norming Performing model

motivation so they become important and productive members of the business entity. This theory
has three parts which are determined as under:
Employees characteristic: In this employees requires to see their leader's of the BBC is relay on
association, desire for monitor, requires and say capacity level. For illustration: when a BBC
leader provide more structure way than an employee needs, it move out to be minimum
motivated.
Task and Environmental Characteristics: This part of such theory is assume indispensable
form in the organisation in order to persuade their employees (Williams and Grossett, 2011).
Main and fundamental part of the theory is to address all hindrances and issue in an appropriate
manner. There are some task difficult task in BBC such as design of the task, formal authority
system and work group. All these are effect on business performance and productivity in a direct
manner.
Leader behaviour or style: It is refer as a independent variable of such type of model in which
leader adjust their behaviour style to the workforce and task characteristic. So that motivation
level of employees is to stand out at their goal and objective (Demir, 2011). There are some
essential styles of leadership which are determined as under:
Supportive leader: This type of leadership style are perform for the situation when
relationship and errands are physically difficult.
Directive leadership: This kind of leader advice their follower regarding what to do,
planning work, accomplishment of business objectives and how to done specific task in given
time period.
Participative: This is style of leadership in which leaders do discussion and consult with
employees before taking any decision and before implement any kind of change at workplace.
This kind of leadership is effectives when all employees are trained and involved in the work.
Achievement: This is another type of leadership in this leaders set challenging task for all
employees and expect them to perform best. Leader show his confidence in all members to meet
the expectation. This kind of leadership is more effective in technical and sales environment.
b) Barriers to effective performance within BBC
Poor communication: In every organisation, it is very essential to have proper
communication channels so that all the informations can be conveyed to employees in proper
manner. Ineffective communication channels within BBC creates many issues within firm and
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impacts directly on its productivity and performance (Demir, 2011). So, poor communication
acts as a barrier for company.
Unclear goals: Goals of an organisation should be specific and clear as it defines the
responsibilities of employees as well as departments. When the goals are not communicated
properly by management, the responsibilities of team members of BBC towards attaining those
are not clear due to which they are not able to work effectively. So, unclear goals is acts as a
barrier to performance of BBC.
Ineffective leadership: Leadership highly impacts on performance and productivity level
of firm. Ineffective leadership by manager or leader may decline the morale and motivation level
of manpower which directly impacts on performance of BBC.
Organisational culture: Work culture of an organisation is directly linked with
performance of employees (Ashkanasy, Becker and Waldman, 2014). The culture of firm is
deeply embedded in system, so it is difficult to change. Negative culture of organisation
decrease morale of employees and restricts them to perform their duties well.
Above mentioned are all the barriers to effective performance within BBC which can be
overcome by application of appropriate communication tools. It is also required by management
to improve their leadership so that they enable to motivate employees to perform their duties in
more effective way. Besides this, managers of BBC require to set clear and specific goals which
are clearly understandable to employees and improve the culture of organisation so that
employees feel happy and satisfied to work in organisation.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that organisational behaviour
depicts the way in which individual communicate or interact with others in firm. Culture of an
organisation highly influence performance of employees. If power is concentrated in few hands,
it lowers down the morale of other employees which directly impacts on their performance.
Application of different motivational theories within firm help in improving motivation of
employees and satisfying them. Improved motivation level of workforce encourage them to
effectively attain goals and objectives of company. Different barriers to performance are exist
within firm which requires to be overcome by manager through making use of appropriate
communication channels.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Demir, M., 2011. Effects of organizational justice, trust and commitment on employees' deviant
behavior. Anatolia. 22(2). pp.204-221.
DiPaola, M. and Tschannen-Moran, M., 2014. Organizational citizenship behavior in schools
and its relationship to school climate. Journal of School Leadership. 11(5). pp.424-447.
Gelfand, M. J., and et. al., 2012. Conflict cultures in organizations: How leaders shape conflict
cultures and their organizational-level consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology.
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Graham, K. A., Ziegert, J. C. and Capitano, J., 2015. The effect of leadership style, framing, and
promotion regulatory focus on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of
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Hammer, L. B., and et. al., 2011. Clarifying work–family intervention processes: The roles of
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Hoon Song, J., and et. al., 2012. Role of transformational leadership in effective organizational
knowledge creation practices: Mediating effects of employees' work engagement.
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Hülsheger, U. R., and et. al., 2013. Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in
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Lu, X., 2014. Ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating roles of
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Sliter, M., Sliter, K. and Jex, S., 2012. The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple
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Williams, D. E. and Grossett, D. L., 2011. Reduction of restraint of people with intellectual
disabilities: An organizational behavior management (OBM) approach. Research in
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Tuckman Forming Storming Norming Performing model. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
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