Literature Review on Organizational Behavior

This assignment involves a comprehensive literature review on organizational behavior, focusing on various aspects such as transformational leadership, perceived organizational support, job insecurity, and psychological entitlement. It includes a list of references from 2014 to 2019, covering journals such as Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Business Ethics, and Journal of Management & Organization. The assignment is likely related to business or management studies and may be used for research or academic purposes.

Organizational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
A) Organisational culture, power and politics............................................................................1
B) Influence of culture on behaviour of staff and performance of Ryanair................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
A) Content and Process theory of motivation.............................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
A) Different types of team..........................................................................................................6
B) Belbin's model of team...........................................................................................................7
C) Path goal theory......................................................................................................................8
D) Main barriers to implementing new organisational structure in Ryanair..............................9
CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
.......................................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour consider as an important study of both individual and group
performance at workplace. Mainly, it help in evaluating the human behaviour within the working
environment which directly impact on overall performance and motivation of the workers. In this
manager play a significant role in interacting or communicating with employees with the hope of
building positive relation with them. This will improve productivity level of the company and its
workers as well (Ahmad and et. al., 2014). Along with this, it is subset of entire management
activities that related with understanding, influencing or predicting individual behaviour towards
the organizational activities. This will contribute in enhancing productivity level of the workers
at workplace. Present report is based on Ryanair, is airline company established in 1984 and it
operates low cost airline, headquartered in Swords Dublin, Ireland. Its flights connect with 37
countries in more than 85 bases. This report discussed about the impact of culture, politics and
power on organisation and group behaviour. Motivation theories is also mentioned in this project
which help in motivating workers at workplace. Along with this, important of effective team
within the organisation and its application are also discussed here.
TASK 1
A) Organisational culture, power and politics
Organizational culture related with underlying beliefs, assumptions and values and ways
to interact that contributes in build unique social and psychological environment in an
organization. To build an effective culture organization have to understand and apply various
theories one of them:
Handy's organisational culture model
Power culture:
In power culture power should be resides in few individuals that possess authority to
influence each and every activity of an organisation. In power culture there are few rules and
regulations that impacts on organisational growth and enhancement (Bolino and et. al., 2015). In
case of Ryanair to take important decisions they use power culture in which major decisions
should be taken by higher authority.
Role culture:
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Organisation follows role culture based on their rules and regulations and highly
controlled every work and activity. In case of Ryanair every employee know their roles and
responsibilities and it determined by their position and their structure to accomplish tasks and
duties.
Task culture:
In task culture, team should be framed to solve some specific problems or concerns
related to specific project (Borkowski, 2015). For an organisation task is an important thing so
power in team should shift that depends on the mix of team members and their status to related
project or problem. In case of Ryanair they build some teams to solve some specific concerns or
issues to reach at desirable goals and objectives.
Person culture:
In person culture each and every person assumed themselves as an unique entity and
superior in an organisation. In Ryanair they exist simply for to do people in work. Organisation
with person culture is just collection of individuals who working for same organisation.
French and Raven form of power
Coercive power:
This form of power based on concept of coercion, in which someone has forced to
something in against to their willingness. The main motive of coercion is compliance that helps
in achieve organisational goals and objectives. In case of Ryanair they also use coercive power
when they have to achieve some kind of goals and objectives.
Rewarded power:
That kind of power consist of ability of an individual to delegate matters that some other
not wish to do and in that case reward should be given. In Ryanair their managers give reward to
their subordinates by giving them perks and benefits that helps to enhance their morale.
Legitimate power:
That kind of power helps to link specific feelings of obligations towards the management.
In legitimate both punishment and rewards to give motivation to do some specific work to reach
at desirable goals and objectives (Borkowski, 2015). In case of Ryanair they use both kind of
tool to motivate employees.
Referent power :
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That kind of power based on capability to administer to an individual a sense fo personal
acceptance. In that case power should be deliver that is highly liked and strongly in some way.
Expert power:
This kind of power based on in depth information, knowledge and expertise and their
leaders are high in intelligence and believe to fulfil organisational roles and responsibilities
(Chen, Chen and Sheldon, 2016). In case of Ryanair in which every one has own roles and
responsibilities to deliver right kind of works and responsibilities.
Politics
In business organisation, politics can be define use of power and social networking which
impact on the workers activities in positive and negative manner. In context of Ryanair includes
Chanlat's model characteristics to make productive decision with the organization. As it define
three divisions such as decisional, personal and structural. All these are are influence entire
activities of the workers at workplace:
Reduce productivity: In organisation politics make workers negative towards the task and
also loose their focus on trying their best at workplace. This may reduce their productivity and
working capabilities.
Change employees attitude: As politics in organization is not effective because it may
change workers attitude towards the performing task activities. It negatively impact on their
performance at workplace and at the same time also reduce the profitability of company.
B) Influence of culture on behaviour of staff and performance of Ryanair
Culture play a significant role in business organisation as it also influence workers
performance and behaviour as well. Thus, it is important for manager to assigned task to workers
as per their skills and capabilities so that they can reduce the chances of arising issue among
employees at workplace. In this context, Ryanair manager identify the workers ability in order to
implement effective course of action which may aid in establishing positive and healthy work
environment in which workers can easily perform their task without any conflicts. If
organizational culture is not effective than it negatively impact on the workers productivity
(Effelsberg and Solga, 2015). Thus it is for manager to understand workers needs and
preferences towards the set criteria at workplace.
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TASK 2
A) Content and Process theory of motivation
Motivation is an important aspect for motivating as well as encouraging people to do
something well. With the help of motivation, individual can easily improve their ability and
skills with the aim of enhancing their overall performance. In an organisation, motivation is a
process by which employees get influenced and motivated towards the working activities
(Gelfand and et. al., 2017). It enable workers to effectively perform their job activities to
accomplish set target. This will directly contribute in efficiency level of workers and at the same
time also enhance profitability level of the company. Mainly, motivation theory is classified into
two parts such as content and process theory. Both are effective to motivating employees at
workplace.
Content Theory
This theory define why human needs are change with time and also evaluate what
motivates people. Mainly it includes various theory that help in motivating workers of Ryanair.
Motivating workers are always contributes a lot in business organization to maximise
profitability level. In this, Maslow hierarchy need theory is more effective for workers as it help
in fulfilling workers needs at workplace which contribute in increasing theory motivation
towards the job activities. For better understanding about this theory, there are some needs of
workers that are as follows:
Physiological need: It is one of the important and basic needs of individual to survive.
Without fulfilling these needs human can not be able to perform their task. It includes waster,
shelter, food, air and clothing which is important for employees to perform their task and
activities. For this, Ryanair is responsible for providing comfortable working condition, fair
wages so that they can easily satisfy their needs and making them able and motivated to attain set
goals.
Safety and security need: Every individual wants to financial security, job safety and
many more that help them in performing task activities in effective manner. If company fulfil
these type of needs then employees get motivated and put their best efforts to attain positive
results (Härtel\ and O’Connor, 2014). For attaining the same, manager of Ryanair provide wages,
salary, medical benefits, retirement benefits and many more to employees so that they can easily
encourage them to work effectively.
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Social needs: This stage includes family, friends, social groups and many more that
influence employees performance and motivation as well. Every individual wants to fulfil their
social needs to improve their efficiency level (Kurtessis and et. al., 2017). Thus, It is important
for Ryanair to create positive working environment to their workers so that they build positive
relation with each others. By this they share their views and opinion with their team members. It
may define the positive attitude of the workers towards the organisational goals.
Esteem need: This type of need is relate with the employees values, respect which
important for individual to get motivated. Thus, it is important for Ryanair to provide praise and
recognition to their workers when they perform well. This will aid in motivating workers to
attain their set goals which directly enrich the brand image of the company at market place. By
this company easily add values to customers to get better satisfaction.
Self – actualisation need: This type of needs comes after fulfilling esteem need in which
people wants to grow and develop their potential to increase competency. Thus, Ryanair is
responsible for fulfilling their needs by providing them better training, challenging task and at
the same time also encourage their creativity. By this employees of the company easily attain
higher productivity level.
Process Theory
This type of theory is is based on evaluating behavioural and physiological aspect that
help in motivating as well as encouraging workers to perform in a systematic manner. By using
this theory, Ryanair easily determine or measure employees needs that contribute in enhancing
growth level at workplace. It includes various theory used by company:
Vroom's Expectancy theory:
This theory define individual motivation that is based on the 3 factors such as
expectancy, instrumentality and valence. All these are define that overall performance of the
people is relate with their skills, experience and capabilities. By this, manager of Ryanair can
easily accomplish organisational and personal goals in order to motivate workers at workplace.
Valence: It defines person's belief and efforts that result is success. If workers do hard
work than they easily get better results and performance as well (Lam and et. al., 2015). In this,
manager of Ryanair us responsible for analysis employees desires and needs at workplace. By
thus company can easily maximize the profitability level.
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Instrumentality: It defines employees attitude and perception towards the company if
they perform well then they will get reward that motivate them to improve their efficiency (Lee
and et. al., 2019). For attaining the same, Ryanair manager avoid bias at the time of providing
them rewards in order to attain their higher productivity.
Expectancy: Every workers have different kind of expectation from the company as it
directly impact on the performance level at workplace. In this, Ryanair provide better working
condition, fair rewards that help in improving their motivation and efficiency to do well.
TASK 3
A) Different types of team
Team is a group of people who work together with the aim of attaining common goals
and objectives. In a team, members have different skills and abilities but they comes together for
performing a common task. In an organization, team play a significant role in accomplishing all
the common goals and target. In this two or more than people work in a team for attaining goals
in appropriate manner. In context of Ryanair, teamwork is important activity for workers as it
help in building as well as creating strong relation with each other. It help in introducing new and
innovative ways to perform the common task ad activities. Effective team work contribute in
increasing the chances of improving organizational performance. In organization, different type
of team are there which perform their specified task and also have their unique strength and
weakness. These can be understood by below mentioned points:
Functional team: This type of team is relate with traditional corporate team in which
people are includes from same departments with different roles and responsibilities. With the
assistance of this type of team, manager of Ryanair's easily gather working report from team
members in order to improve their overall performance. Mainly, this type of team Ryanair easily
change its corporate structure and improve their positive brand image as well.
Problem solving team: It is create with the aim of resolving specified issues and
problem. In context of Ryanair's, manager develop this type of team for creating as well as
developing positive and healthy work environment (Newman and et. al., 2017). By this,
company can easily improve employees performance at workplace.
Project team: Under this group of people comes together for work collectively. Mainly
this type of team is made up for specific project and activities. In Ryanair context, the task is
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clearly defined as they change its structure over the fixed time period. In this, all the team
members and leader has clear roles and responsibilities towards the working activities. With the
help of this, employees can easily perform their task within the specified deadline. By this
company can easily attain their set target in an organized manner.
Virtual team: This type of team is not setting together as they members do not have face
to face interaction (Song and Seomun, 2014). Under this, team members are from different
culture, language but they comes together for working towards a common goals by using
technologies. With the assistance of this, Ryanair easily implement their working activities. This
will contribute in making workers more productive and efficient towards the task.
B) Belbin's model of team
It is important for business organization to build an effective team to attain their set goals
and objectives in stipulate time frame. In this regards, Belbin's model of team is one of the
important theory which define team role and responsibilities that contribute in accomplishing set
targets in systematic manner. With the help of this model, Ryanair easily build an effective team
as it help in improving performance of the team by evaluating their strength and opportunities as
well. This type of model includes various team roles that help in making an effective team. These
are as follows:
Action oriented role: This type of team role focus on increasing performance of the
workers within the organization. By this, team members of Ryanair create new and innovative
ideas to meet the set target in stipulate time frame. With the assistance of this role, team can
easily improve their efficiency level and create discipline and positive working culture at
working environment.
People Oriented role: It is also an effective team role that help in inviting members to
share as well as provide their creative views and opinion in order to building strong relation
among all the team members (Belbin's team roles, 2016). By this, Ryanair easily bring better
coordination between team members that contribute in attaining set goals and objectives in an
appropriate manner.
Cerebral role: It measures various option that define the technical expertise. By using
this role Ryanair analyse or evaluate the best option to effectively determine the appropriate
decision and also make workers productive towards the task activities. Mainly, it maintain better
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coordination and unity among all the team members that help in attaining positive results within
the organisation.
Thus, it has been evaluated that Belbin's model is an effective theory for Ryanair to
analysis as well as evaluate workers efficiency level at workplace (Wu and Lee, 2017). This may
contribute in enhancing productivity level of the employees at workplace through which they can
easily perform their working activities in a team.
C) Path goal theory
Path goal model is consider as a theory which based on specific leader's style and
behaviour as well that effective for workers to attain goals and objectives. Mainly, this type of
theory assist in increasing employee motivation, empowerment and satisfaction level that help in
making workers more productive. Along with this, Path goal theory is based on Vroom's
expectancy theory in which people will perform in a certain way that is related with the
expectation. By using this type of theory leader select the specified behaviour that is appropriate
for workers needs and environment as well. This will assist in guiding employees towards the job
activities so that they can easily perform their task and tries to attain positive outcomes.
Furthermore, path goal theory also provide ways for leader of Ryanair to motivate and encourage
their workers to accomplishing their target. For attaining the same, they also includes rewards to
motivate employees towards the assigned task activities. In this context, Path goal theory
identified various aspects such as achievement- oriented, directive, participative and supportive
leader behaviour. By this Ryanair leader can easily motivate their workers to attain their goals
and improve their productivity as well.
In this regards, the directive path goal evaluate leader behaviour towards the situation
where the leader of company let workers know that what is expected of them and also provide
them guidance about how to perform their task.
The achievement- oriented leader behaviour define the challenging goals for workers
with the aim of making them productive and able to meet all the set criteria and expectation
(Wine, Reis and Hantula, 2014). By this Ryanair leader can easily motivate their employees
towards the complex task activities.
The participative leader behaviour includes interaction with workers in Ryanair and
asked them for providing suggestion to take effective decision. It help in making employees
more productive towards the working activities.
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The supportive leader behaviour support in directing employees of Ryanair so that they
can easily satisfy workers needs and preferences at workplace (Turner, 2014). In this, leader of
Ryanair show their concern with employees to make them enable in improving their efficiency
level.
D) Main barriers to implementing new organisational structure in Ryanair
In an organisation issues are involved in various department and activities that can be
negatively impact on overall performance of the company and its workers as well. Thus, it is
important for manager to effectively analysis entire barriers and tries to reduce the negative
impact. By this, company can create positive work environment in which employees perform
their best and attain desired goals. In context of this, Ryanair plans to change its corporate
structure over the next 12 months that change the entire activities and function of the company.
In this the main issue faced by organization is ineffective communication among leader and
employees. Due to which workers are fail in performing their task in effective manner and also
get demotivated towards the job activities. For resolving this type of issues, leader of Ryanair
could use participative theory of leadership in which leader of company encourage employees to
take participate within the business activities so that they can aware about the changes that occur
at working environment. By this team members feel more committed towards the company and
its decision making process (Takeuchi, Bolino and Lin, 2015). With the help of this leadership
theory, leader can easily build positive relation with their followers and make them able to accept
changes within the organization. It lead in improving performance level of the company.
CONCLUSION
As per discussed report it can be concluded that organizational behaviour play a vital role
in evaluating the workers behaviour at workplace towards the company and its activities as well.
An effective behaviour of the workers positively impact on organisational growth at market
place. For attaining the same, company use various motivational theories like Maslow need
hierarchy and many more. By this, company easily fulfil employees needs in order to bring
higher sanctification towards the job activities. Furthermore, Belbin team model is also help
company in analysing workers efficiency level so that they can easily perform their job
responsibilities within the organization. Moreover, path goal theory is also consider as an
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important approach through which company easily direct and guide workers to attain competitive
advantage that highly contribute in improving performance of the organization.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Borkowski, N., 2015. Organizational behavior in health care. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Borkowski, N., 2015. Organizational behavior, theory, and design in health care. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
Chen, M., Chen, C. C. and Sheldon, O. J., 2016. Relaxing moral reasoning to win: How
organizational identification relates to unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of
Applied Psychology. 101(8). p.1082.
Effelsberg, D. and Solga, M., 2015. Transformational leaders’ in-group versus out-group
orientation: Testing the link between leaders’ organizational identification, their
willingness to engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior, and follower-perceived
transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. 126(4). pp.581-590.
Gelfand, M. J. and et. al., 2017. Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and
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Härtel, C. E. and O’Connor, J. M., 2014. Contextualizing research: Putting context back into
organizational behavior research. Journal of Management & Organization. 20(4).
pp.417-422.
Kurtessis, J. N. and et. al., 2017. Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of
organizational support theory. Journal of management. 43(6). pp.1854-1884.
Lam, C. F. and et. al., 2015. Job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior: Exploring
curvilinear and moderated relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology. 100(2). p.499.
Lee, A. and et. al., 2019. Investigating when and why psychological entitlement predicts
unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of Business Ethics. 154(1). pp.109-126.
Newman, A. and et. al., 2017. How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship
behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of
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Song, B. and Seomun, G., 2014. The influential factors related to organizational citizenship
behavior of nurses: With focus on authentic leadership and organizational
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Wine, B., Reis, M. and Hantula, D.A., 2014. An evaluation of stimulus preference assessment
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Behavior Management. 34(1). pp.7-15.
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Wu, W. L. and Lee, Y. C., 2017. Empowering group leaders encourages knowledge sharing:
integrating the social exchange theory and positive organizational behavior
perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management. 21(2). pp.474-491.
Online
Belbin's team roles. 2016. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dmg/tools-and-techniques/belbins-
team-roles/>.
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