Organizational Behaviour: A Comprehensive Analysis of Team Dynamics and Individual Performance

This comprehensive study delves into the intricate world of organizational behaviour, exploring the impact of culture, politics, and power on team dynamics and individual performance. It critically analyzes various motivational theories and concepts, including content and process theories, to understand how they influence employee behaviour and contribute to goal achievement. The study further examines the characteristics of effective and ineffective teams, highlighting the importance of team development theories in fostering dynamic cooperation. By applying these concepts and philosophies within an organizational context, the study provides valuable insights into the factors that shape individual and team behaviour, ultimately contributing to organizational success.

ORGANIZATION AND BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................2
PART- A............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................3
P1- ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, POLITICS AND POWER THAT CAN
INFLUENCE TEAM BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL’S PERFORMANCES.....................................3
M1- CRITICALLY ANALYSIS THAT HOW CULTURE, POLITICS AND POWER INFLUENCES THE
TEAM BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL’S PERFORMANCES........................................................4
P2- EVALUATE HOW CONTENT AND PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND
MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES ENABLE EFFECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS........................6
M2- CRITICAL EVALUATION OF MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES, CONCEPTS AND MODELS THAT
INFLUENCES BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS.....................................................................................8
PART-B...........................................................................................................................................10
TASK 3........................................................................................................................................10
P3- EXPLAIN WHAT MAKES AN EFFECTIVE TEAM AS OPPOSED TO AN INEFFECTIVE TEAM.10
M3- EXPLAIN THE TEAM AND GROUP DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TO SUPPORT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC CO-OPERATION......................................................................12
TASK4.........................................................................................................................................14
P4- APPLY CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR WITHIN AN
ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT AND A GIVEN BUSINESS SITUATION.......................................14
M4- EVALUATION OF CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES THAT INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR IN
BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WAYS..................................................................................15
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................18
1

INTRODUCTION
Organization behaviour can be defined as the human behaviour that how they communicate
and interact with other people within the workplace. It is directly concerning with the
prediction, understanding and controlling of the human behaviour that also helps in
determining the impacts on it regarding structure, individual’s performance, communication,
motivation and the leadership trait as well. It is the systematic approach by which the company
can easily create unique and disciplined field accordingly that also influences the organization.
The chosen organization for this assignment is Marks and Spencer, which is British multinational
company of fashion clothing that provides several trending fashionable things to the people,
includes clothing, accessories, luxurious products, home decor etc. the influences of
organizational culture with politics and power of the behavior of other people will describe that
also defines that how to motivate the employees towards achieving the certain goals and
objectives. Furthermore, the concepts and philosophies and theories of organizational
behaviour and their significance will describe in manner.
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PART- A
TASK 1
P1- ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, POLITICS AND POWER THAT CAN
INFLUENCE TEAM BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL’S PERFORMANCES
Organizational culture can be described as the environment or surroundings in which people
are working and put their efforts for meeting the requirements of the company and helps in the
enhancement of profitability. The healthy culture can improve the quality and helps in gaining
competitive advantages as well. On the other hand, politics within the organization referred
upholding the interest of the employees regarding making the work environment positive or
fertile in which each and every one can easily do their work in an effective manner (Bunderson
and Reagans, 2011). Usually, it is considered as the negative link but sometimes; it’s impacted
the organization positively. Apart from that, the power plays an imperative role in the proper
use of politics, which creates appropriate direction or path. It can be also referred as the
capabilities for modifying the working conditions and helps in analyzing political conflicts.
As Marks and Spencer is the major retailer brand of fashion clothing and it always seeks the
new way in order to provide trending clothing range to the people. They provide proper
effective training to their entire staff members and employees for developing their skill set. As
every working culture is influential and based on the values and beliefs and the culture of M&S
is more flexible, rigid and resistant to adopt changes if any. These criteria give potential to the
members for their certain working criteria and make the powerful; by which they can easily do
their work in an effective manner towards accomplishing the specified goals and objectives. The
power and politics within the sector have its significance that governs decision-making process
and encourages high productivity. Further, the positive power within the workplace helps in
encouraging and motivating the employees that also helps them to make the appropriate
decision regarding the goals and objectives. It boosts the confidence among employees so that
they can perform better towards accomplishing the goals and objectives of the company (Buyl,
et al. 2011).
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Therefore, negative power threated the culture and decreases the turnover of the organization.
It is important to maintain healthy work culture and controlling of the power and politics
appropriately because it impacts overall performances and team working criteria of the
company (Camm, 2013). It also helps in establishing the effective policies for resolving many of
the problems as well as enhancement of the proficiency and productivity accordingly. Apart
from that, the negative consequences like workplace policies and negativity may result in the
conflicting situation and other issues, which also results in unethical behaviour and down the
rate of production.
M1- CRITICALLY ANALYSIS THAT HOW CULTURE, POLITICS AND POWER INFLUENCES
THE TEAM BEHAVIOUR AND INDIVIDUAL’S PERFORMANCES
Organizational culture:
An organizational culture is emphasized on the values, assumptions, and environment that
influences the behaviour of people and also contributes huge area for achieving the
predetermined goals and objectives. It is most important for any organization, to motivate and
encourage their employees regarding their working conditions so that they can easily put their
efforts and works accordingly. Marks and Spencer use various approaches and tactics towards
making the environment healthy and positive where each and every one share their values and
beliefs that also helps in resolving many of the issues and problematic situations as well. In
order to analyze the different needs and demands of the employees and then providing them
with such required services is the significant criteria (Caulton, 2012). M&S have been utilizing
different techniques and theories such as Maslow’s needs, Herzberg theory, and ERG and
Handy culture typology. These approaches and theories helps the management of M&S to
encourage the employees and entire staff members as well as providing the required services
within the organization that will help in enhancement of effectiveness accordingly.
M&S follows role culture and it is also based on the power-sharing of person's positions that
employees or entire staff that follows the cultural concepts and creates the healthy working
environment for the employees as well. By encouraging staff members, it is easier to develops
their skills and it also enhances the proficiency rate improves the performances of an individual
as well team members.
4

Power:
McClelland’s-need theory, French and Raven’s theory has been utilized within the organization
for making the employees and entire staff members more powerful, which also gives them
potential to work more effectively. As team working criteria is benefitted for the M&S and
effective working culture, hard work, potential and effort working of the team members can be
helpful in enhancing the profitability and effectiveness of the company (Certo, 2015).
Politics:
Reinforcement theory is used for analyzing the factors and the major motive of M&S is to
provide the healthy and positive environment to the staff members. As they also conduct
training and development program for developing the skills and performances of employees,
which helps in the enhancement of effectiveness and profitability rate as well. Sometimes,
organizational politics put negative impact such as backstabbing, changes in the behaviour of
employees, ignorance, harassment, favouritism etc. These aspects impacted the whole
organizational operations and performances (Evans and Stanovich, 2013).
Moreover, several cultural changes within the M&S are benefitted that gives the power to the
employees and entire staff members for adopting the situations and supports the functionality
of the organization as well. As they follow the bureaucratic structure that also improves two-
way communications process and helps in reducing issues and problematic situations
accordingly.
5

P2- EVALUATE HOW CONTENT AND PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND
MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES ENABLE EFFECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS
Motivation can be defined as the force that gives the potential power to the employees and
entire staff members for their certain working criteria so that they can do their work effectively
and in a proper manner towards accomplishing the organizational goals and objectives. There
are various approaches and theories that the M&S used for encouraging the people and
analyzing the different needs and demands of the people. It enhances the productivity and
efficiency of the organization (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). Some of the tactics are rewards,
incentives, bonuses, packages and promotions can be helpful to cheer up the staff members
and make them more passionate about their working conditions by which they can easily gain
the advantages and attain the goals as well. By applying diverse theories and providing such
required things to the staff members are most helpful towards gaining the advantages
accordingly.
Content theories are-
 Maslow’s needs of hierarchy
 Herzberg two-factor theory
 McClelland’s-need theory
 Alderfer’s ERG theory
Maslow’s needs of hierarchy- it defines safety, social, physiological, esteem, belonging and
self-actualization needs of people according to the level. M&S management department makes
the strategies for analyzing the needs and then provides them with such required things.
Herzberg two factor theories- there are two factors in this theory such as hygiene factor and
the motivational factor that influences the workers and boosts the confidence of employees
and entire staff workers for the betterment of their performances as well as company’s
productivity accordingly.
McClelland’s-need theory- it describes that how the employees and employer of the
organization can get affected by the needs and demands according to they're working
environments and experiences (Halevy, et al. 2011).
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ERG theory- there are three models in this theory such as existence, relatedness and the
growth, which also helps in analyzing the physiological and social needs of the employees and
entire staff members accordingly.
Process theories are-
 Vroom expectancy theory
 Adam’s equity theory
 Reinforcement theory
 Goal setting theory
Vroom expectancy theory- it is motivational process theory that defines the behaviour and
helps in maximizing the performance of an individual basis on the skills, knowledge,
experiences and abilities.
Adam’s equity theory- it is based on the distribution factors of resources related to the
performance, cost and requirements. It maintains equality among the input and outcome.
Reinforcement theory- it influences the employees and gives them the potential for their
certain working criteria by which they can easily do their work in an effective manner towards
achieving the goals and objectives (Häuberer, 2011).
Goal setting theory- it is the most important key aspect to set the goals and objective for the
organization for making the decision and policies according to it and providing such required
resources to the employees as well.
These aforementioned theories and approaches may emphasize the values, motivation, needs,
and the positivity of the organization. It helps the people to meet their requirements and
enhances productivity or effectiveness of the company as well.
M2- CRITICAL EVALUATION OF MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES, CONCEPTS AND MODELS
THAT INFLUENCES BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS
As mentioned above that the content and process theories are very helpful for encouraging the
people and employees regarding their working culture so that they can do their work in an
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effective manner and helps in the enhancement of productivity and effectiveness accordingly.
These also help in analyzing the needs and demands of the people and then by which the
management department of the M&S can easily provide such required resources for the
development and growth of the company.
The content theories such as Maslow’s needs, ERG, Herzberg and many other motivational
practices or approaches are useful and in order to determine the different needs and demands
of the people and an entire staff of the organization. It is also helpful in providing such required
things or resources to the entire staff members and the employees so that they can perform
better and helps in gaining competitive advantages as well (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2010).
Apart from that, some of the other tactics like rewards, incentives, bonuses can also consider as
the motivational factors that are given by the management department of the M&S and helps
in enhancing the productivity or effectiveness accordingly.
On the other hand, the process theories like goal setting, vroom expectancy, equity and the
reinforcement theories contribute their large part in the development of personal growth of
the employees and also boosts their confidence too. For the development and further growth
of the organization, it is the most important factor for the company to analyze the diverse
values and beliefs of their staff members and then make the decision according to it, which will
help in enhancing the profitability rate of the company. Equal treatment, job satisfaction,
availability of required resources, fulfilment of personal needs and demands and the basic
requirements of employees are to be considered while providing them such instructions and
conducting the training program for the company towards development and growth (Kaur,
2013).
As M&S uses several approaches and range of methodologies to motivating and encouraging
their employees and staff members. There are approximately 75000 employees in all over the
UK stores, so it is majorly important to engage them and for which they use traditional cost
cutting method. The internal network yammer also helps to bring entire staff members
together, which also be helpful in analyzing their different needs and demands and by which it
will be easier to provide them with such required resources and things that can get attracted
8

and motivated as well (Lazaroiu, 2015). Awards, performance incentives, appraisal, celebration,
healthy working culture, effective communication, recognition and many others are key aspects
that emphasized on the involvement of employees and entire staff members in each and every
activity of the business administration, it helps to make them feel such valuable part and they
work according to it by putting whole effort towards accomplishment of the specified goals and
objectives.
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PART-B
TASK 3
P3- EXPLAIN WHAT MAKES AN EFFECTIVE TEAM AS OPPOSED TO AN INEFFECTIVE
TEAM
Qualities of an effective team
Compelling group
For an effective consummation of the work, it is exceptionally important to have a common
comprehension and collaboration inside the colleague. the shared comprehension and
participation inside the partners originate from the best possible initiative, and the group who
works proficiently and adequately by following every one of the rules and the strategies for
accomplishing the regular point as focused by the higher experts are named as the successful
group (Lermanand Summer, 2010). Correspondence in a successful group assumes a
fundamental part as it is exceptionally important to have the great relational abilities and in
addition the great correspondence between the diverse individuals and the higher authority
will make the climate of the organization enchanted and it is the obligation of the colleagues to
discuss adequately with all the colleagues to keep up the dignity of the group, on the grounds
that the comprehension between the colleagues is extremely basic and it can be kept up by the
viable correspondence.
Attributes of an effective team:-
Team individuals are joined for the normal reason which is focused by them keeping in mind
the end goal to accomplish the fuel proficiency in the work.
In a successful group, there are casual climates which will make a decent environment and will
enable the individual colleague to work viably on the grounds that the air made in the
workplace will give a positive effect on the specialists in the group.
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In a compelling group, any request which is set gets passed just if there is a general
understanding of all the colleagues in the group.
In a viable group, the initiative changes every now and then and no pioneer stays in the best
position for quite a while (Lin and Lu, 2011).
There is a feedback crafted by the group, yet it is forthcoming and pertinent.
In a successful group, every individual has his or her own obligations and obligations which will
help them to make the group compelling and productive.
Attributes of an ineffective team
Ineffective Team member:
An inadequate group does not have the correct courses of action for the arrangement of
grievances of the colleagues and pioneers don't give appropriate thoughtfulness regarding the
colleague. The correspondence ability inside the group is powerless and consequently, the
contentions and struggle like circumstance emerge every day. The group does not work and
stroll on the way focused by the group pioneer and consequently, they generally veer off with
their objectives and targets. Circumstances like clashes in the foreman to the lower efficiency
and also bring down nature of work. Clashes make strains and this pressure bothers the interior
air of the association.
Attributes of an ineffective group:-
 Team individuals are not joined together and there is a misconception among the
individuals with respect to the basic thought process.
 The colleagues maintain a strategic distance from the general gatherings and along
these lines, their own qualities are not created (Linden, et al. 2011).
 Few people groups inside group attempt to command other colleagues and the
thoughts given by the colleagues are generally overlooked and are destroyed.
 There are no arrangements in which a colleague can clarify his inclination or grievances.
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 Prior moves are made before determining the genuine issue.
 Criticism is included however the feedback included is antagonistic and fabricated
pressures.
M3- EXPLAIN THE TEAM AND GROUP DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TO SUPPORT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC CO-OPERATION
Team or group development is the fundamental key aspect of any organization for the
betterment of their business processes. Team working criteria may ease the working conditions
and by performing with the effort of entire staff members may help in achieving the goal in an
effective manner. There are several theories has been developed that defines the team
development and their significance such as Belbin theory, Tuckman’s team development theory
and many more (McCleskey, 2014). Group dynamics can be defined as the collection of
individuals who are working together and put their efforts in order to maintain sustainable
growth and enhancing the effectiveness as well. For increasing the productivity of an
organization, group formation and is the most important aspect that also increases the
performance level as well as reduces many of the issues and problematic situations.
Tuckman theory of team development-
Tuckman identified the five stages of team development such as forming, norming, storming,
performing and the adjoining. It describes the abilities and development of maturity level of the
group members.
Forming: it is the first stage of this theory that explains high dependency of the members to the
leaders and supervisors. Leaders are responsible to allocate roles and responsibilities to team
members according to their working criteria and provide them with the appropriate path.
Storming: in this stage, challenges and other tough situations are given to the members, so that
they can learn that how to deal with the conditions and make decisions accordingly. The group
needs to be focused on the certain goal and then put their efforts into accomplishing it.
Norming: facilities, different roles and responsibilities are clearly communicated to the team
members so that they can easily make their decision for performing better (Miner, 2015).
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Performing: the team members have been becoming more aware in this stage and the vision,
mission and objectives of the company have been also clearly identified. The entire group of
members then will able to do the work according to the requirements in an effectual manner.
Adjoining: it is the last stage of this theory when the assigned task is completed or the purpose
has been fulfilled then each and every one can move towards new things in order to perform
some new tasks with another objective.
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TASK4
P4- APPLY CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR WITHIN
AN ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT AND A GIVEN BUSINESS SITUATION
Organization behaviour referred as the way of interacting people within the industry and it also
describes the individual behavioural aspects of a person at the certain point. As M&S has been
covered large area among the UK and provides several services and goods to the people in a
satisfactory manner. It is important for the company to manage and control their operations
and engage their entire staff members in the activities or business practices so that they can
easily do their work towards accomplishing the goals and objectives. As mentioned above that
the business operation of M&S has been followed role cultural area and key aspects for
maintaining sustainability and conducting training and development program for the
employees accordingly (Morschett, et al. 2015). There can be several issues raised within the
workstation and in order to reduce these issues; appropriate decision-making process and the
effective business practice may help.
In case of the conflicting situation among the workers and entire staff members, there must be
a strong communication and situational leadership traits can be used, which helps in resolving
the problems as well as takes a strategic decision. Conflict can be raised due to
miscommunication, ineffective distribution of tasks, lack of communication, and lack of interest
of members for indulging in the business practice and so on. On the other hand, the path-goal
theory has been also applied by the M&S in order to set the goals and objectives of the
organization, which helps the people to clarify each and every given task and would be helpful
in identifying the certain roles and responsibilities according to it.
Apart from that, an effect of legislation and policies that can disturb the functioning and
problems of capital may also raise. Undefined objectives and goals to the employees and entire
staff members may also create problematic situations, which affect the entire strategy and
business functions accordingly (Pettigrew, 2014). The effective use of legislation, regulations
and policies will help in planning the norms and impacted the entire business function of M&S
positively.
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M4- EVALUATION OF CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES THAT INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR
IN BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WAYS
Engaging the team members and entire staff members of the organization is an imperative
aspect because it helps to make people feel comfortable and valuable part of the company that
clarifies vision, mission and objectives and creates the healthy environment as well. It is based
on the values, beliefs and the behaviour of the individual that drives cultural of leadership traits
and communicational group within the company. The leaders of the M&S is responsible to
make the environment healthy and positive and they also provide appropriate path or direction
for the employees and entire staff members, so that they can do their work in manner towards
accomplishing the goals and objectives.
In order to maintain sustainable growth and healthy working culture, the management
department engage the entire staff members and co-workers with the traditional cost-cutting
approach by which they can make them feel more valuable part of the company and helps in
sharing their certain values and opinions regarding enhancement of the productivity and
effectiveness accordingly (Price and Weiss, 2011). It also helps in improving the quality of
products and services because as mentioned above that the team working criteria and group
dynamics may ease the working conditions and also give potential to the entire staff members
for putting their efforts towards achieving the goal.
While conducting training and development program, it is important to ensure that there must
be strong communication take place that can reduce the chances of conflicts and many of the
problematic situations of the company. Misunderstanding and undefined objectives may create
the issue within the organization and can decrease the quality or business operations.
Legislations and policies of the organization must be clarified to each of the members of the
company because it helps in creating the healthy working culture and if there are some of the
problems, then it should be resolved with the effort of everyone (Robbins and Judge, 2012).
Effective communication and strong relationship within the workplace may help in creating the
positive working environment where each and every one can share their views and opinions
and do their work effectively towards accomplishing the goals and objectives. An attitude of
15

employees impacted the organizational culture that should be positive and passionate about
their working criteria, by which it would be easier to maintain sustainable growth and
enhancing the productivity as well.
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CONCLUSION
The aforementioned assignment depicted the study of organizational behaviour that is the
most important factor of the company, which emphasized on the values, attitudes, behaviour
and the performances of employees. The different cultural background of the different team
members impacted the workstation structure and culture. Power of politics, culture and the
structure has been described that influences the team behaviour and the performances of an
individual as well. Further, the motivational techniques and theories have been also explained,
which helps in analyzing the different needs and demands of the people and also encourages
the entire staff members according to their working criteria, so that they can do their work in
an effective manner. Furthermore, effective team significance and team development approach
with the help of different theories is also covered the area. In the end, the philosophies of
organizational; behaviour and the concepts of individual behaviour and their performances
have been discussed.
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