Pakistan Studies PKS-101: Assignment

Pakistan Studies (PKS-101)
Assignment # 2
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Submitted To
Sir Muhammad Kashif Ali
Submitted By
Maryam Shehzadi 17460920-148
Rohail Khokhar 17460920-037
Muhammad Awais 17460920-067
Aqib Adnan 17460920-118
Muhammad Aizaz Ali 17460920-073
BBA 1st Semester
26-Dec-2017
University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Fall, 2017
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Contents
Introduction:................................................................................................................................................3
Political Career:...........................................................................................................................................3
Foreign Ministry:.....................................................................................................................................4
Pakistan People’s Party:..............................................................................................................................4
President of Pakistan:..................................................................................................................................5
Nuclear weapons program:......................................................................................................................5
Prime Minister of Pakistan:.........................................................................................................................6
Constitutional reforms:............................................................................................................................6
Domestic Reforms:..................................................................................................................................6
Land, Flood and Agricultural Reforms:...................................................................................................7
Economic Policy:....................................................................................................................................7
Banking and exporting expansion:...........................................................................................................7
Military Operation:..............................................................................................................................8
The Aftermath:....................................................................................................................................8
Labor Policy:...........................................................................................................................................8
Foreign Policy:........................................................................................................................................9
Relations with India:..............................................................................................................................10
Relations with global powers:................................................................................................................10
Relations with Muslims countries:.........................................................................................................11
Decline:.....................................................................................................................................................11
Trial and execution:...............................................................................................................................11
Death Sentence and Appeal:..................................................................................................................12
Re-opening of the Bhutto trial:..............................................................................................................13
Legacy:......................................................................................................................................................14
References:................................................................................................................................................14
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Introduction:
Bhutto was born in 1928, January 5 in Sindh, Pakistan, Belong to a Muslim family. Zulfiqar was
on third Number after 2 elder brothers that they both died. His father Shah Nawaz Bhutto was a
landlord person and a part of vassal state in Junagadh, that was held under leadership of British
govt. Bhutto got secondary and inter education from Sindh. Next, he decided to took part in
Pakistan movement. In 1943, Bhutto got marriage but after 2 year he got divorced. Next, he
decided to study in political science In California university in 1950 he got degree in B.A in
political science. In June 1950, he started his study again in LLB and next in LLM and got
degree. After second marriage he get post in S.M Law college as a lecturer, also an honorable.
After death of his father he also manage his family estate and business. 1
Political Career:
Bhutto believed in socialism. In 1957, he raised as a youngest politician and representative to the
United Nation on next year. He made a speech with sixth committee during this period. He also
understood the ministry of commerce and upgrading the office of water and power,
communication and industrial sector. He also aided the president to permit the hurdle of Indus
water 1960, in next year oil-exploration agreement that are supportive for Pakistan economy and
subdivision.
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Foreign Ministry:
Bhutto at the United Nations
In 1963 Zulfiqar swayed Pakistan policy to get on close relationship with China. that’s time in its
place Taiwan many countries accept govt. of China. Bhutto also accept and support the
leadership of China. In 1962 Bhutto also rummage-sale the authority of Air force for Poland that
relation of both country become strong and affective. In this era Bhutto also signed the
agreement Sino-Pak Boundary on 1963, Bhutto make affective and built durable contract with
Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. He also ominously misshapen Pakistan yet Pro-west dogma.
Conserving a bulbous character for Pakistan with the South east Asia Treaty Association and
the Central Treaty Union, Bhutto originated emphasizing a foreign policy course for Pakistan
that was self-governing of U.S. guidance. Then, Bhutto remained in Germany to make reputable
and strong association between mutually countries. That are aided in economical, technological,
manufacturing and military promises with Germany and Pakistan to. In Bhutto period there were
also miss understanding or evil relationship with India that are about KASHMIR. At that time, it
is also unresolved issue. 2
Pakistan People’s Party:
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Flag of PPP
In the era of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto PPP league establish under his headship. it happened when
Ayyub Khan broadcasted the first general election then, a party appear that was PPP from the
West Pakistan and second is NPA in footstep of Sheik Mujeeb Ur Rehman from west Pakistan.
Then area of east Pakistan is 44% one unit and west Pakistan 56% four Unit, no seat are
apprehended in west Pakistan for Mujeeb Ur Rehman and no detained for Bhutto in east Pakistan
appeared the Round Table Conference baptized by General Ayyub Khan in
Pakistan Rawalpindi, but it is rebuffed to consent by general persistence in agency and the East-
Pakistani politician Sheikh Mujeeb Ur Rahman's Six point programed for local sovereignty. That
Sheik Mujeeb demanded the separate country that is Bangladesh on December 1971 Sheikh
Mujeeb acknowledged the impartiality of "Bangladesh". Permitting to bygone loci and a shot
issued by foremost newspaper, "Mujeeb no longer alleged in Pakistan and was strong-minded to
make separate country Bangladesh. On the assumption that he is the prime minister, relations
between Bangladesh and Pakistan cannot put on a normal footing. Then Bhutto lead west
Pakistan In PPP revelry. 3
President of Pakistan:
On 20 December, Bhutto was occupied in the President House that time it was in Rawalpindi,
where he procured over two situations from Yahya Khan, firstly was presidency and second was
first civil Chief Martial Law Bureaucrat. Bhutto was the first civilian Chief Martial Law
Bureaucrat of the tear apart Pakistan. By this time Bhutto had anticipated control of what
persisted of Pakistan, the state was entirely out-of-the-way, angered, and deflated. Bhutto faced
many difficulties Pakistan's foreign procedure malformed when no honorable funding was
initiate anywhere, nope the U.S. and China too. Since the corporeal and ethical presence of
Pakistan was in prodigious jeopardy. On the inner visible, Baloch, Sindhi and Pashtun
nationalisms were at their highest, passion for their liberation from Pakistan. On January 1972
Bhutto invent the nationalism system in biggest sector and apart in country. He allotted
General Tikka Khan as the new Chief of the Army Staff when he announced to free corruption
system in March 1972, most of the leader leave their seats their political system. Bhutto visit the
neighbor country India for settlement of issue that was in both countries, and he also make a
constitution 1973. 3
Nuclear weapons program:
“Pakistanis will eat grass but make a nuclear bomb”
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
When India tested a nuclear bomb, Bhutto made base of nuclear program. This program was start
in Bhutto era that Pakistan become atomic power. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's
militarization was originated on January 1972 and, in its preliminary years, was instigated by
Pakistan Army’s. The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP-I) was inducted by Bhutto during
his era. The nuclear weapons programed was set active lightly constructed on Manhattan
Project of the 1940s under the Bhutto leadership. And, senior speculative experts had a straight
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contact to Bhutto. Bhutto's Science Mentor, Dr. Abdul Salam's bureau was also arranged in
Bhutto's era On Bhutto's request, Salam had reputable and managed the Theoretical Physics
Group (TPG) that patent the commencement of the nuclear program. The TPG premeditated and
settled the nuclear weapons as well as the they do. Far along, Munir Ahmad Khan had him
individually appropriate the modest for the enlargement of this program. Bhutto and his
leadership passion work for this program but this project was not complete in Bhutto period. 4
Prime Minister of Pakistan:
Bhutto was blasphemed as the prime minister of the Pakistan on 14 August 1973, subsequently
he had protected 108 votes from 146 affiliates. Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was adopted as the
president according to the new constitution. Thru this five years of program, the Bhutto
government completed widespread transformations at every glassy of government. Pakistan's
principal and Western modifications that were start to take dwelling and constructed in 1947
throughout the 1970s, were malformed and interchanged the Socialism system. His strategies
were realized people approachable, but it did not yield abiding possessions as the civil syndrome
against Bhutto arose to receipts place in 1977.
Constitutional reforms:
After the separation of East Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took control over Pakistan on
December 20, 1971. After taking charge on the state Bhutto promised to make a new Pakistan
out of West wing and to gain a national confidence. He blamed the Yahya Khan for the war of
1971 and defeat of Pakistan. At that time there was no constitution in Pakistan. So, it was the
need of time to make a new to make a new constitution in Pakistan. So, Bhutto introduced a new
constitution in 1973 with new modifies parliamentary and federal system. Constitution of 1973
was one of the major achievement of Bhutto’s era. There were few amendments that made in
constitution of 1973.
1. First amendment that was made in constitution of 1973 was deployment ties of Pakistan
and Bangladesh.
2. In the second amendment it was clear that Ahmadis are not Muslims and they were
declared as non-Muslims.
3. Rights of minorities were also protected. It was clear that all facilities will be given to the
minorities so that they can also enjoy equal rights.
4. In the fourth amendment, the main focus was on curtailing the power and jurisdiction of
the Judiciary. And then amendment was criticized by lawyers and political leaders.
5. It was also declared that Urdu is the state language. And other Islamic amendments were
also included in constitution of 1973. 5
Domestic Reforms:
Domestic reforms are the reforms that are taken within the country’s border or that deal with all
activities within the country. In this regard Bhutto’s government carried or takeout some reforms
in all industrial sector. The main of this reform was to improve workers’ rights. First act was
nationalized all basic industrial sectors like steel, chemical and cement. This act was done in
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1972. The next step was to nationalize all banks. By taking this step government takes hold on
all banks which are major part in financing of country. The next step in nationalism to control all
flour, rice and cotton mills all over the country. Bhutto also established an educational system
and also established many educational institutes. He abandoned that Western educational system
and sent back most of the Western books and supports the local schools to impart education.
Bhutto’s this idea of nationalism was good but could not get as many as success which Bhutto
was expected. Many universities were also established under this reform. 5
Land, Flood and Agricultural Reforms:
Bhutto introduced many reforms during his era. He also introduced land, flood and agricultural
reforms under this system. Another major effect of these reforms was the limitation that was
imposed on the property. The important land reforms were to limit land ownership or to limit the
land ceiling. It was declared that no-one can keep land above 10 acres irrigated and 300 acres
non-irrigated and this limit is fixed. In 1976 Bhutto government established or made a
commission named federal flood commission. There were few responsibilities imposed to this
commission. It was tasked to prepare national flood prediction plans. One of the major purpose
of this commission was to forecast the flood and research to harness flood water. Bhutto was a
nationalism personality and believed equal rights of the nation. Bhutto gave concern to the rights
of farmers and advocated to empowering small farmers. He urged that the economy of Pakistan
depend on agriculture and for this purpose it is necessary that the farmers of Pakistan should be
string financially. Therefore, he launched many programs that maybe helpful in economy of
Pakistan and make the country self-sufficiency. 5
Economic Policy:
Bhutto was a nationalist personality and believed in equal rights of the nation. Therefore, he
introduced many reforms that maybe helpful in economy of Pakistan. During Bhutto’s era
socialist policies were introduced. By taking this step the major industries of Pakistan of that
time were nationalized. In these industries there were heavy mechanical, chemical and electrical
engineering industries were immediately nationalized. And all these industries came under the
control of government. At that time rich were becoming richer, and poor get poorer. So, it was a
major step taken Bhutto’s government to balance the economy of country. Many large
organizations were taken over by government and all their profits goes directly to government.
One of the benefits of this step is that lower class of the society also becomes able to enjoy basic
human rights. It gave benefits to lower class for education, food and shelter. But on the other side
it was a big loss for rich persons or for businessmen. As they were not allowed to have control on
their business and its profits. Bhutto’s policy largely reduced the poverty and lower class of the
society also became able to enjoy benefits of the society. And land reforms also support or
benefit the landless tenants. 5
Banking and exporting expansion:
During Bhutto’s era banking reforms were also introduced. Main purpose of this step was to
provide loan to the small land owners. Before that banks only provide loan to the alit class or big
business tycoon. This step also gives benefits to the banks. The branches of banks roses by 75
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percent. It was one of the most important step taken b Bhutto. He also exceeds the exports. At
that time exports exceed one billion dollars, showing a 60 percent increase over the combined
exports of East and West Pakistan. 5
Military Operation:
After the separation of East Pakistan which was a great loss for Pakistan, the separatist rebellion
of Baluchistan started in 1970s, in order to political instability Bhutto’s government dismissed
the provincial government within six months and dismissed many political leaders of
Baluchistan. And take order from Supreme Court according to which he charged them with high
treason. The national insurgency which started to gather slowly now came into action. This
refused many laws. In order to handle the situation in the Baluchistan Bhutto sent army to the
Baluchistan. Fight between insurgency and army started in 1973. Pakistan navy also had a major
role in this aspect. They destroy all vessels that were trying to help the Baloch rebel. 5
The Aftermath:
On July 5 ,1977 Bhutto was eased out by army coup. On April 4, 1979 he has hanged. Thus,
culminated a vital chapter of Pakistan history and political process. As one enters the post Bhutto
era one is confronted with manifold challenging issue and situations which emanate from Bhutto
execution. Whether that action solved Pakistan pressing problems is another issue: What is more
relevant is that the General Zia take over seems to have failed in giving concrete and purposive
direction to Pakistan and also Bhutto liquidation seems to have aggravated Pakistan problems
rather than resolving them. There is considerable relevance in the trends signified by retributive
policies towards members of Bhutto family and the PPP worsening economy revival of Islamic
fundamentalism and overall atmosphere concerning Pakistan integrity. Liberal educated people
feel that Bhutto democratic authoritarianism was better and more tolerable than the present
military despotism. However, the hard core orthodox mullahs in connivance with military
generals feel that Bhutto rule proved disastrous and elimination of Bhutto’s was thought to be the
only alternative for a better Pakistan. Nevertheless, the common man in Pakistan is apparently
disturbed at the abrupt and possibly unwarranted transformation of the political scene. It would
not be out of order to state that at the moment there is vacuum at the level of popular leadership
not because any one person is indispensable but chiefly because military rulers have not been
able to fulfill popular expectation. 6
1) BHUTTO LIMITATION
2) GENERAL ZIA QUEST FOR POWER
3) GEN.ZIA MOVE FOR PRESINENTIAL SYSTEM
4) POLITIC OF ISLAMIZATION
5) BHUTTO TRIAL AND EXECUTION
6) CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
Labor Policy:
Within 7 weeks of assuming office the Bhutto Government had announced a New Deal for Labor
guaranteeing as a first step towards the full filament of our pledge to the workers the
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fundamental rights consistent with the requirements of industrials development and the dignity
and the rights of the laboring classes.
The problems of labor welfare the labor share in profits and the industry management and
of the minimum wage are a continuing process the solutions to the which have been attempted in
various forms and the through various measures. 7
Previous Mistakes and The Present Corrections.
Highlights:
1. A more meaningful labor participation in industrial management and a more share
of industry profit to the workers.
2. Enforcements of welfare schemes housing education for children and social
security.
3. A quick and fair settlement of collective disputes.
4. Protection of workers against victimization.
5. Promotion of workers on trade unionism for effective representation of labor
sentiments.
Some points are included in labor policy:
1. Labor participation in management.
2. Share in profits and bonus.
3. Education.
Foreign Policy:
If we see and study the foreign policy of any other country, there are multi-dimensional
determinants and objectives such as geo physical context politic-economic realities and given
international environment such as interests and objectives of global power and the other reason
of this situation is the nature of the balance of power in the particular region and bilateral and
multi-lateral alignments. These are as relevant as the nature and impact of outlook and
perception of nation leadership. In the specific context of Pakistan, Bhutto could be considered
one of the major architects of that country foreign policy. The main idea and the main reason of
the foreign policy was the better relationship with the other countries and the better
understanding with the other countries. These are the main reason beyond this situation. During
his service as Pakistan Foreign Minister in the field Marshal Ayyub’s cabinet Bhutto enjoyed
wide latitude in establishing the frame work for Pakistan Foreign Policy. From 1954 until the
Sino Indian border conflict (1962) Pakistan Foreign Policy could be said to be predominantly
determined by the US factor which displeased the radical forces led by Bhutto. It was the
interesting that Bhutto wrote 38 pages signed article entitled Bilateralism New Direction in
which he asserted that the concept bilateralism adopted as the guiding principle of Pakistan
foreign policy. 8
Phases of Pakistani Foreign Policy
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1. Indian Hostility-Alternatives for Pakistan
2. Sino Indian Conflict
3. Pakistan China –Western Arms for Indian
Pakistan has since its birth been faced with one crisis after another. The crisis was not even more
serious but the present one is perhaps the most serious both as regards its nature and its possible
consequences. There is no doubt that we are in the vortex of grave historic events in which the
difference between the survival and the disaster. The crisis which we face today however is but
the reflection of a world torn by relentless conflict of ideals. Instead of generating hope and
providing for an easing of International tensions the Titans through their animosity are leading
the world to the brink of total the annihilation. It has been said of great historic figures that they
stride the world to make epochs to bless confuse or appeal. May I ask what kind of epoch are the
great figures of the present day about to make? In a matter of minutes cities are the great figures
of the present day to make? In a matter of minutes cities can be destroyed and an entire the
country side laid waste. For fifteen years the great Power or Authorities of the state have talked
of the present situation or the policies or the problems that are observed in the present situation
but with what result? After the long time and the long talk about fifteen years no suitable result is
seen. Not a single division has been disbanded not a single weapon destroyed. Disarmament like
peace must begin in the minds of men. That process has yet to start. For this situation to appeal
to the nations of the world to lay aside their arms is futile. Across our own borders we see a
stampede towards increasing national armaments. All is well known people in the under
developed countries are on the verge of starvation. That being so to dissipate whatever resources
they have in revengeful warlike ventures will bring no good prosperity which oppressive colonial
rule had denied them for centuries. 8
Relations with India:
Later the damnatory downfall of 1971, Pakistan was in misfortunate and pitiful condition, on the
other side India was in dominating position, it’s too difficult to manage the circumstance for
Bhutto government. it was too difficult to build relation with India because India command its
terms. The situation was unmanageable but one of Bhutto notable qualities was that he was not
forgotten heart still in hard and most desperate circumstance. On 28th June 1972, resident Bhutto
went to Shimla with his daughter Benazir Bhutto, with his suite and retinue. The head of both
Pakistan and India, Z.A. Bhutto and Indira Gandhi was meet in Shimla. Later that meeting in
Shimla a good deal was made by Pakistan and India for equipment failure and this deal reached
two-sided concord on July 2, 1972, the Shimla concord was made in conformity with in the view
of UN charter, constricting the both countries to their respective sides and made their relations at
their normal peak step by step such as economic, cultural, domestic etc. 9
Relations with global powers:
Bhutto tried to establish two sided Pakistan relations with global powers such as USSR, UK, US
and China. In early 1976 Pak -US relations started to show the signs on the egress of making
nuclear program plan together with France. The US governance hardly contradict Pakistan
nuclear agreement with France and retained that Pakistan s fundamentals in that nuclear
agreement was to anticipate the danger of indie s nuclear potential. The US administration again
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warned Bhutto that if he goes forward with the buying of nuclear fuel plant from France.
Pakistan would be lining stop of American armed forces and financial help .US resident asked
the French administration to mend the sully of nuclear help to Pakistan. Bhutto disliked the US
policy in that respect and shows the value of coalition with the USA. 9
Relations with Muslims countries:
Bhutto persistently asked Afghanistan and Iraq for social relations with Muslim states and highly
concentrated states was west Asia. Pakistan s 1973 fundamental law take a reparation to
conserve and beef u brotherly relations with Muslim states founded on Islamic unity and
brotherhood. Later, the issue of Bangladesh, Bhutto gave a new predilection to Pakistan s foreign
policy, and clear the way for brotherhood with Islamic states in the circumstance of transformed
geo-physical position. Bhutto powerfully appealed for reviving the organization of RCD.
Pakistan, Iran and turkey were made RCD in 1964 as a correlative help system. Bhutto believed
that RCD should be amenable towards the many-sided challenges in the front of member
countries. Bhutto organized international talk in Pakistan. Bhutto declared in this conference that
the Pakistan s power ways the power of whole Muslim world and the military and soldiers of
Pakistan was the soldiers of Islam. Bhutto claimed that Pakistan consolidation show the
consolidation of whole west Asian area. Bhutto shows his firmness to establish Pakistan into a
mighty fortress of Islam and request to all Muslim states to bind themselves in the shade of
Islamic umbrella to challenge the those who was against the Islam. Bhutto sensing world power
was motivated by his distaste for India and her friends. There was a bit, he could do directly to
disinherit Pakistan s faithful relation with USA. But the USA consider Pakistan as honest
outstation in south Asia, but not as hopeful to acquire nuclear states. 9
Decline:
When Bhutto was alive, he was one of the most disputer condition of his political history.
peoples liked him or disliked him. they even do so. It showed that two forces one which stand
with Bhutto and the other one which stand against Bhutto are in full flow from the beginning of
Bhutto government. These two forces divided Pakistan history between Pre-Bhutto and Post
Bhutto Parts. Bhutto also knows about his disputed value. he said in his book if I am
assassinated, When I return from Shimla with commendable success than the opposition parties
blamed me of “a sell-out”, when I come back from US with freed from ban which was on
production of arms in Pakistan from last 10 years. The opposition against me by saying that he
had granted US to build a base in Baluchistan. The opposition accused me that I made a fake
agreement with Iran on oil transport in Pakistan when I lifted u the relations with Iran and Shahin
shah Iran gave the aid one billion dollars for common industrial project. 10
Trial and execution:
General Zia UL Haq had once proclaimed that he would conceive a clemency request only if it
were requested by Bhutto himself. irrespectively Mr. Bhutto his own wants, his sisters and his
two-faithful companion, former foreign minister and foreign finance minister field mercy
petition to general Zia UL Has. All the responsibility came to the shoulders of Zia UL Haq
because all the legal process was not completed. Mr. Aziz Ahmed request in the front of resident
in 500 words fervid, he said that I worked hard as possible under such critical situation of the
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state to appeal for Mr. Bhutto for our country objectives and future purposes. I request to you
Mr. resident to take pity opinion and go for this appeal for our country unity and good progress.
All the clemency request, good words of Pakistan supreme court judges, request by the foreign
heads, requests of hundreds of junior soldiers in Pak army were refused by resident. The
dispatching news from the ministry of interior proclaimed that according to the procedures
resident reject the request of clemency. Bhutto was confident that the serve of his execution was
a simple mockery to fright him. 11
Death Sentence and Appeal:
On 18 March 1978, Bhutto was declared not guilty of murder, but was sentenced to death. On 12
March 1978, Bhutto's former Legal Minister, A.H. Per-Zadah petitioned the Supreme Court for
the release of Bhutto's Science Adviser, Mubashir Hassan, and to review Bhutto's death sentence
based on the split decision. The Supreme Court denied Hassan's release because he was held by
Military Police, but the court agreed to hear the arguments. After 12 days of proceedings, the
Supreme Court concluded that the President of Pakistan can change a death sentence into life
imprisonment. Per-Zadah filed an application to then Chief Martial Law Administrator.
However, General Zia-ul-Haq did not act immediately and claimed that the application had gone
missing. Pirzada informed Bhutto about the development and General Zia-ul-Haq's intention.
Therefore, Bhutto did not seek an appeal. While he was transferred to a cell in Rawalpindi
central jail, his family appealed on his behalf, and a hearing before the Supreme Court
commenced in May. Bhutto was given one week to prepare. Bhutto issued a thorough rejoinder
to the charges, although Zia blocked its publication. Chief Justice S. Anwar ul Haq adjourned the
court until the end of July 1978, supposedly because five of the nine appeal court judges were
willing to overrule the Lahore verdict. One of the pro-Bhutto judges was due to retire in July.
Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq presided over the trial, despite being close to Zia, even serving as
Acting President when Zia was out of the country. Bhutto's lawyers managed to secure Bhutto
the right to conduct his own defence before the Supreme Court. On 18 December 1978, Bhutto
made his appearance in public before a packed courtroom in Rawalpindi. By this time, he had
been on death row for 9 months and had gone without fresh water for the previous 25 days. He
addressed the court for four days, speaking without notes. 12
Bhutto wrote a letter to her daughter Benazir Bhutto from the death cell. He said:
“I did not kill that man. My God is aware of it. I am big enough to admit if I
had done it, that admission would have been less of an ordeal and humiliation
than this barbarous trial which no self-respecting man can endure. I am a
Muslim. A Muslim's fate is in the hands of God Almighty. I can face Him with
a clear conscience and tell Him that I rebuilt His Islamic State of Pakistan
from ashes into a respectable Nation. I am entirely at peace with my
conscience in this black hole of Kot Lakhpat. I am not afraid of death. You
have seen what fires I have passed through. ”
— Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, My Dearest Daughter: A letter from Death Cell.
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The appeal was completed on 23 December 1978. On 6 February 1979, the Supreme Court
issued a guilty verdict, a decision reached by a bare 4-to-3 majority. The Bhutto family had
seven days in which to appeal. The court granted a stay of execution while it studied the petition.
By 24 February 1979 when the next court hearing began, appeals for clemency arrived from
many heads of state. Zia said that the appeals amounted to "trade union activity" among
politicians.
On 24 March 1979 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. Zia upheld the death sentence.
Bhutto was hanged at Central Jail Rawalpindi, on 4 April 1979, and was buried in Village
Cemetery at Garhi Khuda Baksh.
Mausoleum of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and other Bhutto family members in Garhi Khuda Bakhsh,
Sindh
Re-opening of the Bhutto trial:
On 2 April 2011, 32 years after Bhutto's trial and execution, the PPP filed a petition at the
Supreme Court to reopen Bhutto's trial. At the Geo News, senior journalist Iftikhar Ahmad aired
a series of televised interviews with those who played a major and often controversial role in
Bhutto's death. A legal team was organized by the Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani's cabinet
seeking to reopen the trial. President Asif Ali Zardari gave his consent to the resulting
presidential order named Article 186 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court taking up the
petition on 13 April 2011. Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry eventually presided the three-judge-
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bench (although it was expanded with law experts from four provinces of Pakistan), while
Minister of Law Babar Awan counseled Bhutto's case. With immediate effect, Babar Awan
resigned as Law minister, even leaving the Justice ministry entirely in order to legally counsel
Bhutto's case completely independently. In his noting remarks, Chief Justice Chaudhry praised
and appreciated the move by the senior PPP leadership and remarked the gesture as "historic". In
a crucial advancement, the Supreme Court ordered the decision on the legal status of Bhutto's
execution to a to-be-formed larger bench. After a series of hearings at the Supreme Court, the
case was adjourned and dismissed after the PPP approved the suspension of Babar Awan on 2
May 2012. 13
Legacy:
Bhutto remains a controversial and largely discussed figure in Pakistan. While he was hailed for
his nationalism, Bhutto was roundly criticized for intimidating his political opponents. By the
time Bhutto was given the control of his country in 1971, Pakistan was torn apart, isolated,
demoralized, and emotionally shattered after a psychological and bitter defeat at the hands of its
bitter rival India. His political rivals had blamed his socialist policies for slowing down
Pakistan's economic progress, as they caused poor productivity and high costs. Bhutto’s
international image is more positive, casting him as a secular internationalist. Domestically,
despite the criticism, Bhutto still remains Pakistan's most popular leader. During his premiership,
Bhutto succeeded in uniting all the parties in getting the 1973 constitution enacted. His
determined and aggressive embrace of nuclear weapons for Pakistan has made him regarded as
the father of Pakistan's nuclear-deterrence programme, which he pursued in spite of Pakistan's
limited financial resources and strong opposition from the United States. In 2006, The Atlantic
described Bhutto as demagogic and extremely populist, but still Pakistan's greatest civilian
leader. Even though Henry Kissinger developed differences with Bhutto, in his 1979 memoir
White House Years he conceded that Bhutto was "brilliant, charming, of global stature in his
perception, a man of extraordinary abilities, capable of drawing close to any country that served
Pakistan`s national interests". While, Bhutto's former Law Minister Mairaj Muhammad Khan
described Bhutto as "a great man but cruel". His family remained active and influential in
politics, with first his wife and then his daughter becoming leader of the PPP political party. His
eldest daughter, Benazir Bhutto, was twice Prime Minister of Pakistan, and was assassinated on
27 December 2007, while campaigning for 2008 elections. While his son, Murtaza Bhutto,
served as the Member Parliament of Pakistan, and was also assassinated in a controversial police
encounter. With all the criticism and opposition, Bhutto remained highly influential and
respected figure even after his death. Bhutto is widely regarded as being among the most
influential men in the history of Pakistan. His supporters gave him the title Quaid-e-Awam
(Leader of the people). 14
References:
1. Chitkara, M.G., Benazir – a profile, (New Delhi: APH Publ. Corp. 1996) p. 69.
2. H. W. Brands, The Foreign Policies of Lyndon Johnson: Beyond Vietnam, Texas A&M
University Press (1999), p.171
3. Nayar, Kuldip, Scoop! : Inside Stories from Partition to the Present. p. 213.
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4. Khan, Feroz Hassan, "The Route to Nuclear Ambition". Eating grass: the making of the
Pakistani bomb. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press (2012). pp. 119–120.
5. Z.A Bhutto; Architect of New Pakistan, By: Sani H. Panhwar, p. 18-32
6. Surendra Nath Kaushik, Politics in Pakistan, Reproduced in PDF by: Sani H. Panhwar.
pp 100-101.
7. Z.A. Bhutto, A new beginning reforms introduced by the people’s Govt. in Pakistan,
Reproduced in PDF by: Sani H. Panhwar. pp 12-13.
8. Z.A. Bhutto, Foreign Policy of Pakistan, Reproduced in PDF by: Sani H. Panhwar. pp 14-
16.
9. Surendra Nath Kaushik, Pakistan Under Bhutto’s Leadership, Reproduced in PDF by:
Sani H. Panhwar. pp 140-156.
10. Sadiq Jafri, Was Bhutto Killed before hanging?, Reproduced in PDF by: Sani H.
Panhwar. pp 8.
11. J.C. Batra, The Trial and execution of Bhutto, Reproduced in PDF by: Sani H. Panhwar.
pp 175-176.
12. Z.A. Bhutto, my execution, Reproduced in PDF by: Sani H. Panhwar November 6, 2009
Lawndale California.
13. Article 186(a) in the Part VII— The Judicature, Constitution of Pakistan
14. Khan, Mairaj Muhammad, Former Minister of Manpower and Labor under Bhutto, as
quoted in Lamb, Christina (1991) Waiting for Allah. Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
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