The Pandemic Has Hindered Many of the Best Ideas for Reducing Violence; Purpose and Goals of Punishment

This article discusses the impact of the pandemic on reducing violence and explains the purpose and goals of punishment. It also examines the relationship between the moral theory of control and the demand for control. The article highlights the decline in violent crime activities within the country across the cities, but on the other hand, there is an increase in other crimes like shootings and homicides. The purpose of punishment is divided into five categories: deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, retribution, and restitution.

The Pandemic Has Hindered Many of the Best Ideas for Reducing Violence
Introduction
With the emergence of the pandemic has resulted into affected the crime rate in the
countries globally. During the year 2020, when the pandemic was spreading at a higher pace,
the number of registered crimes were seemed to be declining. Therefore, this essay throws
some light on the topic stating how the pandemic has resulted to hindering the most of the
best ideas for reducing the violence.
Main body
As per the report, it has been found that nearly each and every type of crimes have
declined in the year 2020 but there is an exception to this is that the shootings and homicides
are increasing in the cities across the country US. The below graphs represent it.

The pandemic has frayed all the various types of institutions and the associations which holds
the community together, or which leads to mediate conflicts over the streets etc. There were
programs which were devised to reduce the gun violence which has resulted into proving
effective pertaining to studies has been upended by the this global outbreak (Nnawulezi and
Hacskaylo, 2021). The violence prevention workers were barred from the hospitals. Now the
violence prevention activities were masked int small groups in the public parks and online.
Without jobs, and support many people have been at their home having the history
of violence and the conflicts. This results into making it difficult to say how much this has
contributed towards the violence in that year (Hatchimonji and et.al., 2020). Some of the

trends which were identified in the year are relatively straight such as the residential
robberies which has decreased as the people were spending more days at home. Shoplifting
was reduced as the businesses were closed down. But on the other hand, the incidents of
stolen cars increased within the cities as the novice delivery vehicles left their working cars in
the road. Therefore, it has difficult to grapple the violence in this particular time as it diverges
drastically from the other crime.
But there was a rise in the violence around the cities which coincided in late May
and Early June because of the mass protest carried out after the death of the George Floyd
within the police custody. But it was not necessarily because of the police pullback or due to
the protest themselves which resulted into violence and this has in addition, led to creating an
abrupt increase in the nonresidential burglaries (Rosenfeld and Lopez, 2020). Along with
this, there is evidence that the presence of the non-profit communities has helped in reducing
the violent crimes and in addition to this, there were other proof as well which states that the
hospitals also play an important role in regard to reducing the violence under the situation
when the gunshot victims were determined within the trauma centers for the interventions. In
addition to this, there are randomized control trials which highlighted that the summer youth
employment program has helped in reducing the violent crime among the participants as well
even after the program was ended.
Libraries, parks, rec centers, pools, free internet are the crime reducing activities and
resources. It is suspected that the cities that will successfully weather the rise in the violence
are mainly the one which has made an investment into these resources and activities for the
many years before the outbreak of this pandemic (Badger and Bui, 2020). Along with that,
the cities which have cut them out will be majorly dependent upon the policing strategies
pertaining to declining the violence. In Chicago a program aimed at at-risk teens called
“Choose to Change” which has been a success in decreasing the violent crime arrest along
with the contact with the criminal justice system. This model was mainly relied upon the
mentorship with the community advocates along with the behavioral therapy which aids in
addressing the trauma.
Conclusion
It can be summaries from the above that there is a decline in the violent crime
activities within the country across the cities which is favorable for the country. But on the
other hand, there are certain criticism which is being faced in relation to it which is that there
is increase in other crimes like the shootings and homicides. But on an overall basis,
pandemic has led to reduction in violence through various ideas.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Hatchimonji, J. S., and et.al., 2020. Trauma does not quarantine: violence during the COVID-
19 pandemic. Annals of surgery. 272(2). p.e53.
Nnawulezi, N. and Hacskaylo, M., 2021. Identifying and responding to the complex needs of
domestic violence housing practitioners at the onset of the CoViD-19
pandemic. Journal of family violence. pp.1-11.
Rosenfeld, R. and Lopez, E., 2020. Pandemic, social unrest, and crime in US cities. Council
on Criminal Justice.
Online
Badger, E., and Bui, Q., 2020. The Pandemic Has Hindered Many of the Best Ideas for
Reducing Violence. [Online]. Available Through:<
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/06/upshot/crime-pandemic-cities.html
>.
Purpose and Goals of Punishment
Introduction
The fact that a practice exists does not automatically imply that it is, or can be,
consistently justified in its given form (even if this may have been the case in the past). Some
people think that disciplinary behavior is a morally difficult practice, in that sense it requires
a safe (ethical) profession. This study examines the protection of Dutch disciplinary law from
a specific perspective. The purpose of this study is to determine that a system of predictable
legitimacy based on the premise of moral legitimacy is the core and practice of British legal
discipline (McPherson & Sauder, 2013).
To analyse the relationship between the moral theory of control and the demand for
control, significant steps have been taken to see if the ideas arising from the presumption of
legal ethics are related to experts on criminal values. It is also important to examine how
these concepts used by leaders relate to each other. Comments on fringe benefits and review
are limited to three standard categories: criminal, expedited and restorative justice. The crime
hypothesis is stated in the title. Public support for the penitentiary system has a double
dignity. It was concerned about past crimes tonight. Suffering and total trauma, as well as
internal abuse (rejection) must be of quality, and this balance must be restored.

Main Body
The utilitarian theory is far-sighted. Real control is of great importance (benefit) for the
future and must be greater than the suffering of criminals. The tool can be developed in an
orderly manner through personal and shared escape, damage control, recovery, social
reconfiguration, and manual capture. Therapeutic value focuses on the severity of the
attacker's transaction through evil and adversity. Victor expects bad behavior and affects his
basic ability to adapt to value. The purpose of this rule is to rectify or compensate for the
damage caused by the violation (Soriano et al., 2014a).
The purpose and the goals of the punishment is divided int 5. The first is deterrence
which prevents the future crime through the way of frightening the defendants or the public.
It can be boteh general or specific. Incapacitation is the second purpose which prevents the
future crime by the way of removing the defendant from the society. For instance,
incarceration or the execution pursuant to the death penalty. Third is rehabilitation which
involves decreasing crime by making changes to the defendant’s behaviour. This done
through the way of educational and vocational programs, proper counselling etc. In addition
to this, the court can also combine rehabilitation with incarnation. In few states, nonviolent
drug offenders are required to be participated in rehabilitation which lightens the load of jails
and reduces the reoffending. The fourth one is retribution which supports in reducing the
future crime through the way of mitigating the desire for personal avengement which can be
in the form of assault or criminal homicide etc. against the defendant (The Purposes of
Punishment. 2021). When the society and the people get to know that the defendants have
been punished for the crime, this results into creating a sense of satisfaction that the criminal
procedure is working well which increases faith in law and government. The last and the fifth
purpose of punishment is restitution which involves punishing the defendants in monetary
terms which will helps in decreasing future crimes. It occurs when the court asks the
defendant to pay the victim for the harm damages. It can be for the physical or mental
injuries, loss of land or property or money along with the emotional distress. It can also be
considered as a fine which cover ups the certain costs pertaining t the criminal prosecution or
the punishment.
Purposefully, the main messages of these three different methods of legal oversight and
governance are used as a series of statements to assess and validate the views of reformers.
The assessment tool was improved, modelled and validated through two in-depth assessments
in which Dutch legislation was duplicated. Taking into account the results of the second
assessment and the participation of representatives, the (base) model was built by speculating

about the position of the reform. After double checking my acrobatic paired data, the data
was collected by a Dutch court. The hearing was attended by almost half of the judges
working in the criminal law division of the district and appellate courts. Forensic science has
made many interesting discoveries.
Earlier it was reported that there were many cases of misunderstanding among Dutch
judges about the importance of the various objectives and components of oversight (see Part
3). Ironically, the current assessment shows that the most important information for Dutch
professionals is reliably quantifiable and meaningful. In any exciting dual test, as in the
model chosen by the expert, five independent and reliable metrics can be used to monitor
inclusion, disability, rehabilitation (utilitarian concept), desert, and remodelling (reward
concept). The restorative justice system can be observed through observation using a single
psychological scale that is the same across all three models (Allen & Aburabi, 2016).
When viewed at all, at least without punishment and utilitarianism, restorative justice
is the prevailing philosophy that is embodied in values and later seems to offer more
structured control than various methods. All of this constitutes a fundamental test of the
successful implementation of restorative justice and its precise definition in standard methods
of criminal value management. However, judges support this factor least of all. The
assessment of a unified theoretical model of the reformist vision depends on the decisions of
the participants, supported by the tricks that complicate the disclosure test: in three specific
models, two dramatic double tests, and in the judges in the case of (mostly) the same. The
structure was found in the case of a restoration. (Soriano et al., 2014b).
Further research shows that the general structure of the Dutch judge's position in
mediation does not reflect a specific method, especially without a theoretical basis, but rather
a structured and systematic approach to discipline management. From a leadership
perspective, two roughly similar groups of ideas are visible. This includes inclusion,
disability, desertification, balance from one perspective, and rehabilitation and restorative
justice from another. The latter group includes concepts usually associated with the reckless
treatment of therapeutic or evil people. Subsequent attitudes include elements of social
concern in response to accusations. Recovery includes the socially beneficial part of the
attacker and his position in the public domain (Aarssen, LW & Crimi, L. (2016) Tradition,
Entertainment and Theory of Manipulation. Journal of Open Psychology et al., 2017). ..
Restorative justice is an important part of the victim's situation and the relationship
between victim and perpetrator. By default, the unique link between restorative justice and
rehabilitation does not seem natural. In general, disillusionment with current punishments and

utilitarian practices has been a major catalyst for improving restorative justice practices.
There are two explanations. First, there is a tendency in the UK to view the prospect of
redress as a means of helping criminals achieve social change. Second, the restorative justice
worldview does not preclude the recovery and reintegration of offenders. While not a major
focus, the impact of social union on mediation is seen as potential and attractive (Whitney,
Ph.D. & Fredrickson, Ph.D., 2015). Therefore, in the practice of correction, these two types
can be considered as suitable.
Conclusion
Generally, results demonstrated the complex of corrective mentalities to be
overwhelmed by two clear points of view: unforgiving treatment (fusing Deterrence,
Incapacitation, Desert, and Moral Balance) and social value (joining Restorative Justice and
Rehabilitation). Consequently, as far as broad, case-autonomous corrective mentalities, Dutch
appointed authorities show up not to feel compelled by hypothetical contrary qualities or
limits. One may anticipate the overall viewpoints of cruel treatment and social usefulness to
be clashing. In any case, these two 'rational' attitudinal viewpoints were discovered to be
uncorrelated. Given this logical general structure of reformatory mentalities, no deliberate
and steady methodology or course is inferred with respect to the defence and objectives of
discipline in condemning practice. Rather, specific qualities of offence and wrongdoer are
bound to decide the worth appended to explicit objectives and avocations of discipline in
every single case. The down to earth approach that was uncovered can be deciphered as an
attitudinal structure that reflects or encourages the powerful urge in Dutch condemning
practice to individualise sentences, i.e., to tailor a sentence to the remarkable viewpoints and
conditions of explicit cases and individual wrongdoers.
References
Aarssen, L. W., & Crimi, L. (2016). Legacy, leisure and the ‘work hard—Play hard’
hypothesis. The Open Psychology Journal, 9. Retrieved from [e-mail],
Abdollahi, A. (2013). Political psychology of the death terror. In S. J. Sinclair, D. Antonius,
S. J. Sinclair (Ed), & D. Antonius (Ed) (Eds.), T. political psychology of terrorism fears. (pp.
213–226). https://doi. org/10. 1093/acprof:oso/9780199925926Allen, S. A., & Aburabi, R.
(2016).

Soriano, G., Ramis, Y., Cruz, J., & Sousa, C. (2014a). Un Programa de Intervención
Individualizado con Entrenadores de Fútbol. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte.
https://doi.org/10.4321/s1578-84232014000300011
Soriano, G., Ramis, Y., Cruz, J., & Sousa, C. (2014b). Un Programa de Intervención
Individualised con Entrenadores de Fútbol An Individualized Intervention Program with
Grass-root Soccer Coaches Um Programa para Intervenção Individualizada para
Treinadores de Futebol. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte.
Whitney, Ph.D., D., & Fredrickson, Ph.D., B. (2015). Appreciative Inquiry Meets Positive
Psychology A Dialogue between Diana Whitney and Barbara Fredrickson about
Organisational Change, Transformation and Innovation. AI Practitioner.
https://doi.org/10.12781/978-1-907549-24-3-3
The Purposes of Punishment. 2021. [Online]. Available Through:<
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-criminallaw/chapter/1-5-the-purposes-of-
punishment/>.
Sociological Theories of Crime
Introduction
The most criminal theories have been proposed by sociological research. These theories
usually emphasise that total crime is a common reaction of ordinary people and ordinary
intellectuals to obvious social conditions. The emergence of these methods unites the theory
of the Alliance of Differences, which ensures that not all criminal activity is detected, and the
degree of contact between the person and the person who misbehaves affects the learning
cycle. The more a person interacts with these people, the more likely they are to become
criminal traits and methods that they recognise and understand (Zembroski, 2011).
The anomalous theory, proposed by the American humanist Robert K. Merton, suggests
that guilt is based on the vulnerability of a group of hated people to achieve their goals
through socially acceptable strategies. Despite this frustration, people may pursue other goals
that are generally not welcomed by society or the law, or try to achieve basic goals in
prohibited ways. The possibility of a criminal subculture - an optional playful plan of
abstinence and people's desire to turn back if they cannot find a more worthy way to achieve
goals set in the wider community - indicates a fusion of various associations and homosexual
theories. ... Citing research into the power of hackers in American urban networks, some

social scientists have challenged the subcultural approach to counter the adverse subcultural
behavior of the wealthiest. The direct connection with the groups in which they participate is
a testament to the boundless respect for the younger grades with an emphasis on quality and
energy (Rock, 2014).
Classification of social pressure
There are four basic social assumptions about variance. The first is the classification of
social tension created by the American humanities scholar Robert K. Merton. Merton
suggested classifying impaired behavior in order to improve understanding. Merton's
classification of deviation is based on two measures: (1) personal inspiration or commitment
to social goals. (2) The person's belief in how to achieve their goals. As Merton pointed out,
there are five types of deviation from these rules: obedience, progress, formalisation,
betrayal, and disobedience. Merton's classification is interesting because it suggests that
people deviate from the norm in search of recognised social qualities and goals. For example,
in the United States, illicit drug traffickers refuse to accept socially acceptable means of
raising money, but share the recognised social benefits of raising money. Consequently, the
reason for the deviation from the norm may be the assumption of one norm, and the other
norm is violated because of another norm (Kruttschnitt, 2013).
Additional functions
The second main social explanation for deviation comes from mainstream
functionalism. This method believes that bizarre behavior plays a useful functional role in
public and ultimately helps bring different people together in a given culture. Absenteeism
can help you identify appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Draw lines and outline
boundaries. It is an important skill that must be consistent with the social characteristics and
norms of ordinary people in society. Degenerate behavior explains the moral boundaries of a
society, but it can also enhance social cohesion by creating a “us versus them” mentality
based on imaginative ideas. After all, anomalies were seen as a way to change society over
time. Strange behavior can upset social equilibrium, but as harmony is restored, society will
change its norms. When norms change in a biased manner, deteriorating behavior can
improve long-term social resilience (Engelen et al., 2016).
Struggle Theory
Problem: The etiquette hypothesis states that people like troublemakers degrade
because they impose this personality on them and thus acquire character.

The third important social deviation hypothesis is the struggle hypothesis. An
argumentative hypothesis suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of social, political, or
material differences in society. In the face of this imbalance, some churches will take steps to
change their circumstances, change the social fabric that creates conditions, or simply
continue to crack down on persecutors. An example of controversy is the development of the
Occupy Wall Street project, which began in the fall of 2011. Due to the apparent imbalance
in the loss of wealth in the United States, dissidents have begun organising more public
events. in Zuccotti Park, just off Wall Street. Compete with the luxury lifestyle of NYC's
finest financial class. Those who did not live up to the standard deviated from the normal
standard of common sense and suddenly explained their grievances against the rich. Their
actions and opinions indicate that they are using the disharmony hypothesis to explain social
interference (Lyons et al., 2013).
Face value theory
The fourth major social anomaly hypothesis is the name hypothesis. The coding
hypothesis suggests the possibility that people will get worse if they come across them under
unfamiliar names. They cover the name by showing the practices, processes and opinions
associated with the name. The classification hypothesis is that people fall because other
people impose this personality. It's a shame. Add a defamatory character to the named person
by using ugly symbols.
The name hypothesis allows us to understand how to test the past behavior of an ugly
person based on their name. This cycle of re-evaluating previous actions based on current
performance is known as “feedback”. Comment on the warning about how those responsible
for the Columbine High School massacre behaved after the crash. Many of their actions
paved the way for massive violence and were rephrased to reflect the strange characters the
shooting brought them (Marsha, 2011).
The natural deviation hypothesis suggests that a person usually deviates from traditional
practices due to organic cosmetics. This assumption includes mostly formal deviations from
standards using patterns to explain guilt, but can certainly extend to occasional deviations
from standards.
Conclusion
Criminology speaks to an assorted assemblage of information that joins a wide
assortment of approaches. Albeit hardly any contemporary patterns can be applied to the
entire field of study, it is in any case the case that much examination is progressively

quantitative, especially in considers looking at the reasons for wrongdoing. A portion of this
work applies the factual methodology began by Quetelet to clarify the crime percentages
related with specific social orders and social gatherings; other work utilises the methodology
started by Lombroso to clarify the probability of a person's perpetrating a wrongdoing as far
as his organic, mental, or social qualities. What's more, these methodologies are
progressively focused on probabilistic forecasts instead of outright or deterministic ones. At
last, criminologists presently will in general focus on distinguishing factors in social orders
that are related with moderately little increments in crime percentages and elements in people
that are related with moderately little increments in the likelihood that they will carry out
wrongdoings. The entirety of this mirrors the inalienable unpredictability of the subject and
focuses to the end that no single factor really decides if an individual perpetrates a
wrongdoing or whether a general public has high or low crime percentages.
References
Engelen, P. J., Lander, M. W., & van Essen, M. (2016). What determines crime rates? An
empirical test of integrated economic and sociological theories of criminal behavior. Social
Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2015.09.001
Kruttschnitt, C. (2013). Gender and crime. Annual Review of Sociology.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145605
Lyons, C. J., Vélez, M. B., & Santoro, W. A. (2013). Neighborhood Immigration, Violence,
and City-Level Immigrant Political Opportunities. American Sociological Review.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413491964
Marsha, I. (2011). Crime and criminal justice. In Crime and Criminal Justice.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203833780
Rock, P. (2014). Sociological Theories of Crime. In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology.
https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199590278.003.0002
Zembroski, D. (2011). Sociological theories of crime and delinquency. In Journal of Human
Behavior in the Social Environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2011.564553