Research on Alcohol Use and Diabetes Mellitus

Paper 1
1.
Research is done based on various objectives. The aim of the research is to achieve the intended
objective of the study. Additionally, the research objective guides how the entire research is to be
conducted. A researcher aims at testing whether the objective of the study is achieved. In order to
understand whether the research objective is fulfilled statistical hypothesis are tested. Usually, a
null hypothesis is tested against the alternative hypothesis. With sufficient evidence provided by
the sample the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis otherwise the null
hypothesis is accepted. In order, to carry out the test of hypothesis the researcher has to specify
the intended confidence interval, conventionally 95% confidence interval is usually used in
scientific research. The confidence level indicates the certainty which the results are true.
The hypothesis used in this case was the following
H0: there is no association between the consequences of alcohol use and the explanatory
variables
Versus
H1: the is an association between the consequences of alcohol use and the explanatory variables
In this test the dependent variable was reported to experience of the negative consequences of
alcohol use while the independent variable was the duration of time spent drinking alcohol
during celebration.
Below is the second hypothesis that was formulated for the test,
H0: the is no difference in the average of SD during pre-celebration and during the celebration

Versus
H1: there is a difference in the average of SD during pre-celebration and during the celebration
The dependent variable was the SD during the school leavers’ celebration while the independent
variable was the SD during the pre-celebration of school leavers’.
2.
Clustering sampling method was used during the survey. It involved creating clusters of the
sample to be used in the survey based on the location where the celebration was being held (Lam
et al, 2014). It also ensured that the age of the participants was divided into two clusters namely
those who were 17 years old and below and those who were greater than 18 years old. The
advantages of this method of sampling includes the following the following; its cheap and easy
to implement, it ensures that every cluster in the population is evenly represented by making use
simple random sampling in selecting the units in each cluster, and finally it saves cost which
could have been otherwise used in sampling the whole population. On the contrary, it also has
some disadvantages such as high variability since the samples in each cluster may have great
variability.
The survey was conducted into two phases the first one involved those respondents who intended
to go to the school leavers’ celebration while the second survey was conducted during the post-
celebration.
3.
The demographic characteristics involved were sex, age and the completion time of the survey.
In the first survey, 56% of the participants were female and 91% of the participants were age 17

years and below while 9% were 18 years and above. This indicated that the majority of those
aged in 17 years and below were more interested in attending school leavers’ celebration. It also
indicated that the majority of those who were willing to attend were females. Further, the
average completion time of the survey was 15.61 minutes this meant that anyone who
participated in the survey could take an average of 15.64 minutes to complete the survey. For the
second survey, 50% of the participants were female. This indicated that most females who had
participated in a pre-celebration survey didn’t participate in the post-celebration survey which
leads to the proportion of male and female who participated in the post-celebration survey to be
equal. Additionally, 94% of those who participated in the post-celebration survey were age 17
years and below and only 6% were aged 18 years and above. This meant that most of the school
leavers’ celebration is attended by those aged 17 years and below and the majority of them are
female. In this survey, the average completion time was 15 minutes which was less compared to
that used in the initial survey.
4.
In order to draw a conclusion about the population based on the population, inferential statistics
were performed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test inference test was performed and involved
determining whether the population sample had the same population. The hypothesis used in
testing this inference is formulated below;
H0: the samples of the two groups involved in the survey had the same population
Versus
H1: the samples of the two groups involved in the survey had a different population