Parkinson’s Disease Assignment
Added on 2020-07-23
11 Pages3418 Words100 Views
Disease and DisordersHealthcare and ResearchBiology
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Parkinson’sDisease
TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1CAUSES .........................................................................................................................................1PATHOPHYSIOLOGY...................................................................................................................1INVESTIGATION AND TESTS....................................................................................................2CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS (SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)...................................................3CLINICAL COURSE OF CONDITION.........................................................................................4TREATMENT AND CARE............................................................................................................5MAJOR NURSING CONCERNS ..................................................................................................5NURSING INTERVENTIONS ......................................................................................................6CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTIONThis particular assignment is addressing an 80-year-old man Richard, who is sufferingfrom Parkinson's disease. He lives with his daughter named Zoya and son-in-law Peter.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive moment disorder which mean that its symptoms keepon complicating by the passage of time (Allen, Schwarzel and Canning, 2013). It is the secondmost common neurological disease that is found in the Australian people after” Dementia”. Thedisease effected around 10 million people in whole world with contribution of 10,000 patientsonly from Australia. It is estimated that out of 1000 people approximately 4 people are found tohave Parkinson's disease. Every day 32 people in Australia are diagnosed with this disease fromwhich 20% sufferers are from age below 50 years and 10% are diagnosed among age of above40 years (Stebbins, G. T. and et.al., 2013). The cause of this disease is still unknown and there isno particular treatment option available for this disease (Diseases of the nervous system, 2014).However, treatment options are available for the management of symptoms that arises during thisdisease.CAUSES The causes of Parkinson disease is unknown. Several factors such as genes, environmentalcircumstances lewy bodies and amount of aplha synuclien found in human body causesParkinson disease. Specific genes and mutation causes Parkinson's disease which in humanbeing. Exposure to certain toxins or environmental factors may increase the risk of laterParkinson's disease, but the risk is relatively small.PATHOPHYSIOLOGYThe main event that occur in the Parkinson disease is the disruption of the behaviour ofneurons that are present in basal ganglia which generally leads to cell death and effecting thedopamine secreting neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacts. The second main reason is thepresence of the Lewy bodies (also called alpha synuclien protein) in the neurons. Along with thisloss of neurons many astrocytes also known as star shaped glial cells also died that lead toincrease in number of microglia in substantia nigra (Nalls and et.al., 2014). According to thenon-human Parkinsonism primate models, it was observed that disturbances that occur in theneurons of basal ganglia results in increased bursting, an augmented synchrony generate thetendency of loss towards specificity in their appropriate receptive fields. After, this incident thereport of abnormal behaviour of neurons is transmitted to the brainstem, thalamus and cortex and1
it tends to disturb the normal functioning of the motor system which underlies the major motormanifestations such as Parkinson's disease tremor, akinesia, disturbances in posture, rigidity andgait. The major concern of treatment procures is to replace the dopamine that are missing withthe help of medicines (Pringsheim and et.al., 2014).It is well known that effect of Parkinson's disease keeps on increasing with the passage oftime, this in turn also reduces the impact of the dopamine replacement and it results in moreadverse effects on the body. These adverse effects mainly include the drug induced involuntarymovement which is also known as dyskinesia and second major impact is the fluctuation in themotor system of the brain. After, reaching this stage the only treatment option available forpatients is surgical treatment. Many types of surgical treatments procedures are performed butmost of them are performed on the level of thalamus, subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus.The main aim of performing this surgical therapy is to disrupt the pathological activities thatcontribute to the increasing Parkinson's disease (Appel‐Cresswell and et.al., 2013). Basal ganglia help in connecting brain to other part through five major pathways. Thesepathways are commonly known as associative, orbitofrontal, motor, limbic and oculomotorcircuits and there named suggests the main area of projection each of these pathways (Kordowerand et.al., 2013). Thus, due to Parkinson's disease all of these pathways get badly affected andhinders the functioning of motor system of Richard's brain. INVESTIGATION AND TESTSThere is no specific test that is performed for the diagnosis of the Parkinson's disease. AsRichard was facing many problems related to the stiffness in the muscles of legs and arms whichtends to slow down his tendency to do work. In addition to this his legs and hands were shakingseverely and was not able to complete any task and even faced difficulties while drinking waterfrom glass. Also, with this Richard had problems related to the proper communications andproblem in swallowing the food thus it leads to weakness in him. On the basis of his compliantthe neurologists referred him for the neurological and physical examination. In this his blood testwas performed to come up with the conditions such as abnormality in the thyroid level of thebody and looking for damage to liver that are leading to all these symptoms (Diagnosis & Tests,2015). 2
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