Pharmacology Assignment with Questions and Answers

Pharmacology Report
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Question 1....................................................................................................................................3
Question 2....................................................................................................................................3
Question 3....................................................................................................................................3
Question 4....................................................................................................................................4
Question 5....................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
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INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology is said to be effective medical science that deals with proper study of
drugs or medicine that interact with the living system through using chemical process. The
project aims to various facts related with oedema and furosemide which is going to be elaborated
hereunder. Hyponatremia and its types is being mentioned effectively in this project.
Question 1
Ans: Oedema is a kind of disease in which patient body contain excess fluid that may
cause swelling in leg. This is rightly said that the congestive cardiac arrest one of the main cause
that occurs due to peripheral edema. This activate a set of humoral and neuro-humoral
mechanisms which promotes sodium and water reabsorption by kidney and enlargement of
extracellular fluid. This emerge edema in the human body and continuous excess fluid retention
makes the heart failure (Vital, Ladeira and Atallah, 2013).
Question 2
Ans: Furosemide is a potent dirotic which is specially designed to remove the wastage
fluid from the human body. It is normally taken in order to treat edema. Normally, kidney makes
balance of electrolytes by way of filtering of blood and fluid and that filtered fluid becomes urine
which must be eliminated from the human body. When human body retains toxicities fluid in the
human body this is called “Edema”. Furosemide works by blocking absorption of sodium,
chloride and water from filtered fluid in the kidney tubules that cause to enhancement of urine
output. With the help of furosemide, toxicities fluids released from the human body and this
would result to treat the Oedema disease for the shorter time. Henceforth, for treating the
congestive heart failure, furosemide can be used in order to release the fluid from the body
(Coulson, 2014).
Question 3
Ans: There are various side effects which may arise due to the furosemide which covers:
Hyponatremia: This is a kind of issue which emerged while having excessive urine
outflow and this makes situation so worse. Under this condition, sodium concentration is
drastically low. At the time of low sodium in the human blood. As sodium plays an efficient role
in the human body, as this keeps blood pressure normal, assist to smoothly run the muscle and
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blood flow. Due to Hyponatremia, heart, kidney and liver issues could occur. Sometimes,
hormonal changes may also oversee under this.
Orthostatic hypotension: This might also know as the postural hypotension which is also called
as the low blood pressure which occurs at the time of stand up from sitting. This makes the
person dizzy or sometimes faint. While taking furosemide, orthostatic hypotension could occur.
This is the major side effects of furosemide (Rainsford and Velo, 2012).
Question 4
Amiodarone interaction with Frusemide: While taking Amiodarone with furosemide,
this enhance the risk of an irregular heart rhythm which might be serious. By taking both of the
drugs, this may result to imbalance of electrolytes such as magnesium, potassium levels. This
might also imbalance the heart rhythm. On the other hand, this can be rightly said that the
combination of furosemide with amiodarone sometimes cause to have cardiac arrest.
NSAIDs interaction with Frusemide : These are known as the Non-Steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs like combiflam have safe prescription over the counter. But, these drugs
have ADRs (Adverse Drug Reactions) which covers gastrointestinal bleedings and kidney and
cardiovascular effects (Knake, Stamp and Bahn, 2014).
Question 5
Contradiction of furosemide
Sodium depletion: It is also known as hyponatremia. It is the low sodium level within
the body which occurs when a patient inhales the medicine furosemide. This medicine pressures
the inner body to exhale maximum urine and when maximum urine will be exhaled by the body
then there will be a depletion of sodium. There are various symptoms of sodium depletion such
as headache, weakened ability to think. It direct pressures the mind, which affect the thinking
power of the person.
Fluid depletion: It is the condition of dehydration which occurs when there is low
volume of water in the body. The use of medicine furosemide is a reason of low water volume in
the body. It affects the body to exhale more water in the form of urine from body and it affects
the volume of water within the body. It implies the blood compression inside the body of the
person taking furosemide (Doggrell, 2012).
Pathophysiological: It is the combination of pathology and physiology. Pathology is the
medical study under which diseases are investigated by taking samples. On the other hand,
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physiology is the biological study of the process of an organism. Pathology is related to an
abnormal condition of body. Therefore, pathophysiological is described as the condition of
changes that occur when an individual found with any disease.
Pharmacological: It is the discipline of the action related with the preparation, exercise
and reaction of drugs. Frequently, it is used in physiology to refer a medicine which is more
effective or powerful than others due to which having less powerful effects. This involves the use
of multiple medicines.
Pharmacokinetic processes: Under this, the four processes concerned when a drug is taken.
Those are as follows:
 Absorption: It is the motion of drug from its site to the body fluid. Most drugs are
attained by the active absorption but some drugs require slow process to react. It is
affected by blood stream, pain strain.
 Distribution: It is the movement of the drug within the body. Observed by the blood
circulation to the tissues, it is the quality of the drug to move in to the vasculature system.
 Metabolism: It is also called bio-transformation. It is the process of the transformation of
the blood within the body of an individual. The drug can be ejected out from the body by
the kidneys.
 Elimination: It is the process of removal of the drug from the body. Some drugs are
eliminated as same and some are eliminated out as substance via urine or digestive fluid.
Pharmacodynamics: It is obsessed with the reaction of drugs and the execution of its state.
 Agonist: It is a component that fully spark off the receptor and binds it in order to make
an adoptive response which causes an action, and such action blocked by antagonist.
 Antagonists: It is component that binds to a receptor and block the action. But it does not
activate the receptor (Castaneto & et. al., 2014).
CONCLUSION
From the above project report, it has been concluded that Pharmacology which is a
branch that deals with the use of drugs in human body for diagnosis. For this process, various
implication and its treatment is being provided in the above report.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journal:
Castaneto, M. S., & et. al., (2014). Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics,
and clinical implications. Drug and alcohol dependence. 144. 12-41.
Coulson, C. J. (2014). Molecular mechanisms of drug action. CRC Press.
Doggrell, S. (2012). Drugs for hypertension, angina and heart failure. Pharmacology in One
Semester.
Knake, C., Stamp, L., & Bahn, A. (2014). Molecular mechanism of an adverse drug–drug
interaction of allopurinol and furosemide in gout treatment. Biochemical and biophysical
research communications. 452(1). 157-162.
Rainsford, K. D., & Velo, G. P. (Eds.). (2012). Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Part
One Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media.
Vital, F. M., Ladeira, M. T., & Atallah, A. N. (2013). Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
(CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.
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