Physical and Fitness Activities: Benefits and Considerations

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of physical and fitness activities, highlighting their importance in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It covers topics such as the impact of regular exercise on physical fitness, the benefits of different types of physical activity, and the factors to consider when getting involved in physical activities. The assignment also includes a questionnaire with questions related to physical activity and health.

DISSERTATION

Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1
1.3 Rationale of the study............................................................................................................2
1.4 Research aim..........................................................................................................................2
1.5 Objectives..............................................................................................................................2
1.6 Research Questions................................................................................................................2
1.7 Outline of the dissertation......................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................5
2.2 Different types of physical and fitness activities that are applied by adults..........................5
2.3 The impact on lifestyle when health, fitness and physical activities are considered.............7
2.4 Ways used by people above 18 years for remaining healthy and fit...................................10
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
3.1 Research outline...................................................................................................................12
3.2 Research philosophy............................................................................................................12
3.3 Research approach...............................................................................................................13
3.4 Research design...................................................................................................................13
3.5 Research strategy.................................................................................................................14
3.6 Sampling..............................................................................................................................14
3.7 Data collection.....................................................................................................................14
3.8 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................15
3.9 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................16
3.10 Research Limitations.........................................................................................................17
3.11 Summary............................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION ANS ANALYSIS........................................................18
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................18
4.2 Thematic analysis................................................................................................................18
Theme 1: Total mile that a person walks...................................................................................18
Theme 2: Regular consumption of fast food has negative impact over health..........................19

Theme 3: Different types of physical and fitness activities that you prefer..............................20
Theme 4: Think that with physical and fitness activities lifestyle changes...............................21
Theme 5: The major impact of physical and fitness activities on lifestyle...............................21
Theme 6: Factors you need to be considered while getting involved in physical activities......22
Theme 7: Time should be given for physical activities.............................................................23
Theme 8: Type of physical is highly effective..........................................................................24
Theme 9: Physical activities should not be done alone.............................................................25
Theme 10: Become conscious regarding eating habit when you are getting involved in
physical activities.......................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................28
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................28
5.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................29
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................30
APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................33
Questionnaire.............................................................................................................................33

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
There are different types of changes that have taken place in relation with tastes and
preferences of people. There are many firms that have come up which providing people with
medications or with tools that can make them fit. Further, there are various types of mobile
applications that enable to track down the amount of physical activities performed by them
(Colley and Tremblay, 2011). In order to be fit, there are many considerations that have to be
made. In this context, it includes consumption of healthy food, proper diet, physical exercise, etc.
When these aspects are followed, then it becomes favourable enough for a person to be fit. This
is research is focused on determining the various physical activities, fitness and health standards
considered by Adults (above 18 years)
1.1 Background of the study
Physical fitness is considered to be a state of health in which a person is able to perform
any type of sports, daily activities and occupation (Van Dusen, Kelder and Perry, 2011). In order
to achieve this, sufficient rest is to be taken and vigorous physical exercises are considered with
proper nutrition. When talking about history, during the time of industrial revolution, fitness was
determined to be the capacity to conduct daily activities without undue fatigue. However, it is
identified that with change in lifestyle, fitness is considered to be a measure of body’s ability to
function effectively and efficiently in leisure and work activities. The type of body that male and
female have is different and physical exercise needs to be done as per their capability that each
one has (Ortega, Ruiz and Sjöström, 2008).
In this modern work, fitness means to have something that can be made attractive. As per
the history, it is identified that consciousness for fitness raise after World War II. However, that
time, the craze was very low. With development of entertainment industry, people started
copying the presence that was made by actors so that they will be able to become like them. In
the present research, main focus is made on determining the impact of changes that has taken
place in relation with physical fitness and health (Ortega, Artero and Ciarapica, 2011). Further,
to carry out research in an effective manner, there are aim and objectives set by the investigator.
These are done so that the research topic can be attained in an effective manner.
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1.3 Rationale of the study
In this modern world, there are different type of problems that are being faced by people.
With this respect, main issue is in relation with health related conditions. There are health
problems like obesity faced among young people. Main focus of the research is carried out to
explore the physical activities, fitness and health standards considered by Adults in order to be
healthy and in maintaining strength.
1.4 Research aim
Aim:
“To explore various physical activities, fitness and health standards considered by Adults: A
study on lifestyle of individuals who are about 18 years”.
1.5 Objectives
Objectives:
 To determine different types of physical and fitness activities that are applied by adults
 To analyse the impact on lifestyle when health, fitness and physical activities are
considered
 To identify the ways used by people above 18 years for remaining healthy and fit
 To recommend strategies that improve physical fitness and health conditions
In accordance with the above set aim and objectives, it will be helpful enough to
complete the research in an effective manner. There is various type of aspects that are covered in
a research and when objectives are developed, then it provides directions so that viewers will be
able to understand the main findings that are made. Further, there are changes that can be
identified in terms of workout that is made by people so that they will be able to overcome the
health issues (Rikli and Jones, 2013). In addition to this, there are different types of reasons due
to which people prefer to make efforts so that they can make themselves fit and will be focused
on attaining the goals that they have developed to achieve.
1.6 Research Questions
 What are the different types of physical and fitness activities that are applied by adults?
 What is the impact on lifestyle when health, fitness and physical activities are
considered?
 What are the ways used by people above 18 years for remaining healthy and fit?
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1.7 Outline of the dissertation
To carry out the research in an effective manner, there are certain set of steps that have to
be followed. This is done so that the viewers will be able to understand the aspects that are
covered. In this context, below given are the chapters that will be covered in this research:
Chapter 1- Introduction: This is the first chapter in dissertation. It enables to provide
proper information to viewers about the research topic. Apart from this, it also covers aim and
objectives that are set by the researcher so that viewers are able to understand areas that will be
covered. In this way, it becomes helpful to clearly understand the topic and making the goals set
to be achieved.
Chapter 2- Literature Review: This is an important chapter in dissertation. There are
different types of researches that are carried out by individuals on similar topic. These researches
are helpful to make them to develop in depth understanding for the research topic. However, it is
important to make sure that the information gathered from secondary method is not copied as it
increases the rate of plagiarism.
Chapter 3- Research Methodology: There are different types of strategies’, methods or
approaches that are included in the research. These are helpful to conduct the research and
findings that are made in effective direction. In this context, it includes research philosophy,
analysis, data collection, data analysis, etc. When these points are covered, then researcher is
able to take another step for the goals set.
Chapter 4- Data Analysis: When information is gathered, then it requires to have
analysis done so that complete data gathered can be presented and viewers will be able to
understand the same. This is possible when researcher has proper understanding about the type
of strategies that are required to be applied. For making analysis, there are two methods. Both
these are helpful enough to conduct the research in an effective direction.
Chapter 5- Conclusion and Recommendations: This is the part in which all findings are
concluded. This is done for each of the chapters that are covered in dissertation. Further, it is
important for the researcher to make sure that all aspects covered in main areas are concluded so
that appropriate outcome can be determined. Lastly, from the research carried out,
recommendations are made. This is done so that strategies can be applied with the help of which
areas can be improved.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This is an important chapter that enables to provide adequate information in relation with
the research topic. There are various types of researches that are carried out on similar topic and
all these researches enable to develop in depth understanding. There are different areas that are
required to be covered in this chapter considering the findings that are shown so that viewers will
be able to focus on the aim and objectives of research (Weening-Dijksterhuis, de Greef and van
der Schans, 2011). Physical fitness is important for a person so that all types of diseases that are
caused with age can be eliminated to a high extent. In the process of ageing, there are many
health related problems that are faced. Cells that take care of the health get weaker and with the
help of exercises and various other strategies, it is helpful enough to reduce the rate of risks
involved. In this chapter, all objectives that are set by the researcher are covered.
2.2 Different types of physical and fitness activities that are applied by adults
According to Garber, Blissmer and Swain, (2011) physical activities can be effective for
persons only when they identify the main reason due to which they can reach them. The type of
body that each person has is different and for each of them, it is important to have appropriate
support required so that through the type of exercise that they undergo help them to attain their
goals. In order to consider the physical activities that are included, it can be determined with
various forms of exercises that are used by adults. Hildebrand, Brewer and Wolf, (2012) stated
that different types of reasons are involved due to which people prefer to exercise, for this, one
of the main reasons is that some of the people are health conscious. There are four basic
categories in which activities related with physical exercise fall. Among these, four types of
individuals focus on any one of these exercises (Janssen and LeBlanc, 2010). Only one is
selected, as it becomes difficult for others and this causes individuals to follow various steps that
can be considered in order to follow in effective manner. Below given are some of the types of
exercises performed:
Endurance: This is also known as aerobic that enables to increase the heart and breathing
rate. This enables to make lungs, circulatory system and heart healthy as well as improves the
overall fitness (Janssen and LeBlanc, 2010). When person is able to build up their endurance,
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then it helps to carry out all activities performed by them in a day becomes easy. For example:
dancing, yard working and jogging.
Balance: In accordance with this type of exercise, it enables to prevent falls and this is
considered to be a common problem in older adults. This can be improved through lower body
strength exercises that enable to have effective balance. It consists of other exercises like Tai
Chi, Heel to toe walk and standing on foot.
Flexibility: According to Biddle and Asare, (2011) flexible people are required to stretch
their muscles as it enables them to make their body to stay limber. When a person makes use of
this exercise, then he/she is able to get the freedom of movement for other exercises and to
perform all type of day to day activities in effective manner (Biddle and Asare, 2011). It includes
exercises that can be followed like yoga, calf and shoulder as well as upper arm stretch.
Strengths: With the help of strength exercise, one is able to raise muscles stronger. Apart
from this, it also enables to be independent and to perform the activities of each day in an
appropriate manner (Hildebrand, Brewer and Wolf, 2012). It consists of activities like carrying
groceries and climbing stairs. These are also known as resistance and strength training.
In all these aspects, it is important to have proper knowledge from the side of individuals
so that they can select the most suitable exercise that can support in physical strength. Further,
there are conditions in which support of government is also important so that all people will
develop consciousness towards their health (Garber, Blissmer and Swain, 2011). Each exercise
mentioned is helpful enough to provide benefits to individual’s physical capabilities. In this
respect, below given are the benefits that individuals get through each exercise:
Control over weight: As per the changes that have taken place in relation with the food,
consumption made by a person is also changed. The rate of consumption for fast food has raised.
In such condition, people who are overweight are increasing tremendously. In this context, with
the help of exercise, individuals are able to maintain their body weight. A person is able to gain
weight when calories are burn and this is possible when there are physical activities done. Fat is
considered to be one of the main aspects due to which weight increases and to burn up fat,
exercise is highly effective (Weening-Dijksterhuis, de Greef and van der Schans, 2011). A
person can focus on either to reduce weight or to maintain it. The amount of consumption that is
taken needs to be used so that proper balance will be maintained. For this respect, it is required to
develop a proper or balanced diet so that weight can be controlled.
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Reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases: There are two main causes due to which the
rate of death has raised and it includes disease like stroke and heart problems. With the help of
exercise people are able to gain wright, are enables to reduce the rate of risk that is included in
this process (Garber, Blissmer and Swain, 2011).
Reducing the risk of cancer: When a person is physically active, then the rate of two
different types of cancer gets reduced. More specifically, the rate of risk in relation with cancer
like colon and breast cancer also decreases. When proper consideration is not made in relation
with the food that is being consumed, then it affects health in a negative manner.
2.3 The impact on lifestyle when health, fitness and physical activities are considered
According to van Poppel, Chinapaw and Terwee, (2010) with the changes in types of
food that are consumed, there are changes that have taken place in the life style. When compared
with the early years, people who used to have a lot of physical movement and individuals in this
modern world prefer to work sitting at one place. This can be considered as one of the reasons
due to which changes in physical condition causes serious problems to health. The rate of obesity
and other diseases is increasing. Most of the diseases can be eliminated when there is proper diet
followed (Rhodes and Pfaeffli, 2010). As per Ainsworth, Haskell and Leon, (2011), lifestyle can
be determined as the way through which group, nations and people form specific economic,
cultural and religious economic text. In order words, it is considered to be characteristics that are
inhabitants of region in special place and time. Further, it also influences day to day functions
and behaviour of people in their fun, diet, job and activities. Poston, Haddock and Kales, (2011)
stated that lifestyle is considered to be an important factor of health and there are researches that
are carried out to determine the preferences of people and areas in which they prefer to develop.
As per one of the researches that is carried out by WHO, among 60% of the factors that
are related with quality and health of life are related with lifestyle (van de Laar, Ferreira and
Stehouwer, 2010). There are about more than million people who do not follow a healthy
lifestyle. For example, it is suggested to make drinking water boil and then it should be used for
drinking. Similarly, there are many practices that are required to be followed by people which
are not generally done. Due to unhealthy lifestyle, there are many problems that are faced like
overweight, violence, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, etc. In this context, it is important to
have a strong relationship in between health and lifestyle. There are many factors that get
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affected due to change in lifestyle (Santos, Silva and Sardinha, 2012). In this respect, below
given are factors that affect the health due to lifestyle:
Exercise and activity level: There are people who would suggest to convey and spread
information in which they are able to convey that proper exercise is highly important so as to
maintain the health. This is a type of lifestyle in which individuals need to find time for
themselves and exercise (Kriemler, Zahner and Puder, 2010). With the help of exercise,
individuals are able to reduce their body pain and face mobility challenges.
Smoking: A person who has mental health is generally addicted to smoking. Earlier, it
was believed that smoking might help in reducing the issues related with mental health
symptoms. For a person who is chain smoker, it is difficult for him to quit as it also has other
negative impacts on mental health. When a person smokes, variety of toxins are taken in by a
person and the amount of these toxins may be so high that it can cause mood problems (Anokye,
Trueman, and Taylor, 2012). Other than this, there are other physical health related problems that
a person can face. In this context, it includes coughing, frequent colds, heart diseases, difficulty
in exercising, etc. As a type of lifestyle, individuals at the initial stage may not be able to
recognize the negative impact of smoking but with time, this lifestyle has an adverse effect and
in most of the cases, it can also lead a person to death.
Diet: There are many physical requirements that a body needs like proteins, vitamins,
calcium, etc. All these are required by a person’s body on frequent basis. However, with the
changing lifestyle for consumption of food has caused serious health problems. On the other
hand, when diet is properly taken, then it enables to provide a healthy life (Latimer-Cheung,
Pilutti and Motl, 2013). The type of choices made need to be correct in which the products that
consist of high fat should be avoided. Once in a while, consumption of these types of products
does not have any type of problem but regular consumption causes serious health issues.
Healthy sleep: It is required to have proper concern for taking up time to have proper
sleep. It is important that after complete day of work, body requires to have rest so that energy
can be regained. In this context, individuals need to have proper schedule made for day to day
activities in order to have proper rest time.
Isolation: If a person is isolated, then it causes issues in relation with overall well-being
and mental health. For individual’s growth, it is required for a person to socialize and develop
relationship with others (O'Donovan, Blazevich and Hamer, 2010). Mental condition of a person
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gets negatively affected when a person do not have interaction with any person, then it causes
mental issues to face others and this type of lifestyle makes a person to face situation of
depression, anxiety, etc.
Stress: When a person fails to take appropriate steps in relation with managing stress,
then it has an inverse impact on the health. In makes individuals to cope up with the things that
they are required to perform (Ekelund, Luan and Griew, 2012). Apart from this, it also has a
negative impact over diet.
Age: People who are young prefer to consume different types of food and these are
helpful for them to make the rate of work to be performed in an effective manner. In this respect,
the age is considered to be a factor that makes a person benefited as it reduces mental health,
physical strength, etc. The age factor can get positively affected when person initially takes care
of his/her diet (Casanova, Celli and Pinto-Plata, 2011). When proper food is consumed with
appropriate calories and other requirements, then it has a positive impact on the health.
Physical inactivity of a person is considered to be a modifiable risk factor for
cardiovascular disease. When a person has physical activity on daily basis, it is considered to be
an effective strategy for improving sleep. This is not just the idea but it is a type of strategy to
improve sleep (Ginis, Hicks, and Pomerleau, 2011). With increase in age, it is important that
changes are required to be made in the physical activities performed and it also changes the total
time that a person sleeps.
When a person has fitness or physical activities, then there are many positive changes
identified in their lifestyle. In this context, some of the benefits are as follows:
Person is much happier: Individuals who exercise are able to develop a positive
perception in their mind. Further, it makes a person to control over their stress level as well. With
the help of endurance exercise, it is helpful to reduce the cortisol and adrenaline in the body.
These are the types of hormones that help to reduce stress level. In addition to this, it also makes
a person reduce the rate of anxiety and depression (Garber, Blissmer and Swain, 2011).
People are able to sleep better: There are individuals who find it difficult to rest but for
the people who have their regular exercise are able to get good sleep. Further, it also helps to
improve the immune system and a person becomes healthier as muscles are gained and fat is
burned. In this way, it can be stated that the immune system of a person gets better.
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2.4 Ways used by people above 18 years for remaining healthy and fit
In context of physical activity, procrastination is considered to be tempting. Generally, it
is identified that people would convey that they did not had time for excuses. In order to remain
healthy, there are different types of strategies that are used by youngsters with the help of which
they remain healthy (van Poppel, Chinapaw and Terwee, 2010). Below given are few of the
strategies:
Determining right motivation: As per Rhodes and Pfaeffli, (2010) different people have
diverse set of perception that is carried out by individuals. Further, the liking that individuals
have will also differ. In this context, it is important to make sure that motivational area in a
person’s life is identified. When these are done, then it becomes favourable enough to work out
in an effective manner.
Preparing action plan: To stay healthy, it is required to have proper analysis made in
which a person should develop a strong plan that is required to be followed. When these are
done, then it becomes favourable enough to make the individuals to put on various types of
physical activities that can support a person to stay healthy (Ainsworth, Haskell and Leon, 2011).
Majority of individuals do not have appropriate type of idea that they should consider so that
they can remain healthy. However, when they are able to develop an action plan, then it becomes
effective enough to make sure that they can develop their experience and health in a positive
manner.
Regular check-ups: A person should be well aware of the health conditions that he/she
goes through. In order to make them sure, it is required to have regular check-ups from
professionals so that they are able to get medications through which the health related problem
can be solved. There are situations faced by 18 years old person that the rate of information they
have regarding health is low (Poston, Haddock and Kales, 2011). However, when there is
support attained from professionals, then they are able to develop their condition in a positive
manner and raise their knowledge towards health situations faced by them.
Need to have positive mental attitude: There are conditions in which person set out their
own ways for conducting the operations but they fail to do so because of lack in positive attitude.
In this respect, proper analysis needs to be made in which the activities that a person is willing to
implement enables to develop positive attitude (van de Laar, Ferreira and Stehouwer, 2010).
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When the activity to be performed is not effective for a person, then even when a lot of time is
taken, individuals will not get benefited.
Proper sleep: When a person makes sure that he/she has developed time for consumption
of food and exercise, then they are required to have proper time set for sleep. In this way, it is
favourable enough to make sure that body will get benefited in an effective manner.
Setting up goal for the future: There are individuals who set up goals for their future. This
is helpful enough for individuals to determine the strategies which can be applied with the help
that they are able to attain their set goals (Santos, Silva and Sardinha, 2012). With the help of
setting goals, it is helpful to develop path through which it can be reached.
Ignoring negative stereotypes regarding aging: People are able to set out their targets to
be achieved when they are able to overcome the concern for aging. There are many researches
carried out on the similar topic in which it is identified that increase in level of stress affects
health.
These are some of the basic strategies that are applied by people who are able to age of
18 years to be fit and healthy (Kriemler, Zahner and Puder, 2010). However, there are many
people who face serious health related problems due to change in consumption of fast food.
Further, the reason for such type of situation is due to lack of knowledge among young
individuals. It is important that individuals have time in order to perform their set of roles in an
effective manner. Apart from this, time also plays an important role in which with proper
management, individuals are able to perform their basic activities. On the other hand, it is
identified that majority of young people do not have time to management their skills due to
which they fail to fulfil all their requirement in appropriate manner and to set their time for
exercise (Anokye, Trueman, and Taylor, 2012).
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research outline
This is an important chapter that enables to focus on determining a systematic analysis to
be made in which the research is effectively carried out. Research methodology is a theoretical or
systematic analysis that is made for conducting the study. There are different types of strategies,
approaches, methods, etc. considered and these enable to make sure that viewers are able to
understand them in an effective manner. In this respect, below given are the research
methodologies:
3.2 Research philosophy
This is determined to be the detail that is considered for collection and analysis of data.
This is considered as the nature of knowledge and sources (Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault, 2015).
Further, this is a type of research methodology that is placed first in Saunder’s onion and outer
most layer. In this way, it can be stated that it is required to be considered properly and steps are
taken by researcher to select the most appropriate one. These are of four types which are
interpretivism, realism, positive and pragmatism. As per the present research, pragmatism is
considered to be a deconstructive paradigm which enables to advocate to make use of mixed
methods in research. Further, realism depends upon an idea for independence towards reality for
the human mind. This is based on the assumptions that are made on scientific approach to
develop knowledge (Mackey and Gass, 2015). Further, positivism is based on natural
phenomena, their relations and properties. Lastly, interpretivism is an approach to social science
that enables to oppose positivism of natural science.
Among all these types of philosophies, the researcher has made use of positivism. Main
reason for selecting this type of research is that it enables researcher to limit his/her collection
and interpretation of data. Apart from this, it is also dependent on the observations that are made
towards measurable (Flick, 2015). In this context, it can be stated that it is helpful to assist in
considering the facts that can help to consider findings. In addition to this, focus is also made on
theories and strategies that are applied by young people with the help of which they are able to
remain healthy.
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3.3 Research approach
There are various types of ways that are helpful enough to present the findings that are
made. In this respect, the analysis is done by considering the general aspects or by focusing on
specific information. Analysis done shows that researcher gets two ways with the help of which
gathered information can be presented (Neuman and Robson, 2014). One from general to
specific and other one is specific to general. More specifically, research approaches are of two
types which are inductive and deductive. Inductive approach is determined to be the form of
analysis that is presented in specific to general form. In other words, findings are done for
specific information related with the topic and general data. On the other hand, deductive
research approach is one in which the information is presented from general to specific. There
are specific aspects covered that help to gather the most accurate data and then general part is
covered. Among these two type of approaches the researcher has made use of inductive approach
(Smith, 2015). In this way, all the information is presented in which specific details are provided
and then general aspects are covered.
This type of approach is selected as the research topic focuses on considering the analysis
in which the findings are divided in to specific content first. Therefore, it is favourable enough
for the viewers to understand specific details regarding information and making viewers
understand about topic.
3.4 Research design
Through research design, complete information that is related with the strategies is
adopted by coherent and logical integration for various types of components of study. There are
different types of research designs like explanatory, descriptive and exploratory (Cammarota and
Fine, 2010). This is a type of student in which the findings are made for new type of research.
However, the current study selected is not new. There are many researches that are already
carried out by other researchers. Descriptive research design is effective to design to depict
respondents in an accurate way. These are of three types which are observation, case study, etc.
Lastly, Exploratory is a research design that is conducted for the issues that are not studied
clearly and it improves research design and intends to establish priorities (Humphries, 2017).
Among these, the researcher has made use of descriptive research design. This is selected
as the research design as it focuses on depicting sampling in accurate way. Apart from this, it
also determines support in considering characteristics of the phenomenon that is being studied
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(Roberts, 2013). This is also determined to be the blue print in which step by step aspects that are
required to be covered are included in an effective manner.
3.5 Research strategy
There are two different type of strategies that can be used by researchers. In this context,
it consists of qualitative and quantitative strategies. Among these, the researcher has made use of
qualitative strategy. Main reason for selecting this strategy is that it enables to focus on the
theories, modules, etc. so that research can be conducted in effective manner.
3.6 Sampling
In collection of primary information, it is required to make selection of respondents so
that all will be able to consider the findings. There are many groups from which information can
be gathered but it is essential to select appropriate sample method that can make individuals to
rely on it (Mackey and Gass, 2015). In this respect, there are two methods for sampling. In this
context, it includes probabilistic and non-probabilistic. More specifically, probabilistic is the
method in which all samples in the groups have equal chances of being getting selected. This
method is also known as random sampling method. All samples in the method have equal
chances of getting selected. On the other hand, non-probabilistic sampling is one in which
selection of samples is done as per the preferences of researcher. Among these two, the research
has made use of non-probabilistic sampling in which the selection of individuals is made as per
the preference of investigator (Flick, 2015).
There are in total 20 individuals selected as sample size. More specifically, these 20
people will be above the age of 18 years and those who have regular exercise or people who are
conscious regarding their health. Further, selection to these respondents is made by making use
of non-probabilistic sample method as the researcher has proper understanding about the samples
that are being selected.
3.7 Data collection
To conduct research in an effective manner, it is important for the researcher to make
sure that appropriate selection of methods is done so that information can be gathered. In this
respect, there are two methods through which data can be gathered (Miller, Birch and Jessop,
2012). It includes primary and secondary methods; both these have their own set of benefits and
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disadvantages. Primary method is considered to be the information that is gathered for the first
time. There are sources like interview, questionnaire, observation and focus groups. On the other
hand, secondary data is conducted by other researchers. There are many other similar topics on
which research is already conducted. There are sources like books, journals, online websites, etc.
For the current research, investigator has made use of both secondary and primary data.
Interviews are the type of tools in which the people are called personally and questions are asked
related with research topic. It important for researcher to design an appropriate list of questions
that are related with the research (Gale, Heath and Redwood, 2013). Further, questionnaire
consists of different types of questions on which options are provided. Respondents just need to
select the most appropriate option.
Among these two type of methods, the researcher has made use of both primary and
secondary methods. More specifically, questionnaire is conducted so that adequate information
can be gathered. On the other hand, secondary method is used in which online sources, articles,
books, etc. are taken into consideration (Taylor, Bogdan, and DeVault, 2015). Once gathering of
information is done, then it is required to make appropriate interpretation of data. When this is
done, then it becomes helpful to set reliable information that can help in determining the suitable
outcomes.
3.8 Data Analysis
When information is gathered, then it is required to select the most appropriate method
with the help of which interpretation and analysis is possible. This is done so that complete data
gathered can be presented in an understandable form (Neuman and Robson, 2014). Further, data
analysis consists of cleaning, transforming and coding of data that helps in drawing conclusion.
There are two different methods that can be used which are quantitative and qualitative methods.
Quantitative data analysis consists of statistical tools that enable to make comparison of
dependent and independent variables. On the other hand, qualitative data analysis is employed of
effective interpretation of situations and various types of information that are gathered from the
questions that were asked from respondents.
Among these two types of methods, it can be stated that researcher has made use of
qualitative method. In this method, use of thematic is done. This is selected as a tool as it enables
14

to present gathered information in the form of tables, graphs, chart, etc. Further, there are
different types of selection made in considering the understand ability of viewers (Smith, 2015).
When viewers are not able to understand information presented in an appropriate manner, it
becomes difficult to analyse and interpret them in an effective manner. As per the present
research topic, there is selection of 20 respondents done and each of person has diverse set of
perception that are shown. In order to present them, it is required to have appropriate use of tools
done so that each of the response will be gathered and presented so that all will be able to
understand them.
3.9 Ethical Considerations
There are different types of ethical considerations that are required to be considered. It is
the responsibility of researcher to make sure that all steps are positively taken and it does not
have negative impact on the research (Cammarota and Fine, 2010). In this respect, all
respondents who are being selected should have proper understanding of research topic on which
the research is conducted. In situations where people involved do not have appropriate
understanding, then it causes serious issue for gathering information. Further, proper system
should be used so that complete personal information from the side of respondents are saved and
are not misused. It requires to have selection of one responsible person is done who make sure
that personal information from respondents are not used by any other person (Humphries, 2017).
Further, there is secondary information that is also used and it is important that all these types of
information are not written as it is because this can increase the risk of plagiarism. Moreover,
there were conditions in which the investigator was not able to get access or journals. In order to
overcome this problem, accounts were made so that each of journals can be identified and
information can be raised. Further, many of the articles were not appropriate enough as they
were old. With the time, there are many changes that have taken place. It includes the type of
exercise, eating habits, etc. So, it was essential to select journals from recent years so that
information gathered can be relied on (Roberts, 2013). In addition to this, proper citations are
also important to be done so that reliability of data can be done in an effective manner.
15

3.10 Research Limitations
Different types of research limitations are included and it is important for the investigator
to make sure that proper selection of strategies is done so that all the problems faced can be
solved. In this respect, below given are few of the limitations that are faced by investigator:
Aim and objectives: When researcher does not make aim and objectives appropriate, then
it causes serious issues in relation with carrying out the research (Miller, Birch and Jessop,
2012). Further, it is also important to overcome this limitation by making an appropriate
selection of aim and objectives.
Time: There are different types of activities that are included in carrying out the research.
Each of these tasks or activities consist of time that are taken to make them completed. For each
of the plan that is included, there are times consumed. When any of the activities are not
completed with speculated time period, then all the following aspects also get delayed.
Budget: For each of the activities, it includes certain set of budget. It is required to have
effective plan to be made so that within speculated budget that is decided, all the activities can be
completed (Gale, Heath and Redwood, 2013). At the initial stage when the plan for budget made
is not effective, then it causes serious issue for the research to get completed.
Selection of samples: There are different types of groups that are included. it is required
to make sure that proper selection should be made so that the information can be conducted in an
appropriate manner.
3.11 Summary
In accordance with the above strategies, approaches, etc. used are highly effective enough
to make sure that all the research aspects are covered. Further, it can be stated that there is
selection of 20 respondents who are above the age of 18 and are conscious for their health and
staying fit. Apart from this, selection of qualitative method is done so that all the responses that
were given by individuals can be considered and steps are taken with the help of which
appropriate information can be gathered.
16

CHAPTER 4: DATA PRESENTATION ANS ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
There are in total 20 respondents who are taken into consideration. All these are people
who have proper understanding about the way and they even practice to stay healthy. These are
selected as respondents as they have proper understanding and knowledge regarding the research
topic selected. Apart from this, all the responses gathered are analysed and interpreted in an
effective manner. In this respect, selection of thematic tool is done. This is selected as an
appropriate tool as it helps in presenting the information that is gathered in the form of tables,
graphs, charts, etc. Below given are the findings that are made from each of questions that were
included in the questionnaire.
4.2 Thematic analysis
Theme 1: Total mile that a person walks
How many miles do you walk? Frequency
Less than one mile 8
1-5 miles 9
More than 5 miles 3
Description: In accordance with the information gathered from 20 respondents, it can be
stated that around 8 of them walk less than 8 miles. Further, there are 9 of them who walk from 1
17

to 5 miles. Lastly, there are three of them who walk more than 5 miles. For exercise or to be fit,
it is required to have walking done as it is highly effective enough to reduce the rate of fat and to
be fit. Further, it also helps to increase the level of stamina. To be fit, the response given by them
are highly effective to make sure that appropriate steps are taken with the help of which the rate
of support from the side of people from exercise gets high. The individuals who walk more than
5 miles are considered to be the people who are highly fit. In physical fitness, walking is
considered to be the most important source that makes individuals to reduce issues that are faced
with diseases.
Theme 2: Regular consumption of fast food has negative impact over health
Do you regular consumption of fast food has
negative impact over health?
Frequency
Yes 14
No 4
Not sure 2
Description: From the above given table, it can be stated that majority of people who are
involved in research have identified that they understand the negative impact that is caused
through consumption of fast food. In this respect, the responses given by people includes 2 of
them who are not sure whether there are negative impacts faced due to consumption of fast food
18

or not. Further, there are 4 of them who do not think in the same way. Lastly, there are more than
half and that is about 14 of them who think that fast food is not good for health.
Theme 3: Different types of physical and fitness activities that you prefer
What are different types of physical and fitness activities that you
prefer?
Frequency
Aerobic activities 4
Muscle strengthening activities 11
Bone strengthening activities 5
Description: In accordance with the analysis made, it can be stated that there is different
type of physical and fitness activities that are preferred by people. These are highly effective to
make sure that all these activities that have their own set of benefited and disadvantages. In
accordance with the responses that were provided, it can be stated that there are in total 4 of the
respondents who prefer to make use of aerobic activities. Further, there are 5 of them who think
that with the help of bone strengthening activities, it can help to improve physical fitness. In
addition to this, there are majority of people who have selected muscle strengthening activities to
be more beneficial. These make the person stronger and to reduce the negative impact that are
faced by each one.
19

Theme 4: Think that with physical and fitness activities lifestyle changes
Do you think that with physical and fitness activities lifestyle
changes?
Frequency
Yes 13
No 4
Not sure 3
Description: From the analysis made, it can be stated that there are in total 13 of the
individuals who have selected yes as their option. In this context, it can be started that there are
changes identified in their lifestyle. On the other hand, there are 4 of the respondents who think
that there are no changes identified. In addition to this, there are 3 of them who are not sure for
the same. From this finding, it can be concluded that the rate of preferences of people are getting
raised and they are able to consider the business in such a way that they can actually find
changes in their lifestyle. More specifically, there are changes identified in their eating habits,
their personality, etc. When these type of changes are identified, then it becomes favourable
enough to focus on themselves. In addition to this, the change that is identified in their lifestyle
makes them motivated and encouraged to perform any type of role in appropriate manner.
Theme 5: The major impact of physical and fitness activities on lifestyle
What is the major impact of physical and fitness activities on
lifestyle?
Frequency
20

Health lifestyle 8
Control on diseases 2
Reduces stress 6
Develops confidence 4
Description: As it was stated above, there are both positive and negative impact which
are identified in relation with the impact of physical and fitness activities on lifestyle. With this
respect, some of impacts includes control on diseases, healthy lifestyle, develops confidence
level and reduces stress. In this modern world, there are different types of issues that are faced
and these make people face different type of problems and it also increases. From the findings, it
can be stated that majority of individuals think that 8 of the respondents think that it improves
healthy lifestyle. Further. There are people who think that it is highly effective to reduce the rate
of stress. Further, there are 4 of them who have selected develops confidence level. In addition to
this, there are two of them who think when physical and fitness activities are done, then it
enables to provide control over diseases and this help to develop positive perception within the
mind.
Theme 6: Factors you need to be considered while getting involved in physical activities
What all factors you need to be considered while getting involved in
physical activities?
Frequency
21

Safety 11
Health issues 3
Proper diet 6
Description: When a person aims at conducting any type of physical activities, there are
different types of aspects that are required to be considered. As the type of perception that each
one has is different and when these are properly undertaken, then there is different type of
concerns that individuals have. There are three of the aspects that are listed which are safety,
proper diet and health issues. From the findings, it can be stated that 6 of the respondents are
conscious regarding their diet and so appropriate steps are required to be taken so that they are
able to have effective physical activities. Further, there are 3 of them who are conscious about
their health issues. In addition to this, there are 11 of them who prefer to have physical activities
when they are sure about the safety of their health and other related aspects. This way, it can be
stated that proper consideration is required to be made so that they conduct any type of physical
activities in appropriate manner.
Theme 7: Time should be given for physical activities
According to you how much time should be given for physical
activities?
Frequency
30 min 10
22

1 hour to 3 hours 7
More than 3 hours 3
Description: From the finding, it can be stated that there are 10 of the people who shared
that individuals would spend at least 30 minutes for physical activities. Further, there are 7 of
them who think that people should do physical activities for 1 hour to 3 hours. In addition to this,
3 of them have stated that people should do for more than three hours. This show that individuals
need to spend time for physical activities in which they should exercise for 30 minutes.
Theme 8: Type of physical is highly effective
Among the following, which type of physical is highly effective? Frequency
Walking 2
Jogging 9
Cycling 5
All the above 4
23

Description: The above analysis shows that there are different types of physical activities
that are performed by individuals as their physical activity. More specifically, it can be stated
that 2 of them have selected walking. Further, there are 5 of them who think that cycling is
highly effective as physical activity.in addition to this, there are 4 of them who think that all the
mentioned physical activities plays vital role.
Theme 9: Physical activities should not be done alone
Do you think, physical activities should be done alone? Frequency
Yes 9
No 10
Not sure 1
24

Description: As per the findings, it can be stated that there are majority of individuals
have selected no for the questions that whether people should perform physical activities alone.
On the other hand, there are 9 of them who have stated that physical activities are required to be
conducted alone.
Theme 10: Become conscious regarding eating habit when you are getting involved in physical
activities
Do you become conscious regarding eating habit when you are getting
involved in physical activities?
Frequency
Yes 12
No 6
Not sure 2
25

Description: The above table shows that majority of the people have selected their option
to be yes. More specifically, they become conscious regarding their health and eating habits
when they perform any type of physical activity. Further, there are 6 of them who think that no
changes are identified. In addition to this, there are 2 of them who are not sure for the same.
Thus, it can be stated that with the help of physical activities, individuals are able to change and
raise their concern for eating habits.
26

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Physical activities are of different types and is it required to make sure that one is able to
determine the aspects that should be considered. Further, there are different chapters that are
covered and these enable to make sure that all the objectives set of attained.
From the first chapter, it can be stated that people are required to be highly health
conscious so that they are able to overcome the health problems in effective manner. Further,
analysis is needed to be make for the type of physical activities that are preferred. When these
are done, then it requires to management as there are many other personal activities that should
be performed. This is possible only when self-evaluation is made and the types of activities that
are needed to be improved are considered. When a person grows physically, then with age there
are many health related problems faced due to which one is not able to perform any type of
physical activity. Further the researcher has developed aim and objectives as these are considered
to be path on which it can be achieved.
In second chapter, there are many articles that are taken into considerations. These are
made so that they are helpful enough to develop in depth understanding for the current research.
From the findings, it can be stated that there are advantages and disadvantages of performing
physical activity. With this respect, it enables to develop confidence level. There are people who
face difficulties in order to make interaction with others. With the help of physical activity
individuals are able to develop confidence and the fear that they have in order to talk with others
is resolved. Other than this, proper management of time should be done so that individuals are
able to manage their other work related with personal life as well.
From the third chapter, it can be stated that there are different types of research
methodologies that are included. It is the responsibility of researcher to focus on this so that they
are able to present the findings in appropriate manner. More specifically, both primary and
secondary data are done so that adequate information can be gathered. Further, primary is
gathered through questionnaire and secondary with the help of books, journals, online sources,
etc. When information is gathered, then it is required to make analysis so that viewers are able to
understand them in effective manner. With this respect, use of thematic is done and this is
selected as data analysis part as it enables to present the findings in the form of tables, charts, etc.
27

In accordance with the fourth chapter, it can be stated that consumption of fast food has
negative impact over health. Individuals need to make appropriate control over their diet so that
in able to stay healthy and fit for longer period of time. Apart from, it can be stated that lifestyle
of a person changes when physical activities are performed. When performing any of physical
activities, it is required to make sure proper consideration is made in relation to perform them
with appropriate safety. Apart from this, it is also identified that physical activities should not be
performed alone as it demotivated individuals to put on their full efforts.
5.2 Recommendation
There are certain set of recommendations that are needed to be covered. In this context,
some of them are as follows:
Help from professional: People who have any type of diseases are required to contact
their health care providers so that they are able to prepare an appropriate diet schedule that does
not affect their health in negative manner.
Time management: It was identified that individuals do not find time to perform any type
of physical activities. However, with the help of time management, it becomes favourable
enough to consider the activities that are needed to be performed.
Support from government: The findings shows that individuals do not have proper
knowledge regarding the physical activities that should be performed. In such conditions, when
support from the side of government is done, then it makes individuals to take up appropriate
steps with the help of which proper physical activities can be performed.
Proper safety: When performing any type of physical activities, it is required from the
side of individuals to take steps for safety. Apart from this, the person who is involved in
physical activities concern professionals who can be provided information regarding the total
time and activities that are needed to be considered.
28

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APPENDIX 1
Questionnaire
1. How many miles do you walk?
 Less than one mile
 1-5 miles
 More than 5 miles
2. Do you regular consumption of fast food has negative impact over health?
 Yes
 No
 Not Sure
3. What are different types of physical and fitness activities that you prefer?
 Aerobic activities
 Muscle strengthening activities
 Bone strengthening activities
4. Do you think that with physical and fitness activities lifestyle changes?
 Yes
 No
 Not Sure
5. What is the major impact of physical and fitness activities on lifestyle?
 Health lifestyle
 Control on diseases
 Reduces stress
 Develops confidence
6. What all factors you need to be considered while getting involved in physical activities?
 Safety
 Health issues
 Proper diet
7. According to you how much time should be given for physical activities?
 30 min
 1 hour to 3 hours
 More than 3 hours
32

8. Among the following which type of physical is highly effective?
 Walking
 Jogging
 Cycling
 All the above
9. Do you think; physical activities should be done alone?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
10. Do you become conscious regarding eating habit when you are getting involved in physical
activities?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
33

34