Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care: A Comprehensive Guide

This comprehensive guide explores the fundamental physiological principles that underpin health and social care. It delves into the intricate workings of the human body, examining the structure and function of major organ systems, their interactions, and how they respond to everyday activities. The guide also discusses the impact of aging, common disorders, and infections on body structure and functioning, providing insights into the care routinely given to individuals affected by these conditions. This resource is essential for students and professionals in health and social care, offering a thorough understanding of the physiological basis of human health and well-being.

Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Task 1.........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Outline the main anatomical features of the human body....................................................4
1.2 Discuss how body systems interact to ensure the body functions and grows......................5
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Explain normal body responses to everyday activities........................................................7
2.2 Discuss the body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology 8
2.3 Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities......................................................9
Task 3.......................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Explain the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care....................11
3.2 Assess how routine measures provide information about body functioning.....................12
3.3 Examine how information about body functioning may inform care planning for
individuals................................................................................................................................12
Task 4.......................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Explain how age may affect body structure and functioning.............................................14
4.2 Assess the impact of common disorders on body structure and functioning.....................15
4.3 Relate the effects of common disorders and infection to the care routinely given to
individuals affected by them....................................................................................................16
Conclusion................................................................................................................................19
References................................................................................................................................20
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Introduction
Physiology is the division of the biology, which deals with the study of various activities and
functions of living organisms. Human physiology is to understand the mechanism of the
various organs and chemicals in human body, which helps in keeping the human body active
and functioning (Lemoine and Pradeu, 2018).Human bodies are consists of many biological
systems such as- circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system,
endocrine system nervous system, muscular system, reproductive system and others. Human
body has five vital organs-brains, lungs, heart, kidneys and liver. In this research, we will
study regarding the human body function, which includes physical, mechanical, biochemical
and bioelectrical activities of humans from cells to organs, which they are composed of. The
organs interact with each other to maintain the homeostasis, in order to keep the body on
stable state with safe level of substances such as sodium, potassium, sugar, oxygen and others
in the blood. The combined contribution of each system and organs ensure that the human
body functions normally.
In the following project student gets to learn the structure and functioning of human body as a
whole. It was able to get hold of the functioning of a body in details with the main anatomical
features.
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Task 1
1.1 Outline the main anatomical features of the human body
A human body is the structure that makes a human being. It is made up of a variety of cells
and tissues needed to make a body function (Standring, 2015). It comprises of the essentials
such as neck, legs, hands and head. A human body has to perform various functions in order
to live. The main anatomical features are as follows:
Gross Features:
Head- The head consists of the facial and cranial parts of a human body. The facial part
components are forehead, eyes, ears, nose, mouth and cheeks. The eye consists of eyelids and
eyelashes. They are the organs, which help a human to have sight. Nose has the function to
breathe. The ears function is to hear and respond to things.
Trunk- The head is attached to the truck by neck. The trunk of a human body consists of
chest, shoulders and abdomens. It has the main functions to perform as it includes the internal
organs, which cannot be seen, i.e. heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, small and
large intestines.
Limbs- The components of limbs are arms and legs. The arm consists of upper arm, wrist,
hand, forearm and fingers. The hands inner side is known a palm. There are even nails and
tips of the finger (Mogali et al., 2018). The composition of legs is thighs, ankle, foot, knee
and calf. The foot has the heel and sole and it even has the five toes
Abdomen- It is commonly known as belly. It contains the digestive organs such as stomach,
small and large intestines. There are many important vessels, which are connected and go
through the abdomen. It even consists of the kidney and spleen. A tissue named as fascia
protects the front of the abdomen. To protect the fascia, it has the skin and abdominal
muscles. At the back of abdomen is the spine and back muscle.
Pelvis- It the area between trunk and the lower limbs. The females and males have different
structure. However, the differences only become noticeable after puberty. The pelvic bones
are of a broader width and are larger than the male counterparts as it has to have more space
at the time of childbirth (Gruss and Schmitt, 2015).
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Soft tissues:
It consists of the contracting of muscles. The hand and upper arm is required for the
coordination. To get a grip or hold any object the hand, wrist, finger, palm all has to function
in a systemised manner. The brain is the core for a body to function (Mai et al., 2015). All
this is coordinated and evaluated by the brain. It is the core of the body to perform a
voluntary function in a body.
Skeleton
The pelvis components are hipbones, coccyx and sacrum. It has the hip joint of a human body
has the ability to rotate and make the walking process of a human body. The legs are in
connection with the pelvic. The upper part of the leg consists of hip and continues until knee.
In order to walk, run, or perform any function, there needs to be coordination in its activities.
The main function of the skeleton is not just the movement but it is also responsible for the
storage of calcium in the body
Body organs:
It has five senses such as sight, smell, taste, hear and touch. The heart is what makes a person
survive. With the proper beating of the heart, the blood flow is systemised in the system. The
digestion happens as it consists of the large and small intestines, where the food is processed.
Spleen is a very important part as it immunes the body and fights against diseases.
1.2 Discuss how body systems interact to ensure the body functions and grows
In order to have a proper functioning of body the whole system and organs should be
coordinated. The required coordination in the body will help the body to perform the
functions in the body.
Digestive system- It has a range of connected organs for the body to digest in a proper
manner. It consists of mouth, stomach, small and large intestines and anus. The work of the
digestive system starts from the mouth and ends when the body excrete. A major role is
played by liver and pancreas in the proper functioning of the digestive system.
Nervous system- The components of the nervous system are brain, sensory organs, spinal
cord and all the nerves required for the proper functioning and connectivity of the body
(Woolsey et al., 2017). It is the responsibility and duty to control the functioning and
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communicate. It is in brain and sensory organs where the decision is made and evaluated for
the body to respond.
Endocrine system- The endocrine system stimulate hormone inside the body. When the
secretions of hormones are in order, then the functioning and responding ability of the organs
and tissue is coordinated (Eisert et al., 2015). It consists of the ductless glands that regulate
the functioning ability in a human body.
Immune system- The defence mechanism in a human body is the duty of the immune
system. It has the responsibility to defend the body from the harmful bacteria and virus. It
consists of the bone marrow, which is the most important part of a human body to fight
against any disease that attacks a human body.
Lymphatic system- The main objective of the lymphatic system is defending the body. It
consists of lymph modes, vessels and ducts (Louveau et al., 2015). It has the function to
protect the body by creating fluid for white blood cells for the body to fight against any
infection.
Muscular system- The components to make human bodywork are the skeletal muscles,
cardiac muscles and the smooth muscles. For the voluntary movements there is a need of
connection with the skeletal muscles. In total, there are 650 muscles, which would make the
movement and have the necessary flow of blood to the other body parts.
Reproductive system- There is a difference in body of a male and a female. The male
reproductive system consists of penis and testes, which would be producing sperms. The
female reproductive parts consists of vagina, uterus, ovaries which would be producing eggs.
Skeletal system- The body consists of bones that are connected with tendons, cartilages and
ligaments (Islam et al., 2015). Even teeth are a part of the skeletal system, though they are
not to be considered as bones.
Urinary system- The urinary system has to eliminate waste from body in the process of
breaking own and digesting the food. The system components are kidneys, bladder, ureters
and urethra. It is from the urethra that toxicity leaves the body.
Respiratory system- The respiratory system makes the body to function by inhaling the
oxygen and exhaling the carbon dioxide through the nostrils. The process is known as
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breathing. Components are lungs, trachea and diaphragm. In order to survive a human needs
to breathe.
Integumentary system- It consists of the biggest organ present in a human body. The skin is
the material that helps the body to survive and defend against the bacteria and virus (Huse et
al., 2014). It regulates the temperature of the body and helps the body to perspire the waste
out from body. It includes the hair and nails.
Circulatory system- The functions is to carry blood, nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide
around the body. It ensures the systemised circulation of the nutrients in the body for the
body to perform its function. The components of the system are heart, blood, blood vessels
and arteries.
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Task 2
2.1 Explain normal body responses to everyday activities
An average person of age 25 years actively participates in everyday activities like going to
college and leads a healthy lifestyle. A person needs oxygen for the body functioning, which
is inhaled through respiration. As opined by Hall (2015), respiration is a process through
which body gets involved in the exchange of gases and the breakdown of food takes place in
cell for production of energy. Average person needs energy to perform daily activities, the
energy is produced during respiration, and the energy is supplied to each cell through ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate) for carrying out metabolic processes. At normal pace of rate, an
average person inspires 500ml of air per breath and breathes about 12-15 times per minute.
(Figure-2.1: Human Respiratory System)
(Source: bbc.co.uk, 2018)
Mechanism of Breathing: External respiration occurs by the activities of breathing in and out
due to the pressure changes in thorax. When a person inhale air, the intercostals muscles
move the rib cage upwards and the diaphragm flattens to increase in size. The decreased air
pressure inside the thorax makes the air rush inside the thorax. When the person exhales, the
diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax forcing air outside. Medulla oblongata of brain
controls the breathing rate. The gaseous exchange takes place in the capillaries near alveoli of
lungs, when the blood has higher concentration carbon dioxide, it gets exhales and oxygen is
diffused in the blood from the inhaled air.
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Function of Respiratory System: The human respiratory system is responsible for the
exchange of gases through respiration. The exchange of gases takes place in lungs, and it
facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into blood stream for conversion into ATP and also exhales
waste carbon dioxide.
2.2 Discuss the body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and
physiology
The respiration takes place in lungs and exchanges of gases takes place. The inhaled air goes
to lungs through windpipe or trachea that divides into bronchial tube in lungs. The bronchial
tube divides further into bronchioles, which contains balloon like sacs called alveoli all over
them. An average person has over 300 million alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded all over by
small blood capillaries from where the gases through to the blood.
(Figure – 2.2: Gaseous Exchange in Lungs)
(Source: bbc.co.uk, 2018)
Gaseous exchange: Within the alveoli, an exchange of gases takes place. This happens due to
the pressure difference and diffusion mechanism. Diffusion of gases occurs when there is a
concentration difference and air crosses a permeable membrane from higher concentration to
lower concentration. When the blood in capillaries has higher concentration of carbon
dioxide than the air in alveoli, creates a concentration gradient that makes the carbon dioxide
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diffuse into alveoli. The carbon dioxide is exhaled out and the alveoli receive oxygen and
again create a concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse inside blood. The oxygen
combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cell and becomes oxy-haemoglobin. This
process of exchange of gases is very important for maintaining concentration gradient
between blood and air in alveoli (Powers and Howley, 2014).
The composition of air in the atmosphere and in the alveoli is different. The concentration of
air contains more nitrogen, followed by oxygen and lastly carbon dioxide. The alveolar air in
lungs contains greater amount of carbon dioxide and lesser oxygen than atmospheric air. As a
result of which, the gaseous exchange through the diffusion across membrane of carbon
dioxide and oxygen takes place. This is because of the change in partial pressures of these
gases, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.
2.3 Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities.
Homeostatic is an internal process, which is the mechanism to thermostat the body system to
keep them stable and functional. The homeostasis occurs with feedback loops that controls
internal condition of the body. Feedback loop regulates the receptor, control centre, efforts
and communication between them.
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Initiation
Stimulus
Variable Receptor Control Centre
Effectors
Function
Feedback Loop
Information Flow
Information Flow
Other
Information

(Figure - 2.3: Feedback loop of Homeostasis)
(Source: created by author)
 Variables are the parameter that are monitored and controlled by the feedback system
 Receptors are the sensors that detect changes in the variable
 Control centres or integrators signals the effectors to generate response.
 Effectors adjust the variable
 The feedback loop is communicated among the components and is important for the
function
According to Slot and Kitajima (2015), the respiratory system is responsible for the breathing
process in the body. In addition, the respiratory system also contributes to homeostatic
process, the most important being maintaining pH and regulating gaseous exchange. Both of
these homeostatic functions are maintained by the biochemical roles played by oxygen and
carbon dioxide. These gases are maintained by respiratory system. The respiratory system
helps in exchange of gases and maintaining pH of body, two of which are important
homeostatic function exhibited by the body.
Exchange of gases: The energy needed by body is supplied through glucose and oxygen,
which is transformed by cellular process. This is the reason behind the need of oxygen in
homeostatic process. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the body should also be
managed so that the waste product of body is not accumulated. The respiratory system helps
in the exchange of gases through the inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
Moreover, the alveoli of the lungs are efficient in conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen and
therefore the respiration plays an important role in the homeostatic process (Trotman et al.,
2018).
Maintaining pH of body: The proper functioning of body system requires their appropriate
pH to be regulated. Some important component of the human body experience detrimental
changes if proper pH level is not maintained like the proteins lost their structure. The pH of
any component is dependent on the amount of hydrogen ions. The concentration of carbon
dioxide represents the amount of hydrogen ion presence in the body. The carbon dioxide
concentration is in turn regulated by respiratory system; therefore, respiratory system plays
an important role in regulating body pH.
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Task 3
3.1 Explain the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care
In accordance of the given scenario, it is advisable that the following routine measures are
taken into consideration:
 Recording temperature: The body temperature is recorded by thermometer. The body
temperature can be recorded orally, rectally, through armpit, and by skin and ear. The
normal temperature of adults over 65 years is lower than 98.6 degree Fahrenheit or
36.2 degree Celsius. Recording pulse rate: The pulse rate is defined by the number of times heart pumps
per second to execute blood circulation in accordance to respiration. The pulse rate is
recorded with placing fingers on radial artery of the wrist. The pulse rate of adult aged
65 years would be around 78 to 132 at 50-85% exertion (bpm). Recording respiratory rate: The respiration rate is the number of breath a person
takes in a minute. It is recoded when a person is at rest by counting the times the chest
raises while breathing in a minute. For an elderly individual the respiratory rate is
almost 12-18 breaths per minute. Recording electrocardiogram: The electrocardiogram is recorded by 12-lead ECG
recorder to monitor heart rate real time. An elderly person of 65 years and with
hypertension may reflect ventricular hypertrophy in ECG (Singh et al., 2018). Recording BMI: BMI is the body mass index, which is calculated based on weight
and height. The normal BMI of 65 years old man should be around 22-27 kg/m2. Recording blood tests: An elderly person of age 65 years must be medically screened
for diabetes, high cholesterol, complete blood count, anaemia, C - reactive protein,
etc.
Ethical consideration while recording the above routine measures: The dignity of the patient
must be maintained without any discomfort being provided on the process of recoding the
routine tests. The individual rights are given to the patient to maintain the confidentiality of
the individual. The privacy of the individual are maintained and protected. The results are
never shared for any commercial purposes.
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Use of routine measures in health and social care: The above routine tests are performed for
the maintenance of the health of patient. The patient needs to be evaluated medically for
various factors, which could be investigated for the proper functioning of the body. Any
disorders or complications can be investigated with the help of routine tests. The
hemodynamic monitoring is very important aspect in patient care. It is useful for determining
the critical paths of human with body functions.
3.2 Assess how routine measures provide information about body functioning
The routine tests are performed for the examination of health of patient. The patient needs to
be evaluated on a regular basis for the various factors that affects the body function. The
different tests like temperature, pulse, BMI, blood pressure, ECG and the blood tests are
performed for proper monitoring of the body. According to American Heart Association
(2017), for an elderly person of age 65years, these tests are important to investigate the
functioning of body. The patient developed a chest pain and suffered from hypertension;
therefore, the blood pressure, pulse and ECG monitoring are important for maintaining a
healthy heart. “Prevention is better than cure” and this proverb is especially applicable for
elderly patients. The preventive measures should be taken to avoid or slow down the
progression of disease in the body. In addition, these preventative measures include the
routine tests conduction on a regular basis with proper monitoring by medical practitioner. As
a person grows old, it is very important to track the various health issues, which includes the
overall physical, cognitive and mental well-being. With the help of routine tests, medical
practitioners can track risk factors that could be taken and rectified on a regular basis. The
preventive health care tests are important part of medical supervision and which can reduce
the risk of severe ailments.
3.3 Examine how information about body functioning may inform care planning for
individuals.
Regular medical check-ups are necessary for an individual of age over 65 years. The patient
has reported hypertension and angina pectoris earlier, which denotes the heart, is not
functioning properly. Therefore, the routine measures are taken and the information of these
tests are required for body functioning and care planning of an individual. The routine
measures will help in determining the body functions in following:
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 Body temperature: The normal temperature of adults over 65 years is lower than 98.6
degree Fahrenheit or 36.2 degree Celsius. Improper body temperature denotes the
body functioning of body are not performing to the level and therefore proper medical
guidance is needed. Higher body temperature denotes there is existence of pyrogen in
the body and lower body temperature denotes the lower red blood cells in the blood. Pulse rate: The pulse rate of adult aged 65 years would be around 78 to 132 at 50-
85% exertion (bpm). The higher or lower pulse rate ensures that the heart is not
functioning properly and therefore the heart needs attention. Respiratory rate: The respiratory rate for an elderly individual is almost 12-18 breaths
per minute. The respiratory rate must always be in normal range so that the exchange
of gases takes place adequately in the body (Mauri et al., 2017). Electrocardiogram: An elderly person of 65 years and with hypertension may reflect
ventricular hypertrophy in ECG. Any disturbances or sharp lines recorded during
ECG denote the heart is not efficiently pumping blood and experiencing obstacles in
the blood pumping. The heart rate when not regular results in hypertension and heart
pain. BMI: The normal BMI of 65 years old man should be around 22-27 kg/m2. Excessive
weight gain or losing weight denotes the disturbed level of lipids and cholesterol in
the body. The higher level of lipid or cholesterol leads to heart disorders and result on
hypertension or chest pain. Blood tests: An elderly person of age 65 years must be medically screened for
diabetes, high cholesterol, complete blood count, anaemia, C - reactive protein, etc.
All these tests are important to determine the normal level of blood sugar or
cholesterol in the body. It is important because an elderly person will have these
irregularities, but it should be restricted to normal levels to prevent disorders in health
conditions (Fanaroff et al., 2015).
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Task 4
4.1 Explain how age may affect body structure and functioning
Ageing is the process in which the human body becomes old. Many physiological changes
take place with time in human body. Generally ageing indicates the decline of many
biological functions in a human body. For humans, ageing also refers to the changes in
psychological, behavioural and other changes involving social factors. The body changes
with ageing because the changes happen in every individual cells and organs. These changes
ultimately result in change in activities and appearance. A human body is made of
approximately 37 trillion cells (Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 2018). Cells are
building blocks of tissues and human body as a whole. Aging changes the shape, size and
capability of functioning of the cells. They lose their ability to break and create new cells.
Sometimes they become larger and stops functioning or functioning abnormally. Often old
cells die with time as cells can be divided for a limited number of times and the process is
controlled by the gene structure of the human body. The death of old cells is unavoidable, as
it needs to make room for new cells. Some cells die due to some direct damage done by
external elements such as sunlight, chemotherapy, radiation and others. Cell membranes also
go through changes, which make it difficult for the cells to absorb oxygen and other nutrients
and eliminating waste from the cells.
The functioning of an organ depends on the functioning of the cells inside them. When an old
cell is not replaced by new cells, the number of cells in an organ decreases. For instance,
number of cells reduces rapidly in organs like liver, ovaries, kidneys and others. If the
number of cells becomes exceptionally low, the functions of the organ get affected. Hence,
the organs fail with old age. However, not all organs lose cells with age. For example, human
brain does not lose cells with age. It loses its cells if affected by any neurodegenerative
disease such as Alzheimer or Parkinsonism. As aging continues the connective tissues
become more rigid. It makes the blood vessels, organs and airways lose their flexibility.
Hence, the cells lose their normal functionality, resulting in changes in organs of the body.
The organs which gets most affected by ageing is heart, lungs and kidneys. The failure of one
organ can affect the functions of other organs too. Generally, after the age of 30 the bodily
functions start to decrease. The loss of bone density is another big result of ageing. In
women, the bones lose the density rapidly after menopause as production of estrogen
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decreases. The body lose the ability to absorb calcium from food, which is one of the main
elements of bones. Also level of vitamin D lessens which helps the body to use calcium.
Thus, the bones become brittle and often lose their shape. Ligaments at the limb joints
become less elastic, which makes the joints rigid and stiff. Human body tend to lose muscle
strength after age 30 and continue to do so until death. It happens because of the reducing
level of growth hormone and testosterone. The capability of eye and ears starts to decrease
soon a person reaches mid-life. Then the internal organ starts to deteriorate gradually. The
changes cannot be detected immediately as the deterioration happens over a long period.
However, changes happen with aging, but the rate of aging is unique for each person.
4.2 Assess the impact of common disorders on body structure and functioning
Few common disorders in human bodies are diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary
disease, genetic disorders, congenital and degenerative disease.
Diabetes: Diabetes is a condition, which causes high sugar levels in blood system. When the
body stops, producing enough insulin it results in type two diabetes and if the body stops
producing insulin all together it causes type 1 diabetes in human body. Another type of
diabetes is gestational diabetes, which occurs, in female body during pregnancy. The
symptoms of diabetes are intense thirst and hunger, frequent urination, male sexual
dysfunction, fatigue, excessive weight gain or loss, difficulty in healing process.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD): The disease related to heart and blood vessels are called
cardiovascular disease (Sabatine et al., 2017). Few common types of CVD are angina,
myocardial infarction or heart attack. arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease,
congenital heart disease etc.
 Heart Attack: It occurs when blood flow to a part of heart stops completely resulting
the death of that part of heart muscle.
 Arrhythmia: It means the rhythm of the heart is not normal or irregular. Heart
affected by this may beat too fast, too slow or in an irregular pattern .
 Valvular heart disease: It occurs when one of any four valves of the heart is affected
by disease. This condition often occurs due to ageing but sometimes it can also be the
result of congenital abnormalities or pregnancy or rheumatic heart disease.
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Genetic disorder: Genetic disorder happens if the genome is suffered from one or more
abnormalities (Shore and Kaplan, 2017). Most of the genetic disorders are considered to be
rare and unique. Genetic disorders are often hereditary i.e passed from the parents. Few
examples of genetic disorders are cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, diabetes, arthritis,
marfan syndrome, obesity and others
Congenital disorder: It refers to the disabilities present at the time of birth that may affect
the physical, psychological or intellectual development of a person (Stray-Pedersen et al.,
2014). This disorder is the result of genetic or chromosomal abnormalities or contact to
certain drugs during pregnancy. Down syndrome is one of the most common congenital
disorders.
Degenerative disorder: These disorders occur to human body due to continuous
degenerative process of cells of human body. It results in continues deterioration of organs
and ultimately complete failure of the organ. Alzheimer’s, Cancer, Parkinson’s, Osteoporosis,
Diabetes are few examples of degenerative diseases.
Infection: It occurs when an external organism penetrate into human body and cause harm.
The organism utilizes the human body to sustain, regenerate and reproduce itself. Bacterial,
fungal, viral or prion are the types of infections that affect lungs, wounds, throat, urinary
tract etc.
4.3 Relate the effects of common disorders and infection to the care routinely given to
individuals affected by them
If a person is affected by any of the above disorders, it requires proper treatment. Following
are the care given to the patients affected by the disorders:
Diabetes: Type 1 diabetics are needed to take insulin on a regular basis for the rest of their
lives. As for type 2 diabetics, the patients can control the disease by following a healthy diet
or losing excess weight and monitoring blood sugar level. But this type of diabetes is
progressive and the condition of the patient deteriorates with time. Ultimately the patient
needs to resort to oral medications or insulin injections.
Cardio Vascular Disease: Most of CVD cases can be prevented if the risk factors can be
avoided. Some of the ways to prevent the risks are mentioned below:
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 Avoid smoking of any tobacco products can reduce the risk of CVD exceptionally.
 A healthy diet plan including low-fat, low-sugar, high fibre ingredients can improve
the condition.
 Regular exercise is advisable to the people who are at risk of CVD. Regular cardio
rehabilitation exercises can reduce the occurrence of CVD incidents
 Decrease in non-HDL cholesterol can affect positively the health of CVD patients.
Statin treatment is capable of reducing CVD rates by markedly
 Obese people are more prone to CVD. Hence loss of excessive weight can lower the
risk of the disease.
 Limited alcohol consumption and less psychological stress also help in cure of CVD.
Genetic Disorder: Curing genetic disorder is possible in some cases. A genetic disorder is
caused by the presence of abnormal amount of enzymes in human body, can be treated by
enzyme therapy. A disorder related to heart defect can be treated with surgery or heart
transplant. Disease related to faulty blood cell pattern, e.g. Sickle cell anaemia, can be treated
with bone marrow transplant surgery. Few genetic disorders can also be treated with gene
therapy.
Congenital Disorder: Unfortunately most of the congenital disorders cannot be cured. Birth
defects such as Down syndrome, Edward’s syndrome, Spina Bafida cannot be cured.
However there are few ways to overcome some of the congenital disorders.
 Gene Therapy: With this therapy a defective or missing gene can be replaced. A
very rare group of congenital disorder, Severe combined immunodeficiency diseases
(SCID) can be cured by gene therapy.
 Enzyme Replacement Therapy: Enzymes act as the proteins for gene. When an
enzyme produced in a body is defective or missing can cause abnormality in gene
mutation. By enzyme replacement therapy this missing or defective enzyme can be
replaced. This procedure is used for Gaucher disease.
 Prenatal Treatment: Some congenital disorder can be cured at the prenatal stage by
the prenatal surgery. Rare lung tumors, urinary tract disease or heart defects can be
prevented with such treatment.
Degenerative Disease: Unfortunately there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases like
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s available now. But with oral medications, physio therapy and
other can restrict the progress of them. If the symptoms of cancer can be detected at early
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stage then it can cured with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Right medication proper
nutrition, lifestyle changes and exercise can help patients with osteoporosis.
Infection: Most of the infections can be cured with anti-biotic orally or by direct application
on the wounds. However, some infections may need serious approaches such as intravenous
administration of antibiotics.
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Conclusion
In the above study, the researcher have discussed about the anatomy and features of the
human body. The way human body functions, its normal activities and physiology of the
body has been mentioned in the above report. The researcher also discussed how the various
organs and system interacts internally. The various manners by which the vital status of
human body can be measured and how it helps in taking measures in order to plan cure in
case of any disease or disorders. The researcher also explained how aging affects the
functioning and structure of human body. Various common disorders and its cure given to
individuals have also been discussed in the report.
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References
American Heart Association, 2017. What is high blood pressure?. South Carolina State
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gaseous_exchange_lungs/revision/1/ [Accessed 16 Jun. 2018].
Eisert, J., Friesdorf, M. and Gogolin, C., 2015. Quantum many-body systems out of
equilibrium. Nature Physics, 11(2), p.124.
Fanaroff, A.C., Rymer, J.A., Goldstein, S.A., Simel, D.L. and Newby, L.K., 2015. Does this
patient with chest pain have acute coronary syndrome?: the rational clinical examination
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