Analyzing Research and Health Care

The provided assignment involves analyzing and summarizing various research papers and healthcare articles. It includes a list of references from academic journals and online sources, providing insights into topics like nursing research principles, psychiatric mental health nursing, and the role of actin autoimmunity in intestinal permeability. The assignment also requires identifying key concepts and ideas related to skeletal muscle structure and function, as well as cardiovascular system and the skeletal system.

Physiological Principles for
Health and Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................10
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Physiology is the branch of biology which studies about working system and mechanism
in human body to keep the body alive by carrying out various metabolism and catabolism
reaction. This branch of science studies about the physical functionality of different systems like
cardiovascular, skeletal, nervous, respiratory and muscular system in body to carry out different
process. Also, this study is about various biochemical processes which are continuously going in
the tissues and cells of body to keep the human body alive. This particular segment of biology
studies about the anatomical and physical, chemical, mechanical function of hepatic, renal as
well as pulmonary organs of the body to provide continuous source of energy to carry out
different processes in body.
This report consists of four parts which discuses about the physiology of human body and
practices followed in health care practices to maintain the metabolism and catabolism process in
cells of human body. This report is divided into 4 segments of essay which discuses about the
anatomy of human body, developing relationship between body functioning, methods to collect
the routine data about body functioning and providing a care plan to the functioning of body
system by health care practitioners.
In the first task of assignment, anatomy of cardiovascular, skeletal and muscular system
is discussed. This also studies about the interaction of body system in order to maintain proper
functioning of body in response to internal and external environmental changes.
In the second task of this report, an essay about responses of body towards daily routine
activities like gaining nutrient and oxygen, excretion, respiration, fighting with infection and
disease and repairing the damages in body are discussed. This also explains about the response of
body cells, tissue, organs to the routine activity like exercising, etc. like maintaining
homoeostasis of the body and defining about the coordination of internal system to carry out
activities appropriately.
In the third task of this report, different measuring techniques used to measure the
functioning of body and the use of these method in health and social care are explained. Further,
in fourth task, impact of different diseases and disorders on the the normal functioning of human
body is stated.
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TASK 1
Anatomy of human body and different systems of body- The anatomy is the study of
structure of the living beings. While defining the anatomy of human body, it comprise of head,
limbs, abdomen, trunk body, pelvis, having soft tissue, nervous system and secretory as well as
absorptive epithelial tissue, different body organs like heart, lungs, liver and kidney which works
in an integration system to carry out basic routine activities effectively like respiration, response
towards stimulus, excretion, digestion, locomotion, etc. Some of the anatomical structure of
different body systems is discussed along with studying about their function in body and
integration in roles.
Skeletal system:
Skeletal structure of the human body includes bones and joints which support it and also
protects soft tissue of body and helps in movements. Skeletal system defines the structure of the
body. It comprises of the limbic bones and skull. This also includes a system which is associated
with the bones of body and various functions like formation of RBC in bone marrow. This is
acting as reservoir of calcium in body and providing support to ligaments and muscle in order to
carry out locomotion effectively.
The skeletal system is made up of total 206 bones in a human body. These bones are
divided in different categories depending upon the part of axial or appendicular skeleton system.
The axial skeletal system consists of 80 bones including bones of skull (22), Hyoid bone which
is floating bone of body (1), ear ossicles (3), Ribs (12 pairs), vertebral column (26) and sternum
(1). Vertebral column is formed by 26 vertebra column which are named as Cervical (7
vertebra), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (1), Coccyx (1) of While appendicular skeletal is
made up of 126 bones consisting of bones of upper limbs, lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral
girdle. Pelvic girdle and Lower limb is formed from 2 pair of hip bone, femur, tibia, patella,
fibula, talus, 7 tarsal forming foot, 5 metatarsal and phalanges (14). While pectoral girdle i.e.
shoulder bone and upper limbs consist of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae bones, Humerus (1), radius
and ulna forming forearm, carpals (8), metacarpals, 3 phalanges in each finger and 2 phalanges
in thumb.
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All bones form different type of joints where some are moveable while some are
immovable. These different types of joints provide movements to the body parts. various types of
joints formed between the bones are fibrous, cartilaginous, Synovial, Hinge, ball and socket joint
present in hip and shoulder joints, pivot joint this provides multidirectional movement present
between atlas and axis (neck joint), gliding, saddle, planar provides movement in only one
direction, sutures totally immovable, Syndesmoses which are slight moveable joint.
Functions of skeletal system in human body is to protect the soft tissue and organs of
human beings. Brain and heart are protected from external damage. Brain is present in a solid
bone cavity which protects brain of human beings from external injuries. Heart and lungs are
also present in the rib cage which protects heart and also, prevent the over expansion of lungs.
Another function of skeletal muscle in human body is providing support to internal system. The
lower limb bones render help to muscles and anchor muscles in bones to provide a support to
locomotion of body. Different types of skeletal muscles provides movement to the body. Skeletal
system is also having function of storing high amount of calcium in bones and also reservoir for
the RBC production in longer bones of body. The leg bone femur consists of bone where Red
3
Illustration 1: Skeletal system 2017
Source 1: The Skeletal System.
2017.

blood cells are produced which is an important function of skeletal system of human body. This
process is known as haematopoiesis. This skeletal system also contributes in the growth and
development of body by supporting storage of various minerals salts and fat in muscles, etc.
Muscular system:
Muscular system consists of all the muscles of body which is connected with different
organs or the skeletal bones of the body having different function which are categorised in
different types depending upon their name, origin, location, shape and size of muscle. There are
three of muscles which have different function and roles in body. The various muscles are
skeletal, smooth and cardiac (Cowles, 2012). The primary function of the muscular system is to
provide movement by working in integration with the skeletal bones. But the muscles also helps
in heart to beat and present in the inner lining walls of hollow organs. The different type of
muscles consisting the muscular system of the human body are discussed below.
Smooth muscles are present in the inner wall of the hollow organs like stomach, intestine,
respiratory passage, inner walls of blood vessels. These muscles are smooth in appearance as
contrasting to the skeletal and cardiac muscular tissues which are striated (Thoits, 2011). The
movement of these smooth muscles helps in propelling the gases through respiratory track,
passage of food in alimentary canal and urine from renal vessels and blood through arteries and
veins. These muscles are involuntary muscles and not controlled by brain conscious.
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Illustration 2: Muscular system, 2017
Source 2: Skeletal muscle structure and function. 2017.

Cardiac muscles are striated muscles which is present in heart. These are also involuntary
muscles and not controlled by the conscious or willingness of human body. This helps in
providing a static rhythmic pulsation in heart so that it can pump blood from heart to all part of
body stimulated by receiving signals from brain. This develops an electric impulse in the cardiac
muscles sells and tissue which provides a simultaneous contraction and relaxation of muscles.
These muscles are also controlled by the hormonal changes in body like for example when
person is scared then the heart rate of person increases which leads to faster contraction and
relaxation of cardiac muscles (Coughlan and Cronin, 2016).
Skeletal muscles of the body creates movement. This is the striated muscles and act
differently as compared to the cardiac and smooth muscles. The skeletal muscles constitutes
about 40% of the body weight having in total approximately 600 muscles. The skeletal muscles
work after receiving signal from the nervous system and then contract in group to move the
skeletal in required way. These movements needs conscious response and involuntary in nature.
Structure of skeletal muscle and contractility of muscles: The structure of the muscle
fibre contains two type of filament one is thick filament known as Myosin and other one is thin
filament known as Actin fibres. Actin fibres is composed from troponin and tropomyosin
molecules. Myosin is having tail and globular head which attaches with the Actin fibres and
stretch them towards M line to reduce the gap of H-Zone. The muscle moves through using ATP
as the fibres is having ATP binding sites and extracts energy from the tri-phospahte bonds.
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Illustration 3: Structure of muscle filaments.
2017
Source 3: The Cytoskeleton. 2017.

ATP breakdown in body can be of two types which are used during muscle contraction in
body. Aerobic respiration in cell is defied as use of oxygen to breakdown the glucose molecules
to convert it into CO2 and Water with generating ATP molecules and providing energy to
muscle cells to contract (Gilroy and MacPherson, 2016). While the Anaerobic respiration is
carried out in lack of oxygen and the glucose is converted into lactic acid and lower amount of
ATP generation. Due to anaerobic respiration there may be fatigue in muscles.
Functions of the muscular system in body is to provide movement. This also helps in
maintaining the body posture and position. This also responsible for heart to beat and also
protects the internal organisation and provides movement of contraction to these organisation
like stomach, alimentary canal, renal system, pulmonary system. Muscle acts as motor unit of the
body.
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Illustration 4: Movement of skeletal muscles, 2017
Source 4: Skeletal muscle structure and function. 2017

Cardiovascular system:
This system is also known as circulatory system or the blood vascular system of the body.
This systems constituted from the muscular pumping organ known as heart and the an closed
circulatory system of vessels containing veins, arteries, and capillaries. This systems circulated
the blood in human body and provides important nutrient and oxygen to body parts. Blood is
pumped by heart and sent into the closed network of the vessels through which the diffusion of
important nutrient and oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in between the body cells and the
blood vessels. There is two types of closed circulatory system in human body one is pulmonary
and other is systematic circulatory system (Almgren, 2017). The pulmonary cardiovascular
system circulate oxygenated blood and collects oxygenated blood blood from lungs to heart.
While the systematic circulatory system transports blood from heart to all body parts and in
return collects de-oxygenated blood from body parts to the heart. The coronary vessels carries
oxygenated blood for nourishing cells of heart. These coronary arteries and veins circulate blood
to the cardiac cells so that these cells can get energy and effectively pump bloods to while parts
of body.
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Arteries are the blood vessels which are having thick elastic muscles lining the inner
tube. This supports the high pressure of blood in arteries and helps in circulating blood and
required amount of oxygen to every parts of body. Arteries carries oxygenated blood to the all
body parts from the heart except pulmonary arteries which carries de-oxygenated blood from
heart to lungs. While Veins carries de-oxygenated blood from all body parts to the heart and
heart send the blood to lungs so that all carbon dioxide can be diffused and again the blood gets
oxygenated (Keleher and MacDougall, 2015). Except pulmonary veins carries oxygenated blood
which transport from oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. Veins are having thin elastic walls
as pressure in venules are less as compared to the pressure in Arteries. Capillaries are small
blood vessel where actual diffusion of gases takes place between pulmonary cells or body cells
8
Illustration 5: Cardiovascular system, 2017
Source 5: Cardiovascular System. 2017.

with blood vessels. The blood following speed is lower in capillaries and lower pressure as
compared to both arteries and veins to facilitate diffusion of gases.
Functions of cardiac- vascular system is to maintain homoeostasis in body. This is the
most important function of circulatory system of body (Atkinson and et. al., 2013). This
maintaining homoeostasis in the body depends on the continuous and controlled supply of blood
to the all tissues and blood cells through a finite network of capillaries. Actual transportation and
the diffusion of gases tales place in the microscopic capillaries network of cardiovascular system.
This is the system which circulated nutrient and minerals like amino acids, electrolytes hormones
etc. to the while body parts. This system, provides nourishment to the all body cells. This
cardiovascular system helps in regulating the body temperature. This also contribute in
maintaining PH level in body cells as well in blood vessels also helps in fighting with different
diseases with help of while blood cells, macrophages and antigen-antibody complex.
Interaction of body system to ensure body functions sand growth: This is important for
development and growth of body and that all parts wok in integration the forming system of the
body functions should work in integration in order to maintaining the proper functioning of
human body. All the different body systems like excretion, digestion, immune, hormonal, renal,
pulmonary, pulmonary, skeletal, muscular and cardiac system should interact with each other to
maintaining metabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions in body effectively so that this can
contribute in development and growth of body (Coleman and et. al., 2012). All the system and
organs like lungs, pancreas, stomach, heart, kidney, brain should work in integration to carry out
physical and chemical reaction in body effectively this will largely contribute in growth of
human body and fighting with external environmental changes with more efficiency. If
functioning of all the system in body is maintained then the human body is ready to react with
different external stimulus confidently. The body can interact more effectively in external
surrounding and internal body changes. One of the example to the needs developing interaction
in body system is discussed below.
As for instance it is necessary that different working system of human body interact while
the person is walking or ruining or carrying out any type of exercises. This needs interaction of
brain with muscles, skeletal structure and also with the cardiovascular system so that adequate
amount of oxygen should be trusted to the muscular system and prevents muscle fatigue. All the
activities and related organisation with running or exercising should be coordinated so that there
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should be no muscle breakdown and fatigue in body (Stuart, 2014). The nervous system should
provide stimulus to contract and relax muscles while running and walking to move the skeletal of
the body like legs and hand movement. Along with this cardiovascular system should also work
in integration to provide sufficient amount of oxygen to body in order to carry put aerobic
respiration during muscle contraction. Insufficient amount of oxygen delivered by blood vessels
to muscles cells leads to the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid which result in muscle fatigue
or systematised contraction of skeletal muscles results in body pain. The excessive exercise
should be also be coordinated with the circulation of instant energy protein to body through
digestive tract to the circularity system in order to prevent muscle breakdown during body
movements.
TASK 2
Normal body responses to everyday activities of human being: During a sunny day after
a heavy meal of rice before 2 hours of running in afternoon leads to muscle fatigue. As the
person is running in day against which body will react negatively the temperature of the body
increases in many folds and already having higher temperature in external environment also. The
Vo2 level of the person in body defined the capacity of an individual to carry out specific
amount of running or exercise (Henry and Stephens, 2013). If the volume of oxygen reaches at
peak than body will go for anaerobic respiration resulting in higher muscle fatigue. Starting with
the current situation the person has taken a heavy diet of the rice only two hours before running
this will results in feeling overweighted and individual is enable to run appropriately. The body
of person will dehydrated soon because of increased temperature of internal body because of
continuous running for 90 minutes and external temperature of environment is 28 degree Celsius.
The Normal body will negatively respond to this situation and the body of person get fatigue.
Due to continuous ruining and the anaerobic respiration in body leads to the cramps in muscles
and sustained contraction in muscles for longer time and the body parts starts fainting. The VO2
level of person will reaches at peak and the lactic acid starts producing in joint because of there
is not sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration and breakdown of glucose into
water and carbon dioxide (Byrd and Clayton, 2015). Also there will be dehydration in body
because of sweating and the higher amount of the Carbon dioxide as the person will not able to
exhale complete amount of produced CO2 while running. Continuous exercise may also leads to
fainting situations of individual and he will be needing instant energy source to prevent from the
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muscle breakdown and fatigue. So, body has different working system to integrate in different
everyday routines of body.
Body responses through cellular, tissue structure and physiology: Homoeostasis is the
conditions or the actions of an body carried out by the human body to maintain the internal
environment. During continuous exercise the body temperature increases in many folds, body
become dehydrated and also the glucose level is decreased in body. The body blood pressure is
also increased during exercising. The body responses against these activities through cellular,
tissue structure physiology.
Like for instance in order to provide continuous supply of oxygen the capillaries system
and the pulmonary cells are actively involved in carrying out diffusion of gases in blood and
providing adequate amount of oxygen to skeletal muscle (Byrd and Clayton, 2015). Blood
pressure in body is also increased during the exercising and running in order to pump the blood
in sufficient amount so that it can reach to the active skeletal muscles of body and can drive
energy and nutrient from the blood.
At cellular level and tissue level the skeletal muscles is actively involved in carrying out
various metabolic processes. First the aerobic respiration is carried out in body until the person
body reaches peak volume of oxygen saturation level. At this level the oxygen level is reached at
its maximum saturation level and there is no binding place to carry oxygen through blood to the
working muscles. In aerobic respiration glycolysis takes place and the glucose is converted into
water, carbon dioxide and the ATP generation along with high level of heat. The muscles cells
uses ATP to contract and relax the muscles fibres in order to carry out running effectively.
After that when the VO2 is reaches at its peak in body then the human body respire
through anaerobic respiration in absence of oxygen (Allen and et. al., 2014). At this level the
cells of muscles are converting glucose in lactic acid and with production of less amount of
ATP. Lactic acids results in muscles fatigue and ultimately the person have to stop running
because there is not sufficient amount to energy to contract muscles or carry put motion.
Coordination of internal activities in human body:
It is important that the body system should be coordinated while carrying of daily routine
activity. The organs and the functional system of body should work in integration in order to
carry out and respondent to external environment effectively. Like for example in the present
case scenario the person is running in afternoon having external temperature of 28 degree Celsius
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and also done with heavy diet 2 hours before. Both of which creates negative condition to
exercise. So, the body will respond to maintain the homoeostasis of body by working in
coordination with all other system of body (Macdonald, 2013).
Function of lungs in maintaining homoeostasis is to provide continuous supply of oxygen
in order to carry out aerobic respiration and involved in providing sufficient amount of energy to
the muscle cells. Lungs are actively transporting oxygen from the pulmonary cells to the
capillaries of the blood vessels which ultimately will transports blood to the muscle tissues. This
will helps in maintaining homoeostasis in the cells.
While epinephrine and nor epinephrine is released by the sympathetic nervous system in
order to increase the cardiovascular activity by increasing blood pressure in vessels. This will
helps in providing the adequate amount of the blood to the active tissue in running which will
helps in carrying of important nutrients from blood and getting oxygen supply and glucose
supply from the blood (Combrinck-Graham, 2013). The endocrine system of body also
coordinated with the tissue requirement and releases glacogen in order to convert stored
glycogen into glucose in order to maintain supply of glucose to the skeletal muscles.
While temperature is regulated through sweating from skin which is having great
importance in regulating normal body temperature during running and maintaining homoeostasis
in body. While Kidney releases Atrial natriuretic peptide which also having major effect on the
contraction of blood vessels. This ultimately increases the blood pressure in the transporting
tissue and blood reaches in adequate amount to the skeletal muscles. So, it is necessary that all
the system works in integration in human body to maintaining the homoeostasis of body during
exercising or carrying out any daily routine activity.
TASK 3
Recordings and use of routine measures in health and social care: In the present case
scenario a obsessed business man is suffering from chest pain and headache. This is the
symptoms of Hypertension in which arterial pressure of blood pressure increases and also leads
to stress and restlessness in human behaviour. Hypertension may leads to many chronic disease
like heart failure, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease (Osofsky and Lieberman, 2011).
The general practitioner should recommend some of the routine test in order to predict the
increasing risk and unhealthiness of individual. The person should test temperature, respiration
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and pulse rate, measuring body mass index, urine and blood test and measuring blood pressure
and metabolic rate and Electrocardiogram.
The general practitioner should work as per the ethical consideration while measuring the
normal by functioning of an person and should be concerned about maintaining dignity, privacy,
and individual rights while carrying out daily routine check-ups (Vetter and et. al., 2014). Person
is of 65 years old so due to old age the person may become anxious for some of the test and may
deny to carry out test. So, the practitioner should act ethically by protecting all rights of person.
BMI of an individual should be measured without showing an non judgemental behaviour
because of appearance of an obese person this may hurts dignity of an patient. The person may
measure complication in measuring accurate pulse rate as he is 65 years old and There may be
seen elevation in pulse rate because of consumption of high level of of alcohol, anxiety, lifestyle
etc. So the privacy of the individual should be considered while measuring pulse rate and not
commenting on eating habits of lifestyle of an individual (Neri and et. al., 2012). So, a
practitioner should be responsible and concerned about the dignity, privacy and human right
while measuring body function through various test. The person should have ethical
consideration while accomplishing his duties in workplace.
Routine measures provides information about body functioning: The hypertensions
should be measures responsibly by carrying out various testes which will provide an important
information about the body health and proper functioning to the health and social care
practitioner. Body temperature of an individual body is influenced by various factors like, age,
sex and the current activity of human body. The normal body temperature ranges from the 36 to
37 degree Celsius. The body temperature of person should be measures daily in order to get
information about the hypothermia or fever in boy (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2013).
Pulse rate can defined as measuring the number of times heart beats per minute. Normal
pulse rate of an healthy person measures between 60 to 100 per minute. So, this may helps in
assessing the increased pulse rate which may be signs of anxiety, hypertension, or pulse rate may
increase during exercising condition. While respiration rate can be defined as number of breaths
a person takes in compete one minute. Normal breath rate of the individual ranges from 12 to 16
breaths. The patient suffering from hypertension will not have significant effect on his health
because of minute changes in the respiration rate of individual. Blood pressure is measured by
use of Sphygmomanometer which measures the the inner walls of arteries. During condition of
13

hypertension both systolic and diastolic blood pressure is elevated (Koenig, King and Carson,
2012). Body mass index is measured by dividing the total body mass with the square of the
person height. Higher BMI of an patient can be sign for the hypertension. The Pearson become
more obese during hypertension and having higher body weight. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
measures about the damaged organs because of hypertension. The ECG measures enlargement in
heart arterial, ventricular premature beats and development of myocardial ischemia.
Care planning for individual body functioning: The general practitioner will develops
an efficient care plan as per the requirement by analysing the report collected from various
routine tests of an individual. This will helps in planning care activities for the better health of an
individual suffering from hypertension. This may not be severe is Obese person is only suffering
from headache but he is also having chest pain which needs immediate care plan. Due to old age
the arteries walls of the person is stiffened due to which the heart have to put more efforts in
pumping oxygenated blood through arteries to all parts of the body in proper way (Coll, Weiss
and Yarvis, 2011). The poor diet may also develops symptoms of the hypertension in individual.
Higher sodium diet will leads top the water retention from body fluids and which will results in
increased heart workload. As person is obsessed and having higher BMR rate which may
develop narrowing arteries and restricts a smooth follow of blood in blood vessels which may
leads to blockage of heart which should be intervention by a health care practitioner immediately
(Daly and et. al., 2013).
The individual can be administered with Lisinopril 10mg in daily routine which helps in
lowering the blood pressure as this act as ACE inhibitor. In the patient of hypertension the
routine measurement of blood pressure is required in order to act immediately to any increased
risk to health of person (Parahoo, 2014). Hypertension can be controlled by consuming low
sodium diet and also carrying out medication in routine to control over increased pressure.
TASK 4
Age affecting body structure and functioning: In the present case scenario Marry is 85
years old women who is living with her 40 year son. Due to old age his body functioning is
slowed down. With the ageing the human body goes through many drastic changes like low
metabolic rate, decreased blood pressure and respiration rate. The Old age people are also more
susceptible to the various infection as their immune system also weeks with time.
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With ageing the tissue and cells functioning changed to large extent (Blendon and et. al.,
2017). The nervous system of body become less responding towards external stimulus and feels
lack of energy and motivation to carry out various physical activities. The old age person unable
to memorise things for longer time. The affecting various system due to ageing also leads to slow
down of heart and pulmonary system. The person feels problem is respiration and also blood
pressure is described because of stiffened arteries. With ageing the waste in the body increases
and starts accumulating like dead nerve cells are collected in nervous system may develops
various mental illness. The lung capacity and the saturation level of the RBC cell with
oxygenated blood decreases with age. The lungs unable to expands appropriately and the person
feels problems in breathing. With ageing the individual also develops dizziness in nature. Most
of the individual are suffering from osteoporosis because of lack of calcium in body. This leads
to weak bones and unstable body structure (Townsend, 2014). The person fells pain during
sitting, in walking due to osteoporosis. The mass of bone decreases due to decalcification of
bones. With the increasing age the body structure and functioning changes go large extent and
body enables to work properly and react to external environment in appropriate manner.
Impact of common disorder on body structure and functioning: Marry is 78 years old
lady. She is suffering from osteoporosis from last few years. She also heels dizziness all the time
and having fear of fall. Due to this she is being isolated and not prefer to go outside. With the
ageing the body functioning goes through many changes. Due to osteoporosis the mass of bones
decreased to significant amount. This will result in dis-functioning of skeletal muscles
appropriately and having problem in walking and sitting, standing etc. The lady has developed
osteoporosis which resulted in stiffened joints due to which she is facing problem in moving her
body (Kim, Ji and Kao, 2011).
She is feeling dizziness because of lack of energy. Also the energy consumption to stand
properly by her is also increased. With ageing the metabolic rate also deceases which leads to
lack of energy in the body to carry out basic activities properly. Mary is feeling higher dizziness
and also have fear of fall. This abstract her from the society people and she is being isolated due
to which her body is also affected to large extent. As social health is also very important for the
old age people to remain healthy for longer time period.
Effects of common disorder and infection to care routines given to individual: There is
large chances of the common disorder or infection in old age on the care plan of an individual
15

provided by an health care practitioner (Enthoven, 2014). As in this present case scenario Mary
is facing problem in standing upright and also feeling dizziness. So, practitioner should provide
proper care to help them to recover from disease.
The lady is having osteoporosis due to which her bones are becoming weak and feeling
pain during walking (Gallagher and Whiteley, 2012). There is no cure to the arthritis or the
osteoporosis. But care planner can develop a routine of basic exercises in order to strengthen the
bone muscle and helps her in better movements. Light exercises also helps reducing the body
weight of lady which will provide easy movements to her body. Medication also contribute in
better health of Mary and also contribute in overcoming feeling of dizziness. She can use
assistant instrument in order to provide support to the joint and better movement (Fortinash and
Worret, 2014). This will enable the lady to move outside without fear of fall and socially interact
for better mental and physical health.
CONCLUSION
This particular discussion over the physiology in health and care can be ended with the
concluding statement that different functional system and organs of body should work in
integration in order to provide a better functioning of human body in external environment. The
co-ordination is various system like nervous, endocrine, renal, pulmonary, digestion, excretion,
skeletal, muscular and Cardiovascular system will helps body to execute various activities
appropriately and also helps the body to fight with various infection and pathogens working in
integration with immune system of body. The Cardiovascular system of body provides
transportation system to the nutrients and oxygen and the waste of the body between the body
organs, tissue and cells. While along with muscular system and skeletal system helps in
positioning body and also helps in carrying out movements.
This can be concluded from the above study that the various common disorders and
diseases like osteoporosis, headache, fever, hypothermia, hypertension may affects the normal
functioning of body to large extent. This also interferes with the body structure to large extent,
the person should take care of his diet properly so that he remains healthy even in old age. The
individual should carry out physical exercises or medication in order to reduce the tension and
for enhancing the effectiveness of body in its functioning and structuring.
16

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